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ਜਪੁ | Jup
ਸੋ ਦਰੁ | So Dar
ਸੋਹਿਲਾ | Sohilaa
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਿਰੀਰਾਗੁ | Raag Siree-Raag
Gurbani (14-53)
Ashtpadiyan (53-71)
Gurbani (71-74)
Pahre (74-78)
Chhant (78-81)
Vanjara (81-82)
Vaar Siri Raag (83-91)
Bhagat Bani (91-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
Ashtpadi (109)
Ashtpadiyan (110-129)
Ashtpadi (129-130)
Ashtpadiyan (130-133)
Bara Maha (133-136)
Din Raen (136-137)
Vaar Maajh Ki (137-150)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
Quartets/Couplets (185-220)
Ashtpadiyan (220-234)
Karhalei (234-235)
Ashtpadiyan (235-242)
Chhant (242-249)
Baavan Akhari (250-262)
Sukhmani (262-296)
Thittee (296-300)
Gauree kii Vaar (300-323)
Gurbani (323-330)
Ashtpadiyan (330-340)
Baavan Akhari (340-343)
Thintteen (343-344)
Vaar Kabir (344-345)
Bhagat Bani (345-346)
ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
Chaupaday (348-364)
Panchpadde (364-365)
Kaafee (365-409)
Aasaavaree (409-411)
Ashtpadiyan (411-432)
Patee (432-435)
Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
Bhagat Bani (475-488)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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Punjabi ਭਾਰਤ-ਚੀਨ ਵਿਚਾਲੇ ਬਦਲੇ ਸਬੰਧਾਂ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀ ਸੰਭਾਵੀ ਭਵਿਖ ਨੀਤੀ
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<blockquote data-quote="Dalvinder Singh Grewal" data-source="post: 224160" data-attributes="member: 22683"><p>India must learn from the Vietnamese how the US and Chinese PLA could be defeated. A backgrounder of the PLA attack on Vietnam and the result thereafter will help to realize how India should deal with Chinese.</p><p></p><p>On the morning of February 17, 1979, all hell broke loose when the People’s Republic of China began shelling the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Shortly thereafter, 100,000 PLA troops crossed the border into Vietnam. Five columns of troops swept through the border areas, taking several cities in the area.</p><p></p><p><img src="https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-2cf3631255a66bec060f284d1c44ce1c-lq" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></p><p>The Vietnamese establishment was baffled as they had never anticipated that the country whom Ho Chi Minh had repeatedly called as “comrades” and “brothers” would backstab them in such a way.</p><p></p><p>There were a volley of reasons why China attacked Vietnam:</p><p></p><ol> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">China was angry on vietnam sending in its troops to fight against the belligerent Maoist Khmer Rouge regime of Pol Pot in Cambodia whom China considered an important ally. It is often said that one of the objectives of China’s attack on Vietnam was force the vietnamese establishment to pull its soldiers back from Cambodia in order to defend the fierce PLA. Deng Xiaoping had made a public announcement that they planned to make a limited attack on Vietnam to teach “Vietnam a lesson”.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">Sino- Soviet tensions - Vietnam signed a 25-points friendship treaty with Soviet Union, which made Vietnam appear as a “counterweight to contain China”. This treaty irked China to the core.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">Mistreatment of Chinese ethnic minorities in Vietnam.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">Chinese establishment was also in agony of Vietnam not giving China adequate credit for the help they provided them against USA in Vietnam War.</li> </ol><p>Overall situation now was,</p><p></p><p>The war had just begun and Vietnam’s condition was appalling.</p><p></p><p>Vietnam was short on man-power given their army troops were in Cambodia suppressing a miliatry action. Only 150,000 troops from regional security and militia were present to defend Vietnam.</p><p></p><p>On the other hand the Chinese PLA was sending in wave after wave of soldiers. Apparently 330,000 chinese troops were ready to rain down on Vietnam.</p><p></p><p>In China the leader Deng Xiaoping was openly proclaiming that “now the time was ripe to teach Vietnam a lesson and bring it in line”.</p><p></p><p>Numbers said…. that Vietnam should surrender, the will to live said that Vietnam should fight back this overwhelming enemy force.</p><p></p><p>And Vietnam fought back only to turn the tide against the PLA soldiers.</p><p></p><p>On 5th March, 1979 when PLA announced ceasefire, by then they it had been too late to save their face from a global humiliation. The whole world saw how Vietnam taught first the US and now the this global “bully” China a proper lesson.</p><p></p><p><img src="https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-13030672447afbc28b6571a09b17dcbb-lq" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></p><ol> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">62,000 Chinese PLA soldiers were wounded.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">48,000 soldiers were killed.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">420 Tanks/APCs were destroyed.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">66 heavy mortars and guns were destroyed.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">Western sources estimate around 26,000 PLA soldiers were killed and 37,000 were wounded.</li> </ol><p>But how did this happen? How did Vietnamese achieved this feat :</p><p></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Jungle Battle and Guerilla Warfare - The PLA soldiers quickly found out what the Americans already knew after two decades fighting Vietnam War: Jungle fighting is hard. The PLA did not train well for these conditions and suffered immense casualties from tunnel/jungle warfare, booby traps, land mines and the famous bamboo stakes. The Vietnamese had fortified the border provinces with tunnels, caves, and trenches and the well-armed militia knew how to use them. The rain came and bogged everything down and the PLA troops had to resort to using horses and donkeys to transport goods and weapons through mucky roads and rocky mountains. Infantry soldiers tied themselves to their tanks so that they would not fall off, making for excellent targets when the enemy ambushed them. Tank units suffered especially heavy losses — 87% of such experienced some form of damage.</li> </ul><p><img src="https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-1b85316a576868049bf9b308ecd866b3-lq" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Dearth of Aerial Support - The Chinese army commanders constantly asked for the help from aerial bombing for support but central command had restricted flights to being only over Chinese airspace for political reasons. Thus, the infantry was on their own and as a result they took immense casualties.</li> </ul><p><img src="https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-0650160b04760c151cc0051923cba0e5-lq" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Low Morale of soldiers - Central Command did not allow their middle and lower ranking officers to make independent judgements or adjust to conditions. The top-down command structure meant that soldiers felt that their lives were being wasted and documents recorded situations in one underperforming part of the army where some units were “forced” to advance — whatever that means.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Botched-Up Planning - As I mentioned before, Vietnam’s troops at the time had been away from the border areas — seeking to suppress a military action in Cambodia. The only people left to fight against the PLA had been the Vietnamese regular forces — some 150,000 troops from regional security and militia. Chinese Central Command had apparently ignored these militias in their military assessments of the area and thus assumed that they would have an overwhelming 8 to 1 advantage over the Vietnamese. This mistake would cost many lives as it immediately became clear to everyone involved that the Vietnamese local forces were well-trained and well-equipped. So it was more like 2 to 1, really, and that is not enough to conquer a province when your resistance forces can count on the support of the local populace.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">The weapons were backwards, tactics needed to be updated from when Mao was alive.</li> </ul><p><img src="https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-94fe753158b3d789a743f5979aea22a9-lq" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></p><p>Although when the war ended, the Chinese establishment claimed that their objectives were fulfilled and they successfully taught Vietnam a lesson, but deep everyone knew how Vietnam rattled China’s cage beating their PLA black and blue and to this day screams of horrors emanate from the graves of buried Chinese soldiers who witnessed the reality.</p><p></p><p>“Only the dead have seen the end of the War”</p><p></p><p>Source(s) -</p><p>1. <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" target="_blank">Sino-Vietnamese War - Wikipedia</a></p><p>2. <a href="https://medium.com/greater-china-review/a-deep-dive-into-the-sino-vietnamese-war-of-1979-a83847f3c43a" target="_blank">A Deep Dive Into The Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979</a></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Dalvinder Singh Grewal, post: 224160, member: 22683"] India must learn from the Vietnamese how the US and Chinese PLA could be defeated. A backgrounder of the PLA attack on Vietnam and the result thereafter will help to realize how India should deal with Chinese. On the morning of February 17, 1979, all hell broke loose when the People’s Republic of China began shelling the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Shortly thereafter, 100,000 PLA troops crossed the border into Vietnam. Five columns of troops swept through the border areas, taking several cities in the area. [IMG]https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-2cf3631255a66bec060f284d1c44ce1c-lq[/IMG] The Vietnamese establishment was baffled as they had never anticipated that the country whom Ho Chi Minh had repeatedly called as “comrades” and “brothers” would backstab them in such a way. There were a volley of reasons why China attacked Vietnam: [LIST=1] [*]China was angry on vietnam sending in its troops to fight against the belligerent Maoist Khmer Rouge regime of Pol Pot in Cambodia whom China considered an important ally. It is often said that one of the objectives of China’s attack on Vietnam was force the vietnamese establishment to pull its soldiers back from Cambodia in order to defend the fierce PLA. Deng Xiaoping had made a public announcement that they planned to make a limited attack on Vietnam to teach “Vietnam a lesson”. [*]Sino- Soviet tensions - Vietnam signed a 25-points friendship treaty with Soviet Union, which made Vietnam appear as a “counterweight to contain China”. This treaty irked China to the core. [*]Mistreatment of Chinese ethnic minorities in Vietnam. [*]Chinese establishment was also in agony of Vietnam not giving China adequate credit for the help they provided them against USA in Vietnam War. [/LIST] Overall situation now was, The war had just begun and Vietnam’s condition was appalling. Vietnam was short on man-power given their army troops were in Cambodia suppressing a miliatry action. Only 150,000 troops from regional security and militia were present to defend Vietnam. On the other hand the Chinese PLA was sending in wave after wave of soldiers. Apparently 330,000 chinese troops were ready to rain down on Vietnam. In China the leader Deng Xiaoping was openly proclaiming that “now the time was ripe to teach Vietnam a lesson and bring it in line”. Numbers said…. that Vietnam should surrender, the will to live said that Vietnam should fight back this overwhelming enemy force. And Vietnam fought back only to turn the tide against the PLA soldiers. On 5th March, 1979 when PLA announced ceasefire, by then they it had been too late to save their face from a global humiliation. The whole world saw how Vietnam taught first the US and now the this global “bully” China a proper lesson. [IMG]https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-13030672447afbc28b6571a09b17dcbb-lq[/IMG] [LIST=1] [*]62,000 Chinese PLA soldiers were wounded. [*]48,000 soldiers were killed. [*]420 Tanks/APCs were destroyed. [*]66 heavy mortars and guns were destroyed. [*]Western sources estimate around 26,000 PLA soldiers were killed and 37,000 were wounded. [/LIST] But how did this happen? How did Vietnamese achieved this feat : [LIST] [*]Jungle Battle and Guerilla Warfare - The PLA soldiers quickly found out what the Americans already knew after two decades fighting Vietnam War: Jungle fighting is hard. The PLA did not train well for these conditions and suffered immense casualties from tunnel/jungle warfare, booby traps, land mines and the famous bamboo stakes. The Vietnamese had fortified the border provinces with tunnels, caves, and trenches and the well-armed militia knew how to use them. The rain came and bogged everything down and the PLA troops had to resort to using horses and donkeys to transport goods and weapons through mucky roads and rocky mountains. Infantry soldiers tied themselves to their tanks so that they would not fall off, making for excellent targets when the enemy ambushed them. Tank units suffered especially heavy losses — 87% of such experienced some form of damage. [/LIST] [IMG]https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-1b85316a576868049bf9b308ecd866b3-lq[/IMG] [LIST] [*]Dearth of Aerial Support - The Chinese army commanders constantly asked for the help from aerial bombing for support but central command had restricted flights to being only over Chinese airspace for political reasons. Thus, the infantry was on their own and as a result they took immense casualties. [/LIST] [IMG]https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-0650160b04760c151cc0051923cba0e5-lq[/IMG] [LIST] [*]Low Morale of soldiers - Central Command did not allow their middle and lower ranking officers to make independent judgements or adjust to conditions. The top-down command structure meant that soldiers felt that their lives were being wasted and documents recorded situations in one underperforming part of the army where some units were “forced” to advance — whatever that means. [*]Botched-Up Planning - As I mentioned before, Vietnam’s troops at the time had been away from the border areas — seeking to suppress a military action in Cambodia. The only people left to fight against the PLA had been the Vietnamese regular forces — some 150,000 troops from regional security and militia. Chinese Central Command had apparently ignored these militias in their military assessments of the area and thus assumed that they would have an overwhelming 8 to 1 advantage over the Vietnamese. This mistake would cost many lives as it immediately became clear to everyone involved that the Vietnamese local forces were well-trained and well-equipped. So it was more like 2 to 1, really, and that is not enough to conquer a province when your resistance forces can count on the support of the local populace. [*]The weapons were backwards, tactics needed to be updated from when Mao was alive. [/LIST] [IMG]https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-94fe753158b3d789a743f5979aea22a9-lq[/IMG] Although when the war ended, the Chinese establishment claimed that their objectives were fulfilled and they successfully taught Vietnam a lesson, but deep everyone knew how Vietnam rattled China’s cage beating their PLA black and blue and to this day screams of horrors emanate from the graves of buried Chinese soldiers who witnessed the reality. “Only the dead have seen the end of the War” Source(s) - 1. [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War']Sino-Vietnamese War - Wikipedia[/URL] 2. [URL='https://medium.com/greater-china-review/a-deep-dive-into-the-sino-vietnamese-war-of-1979-a83847f3c43a']A Deep Dive Into The Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979[/URL] [/QUOTE]
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Punjabi ਭਾਰਤ-ਚੀਨ ਵਿਚਾਲੇ ਬਦਲੇ ਸਬੰਧਾਂ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀ ਸੰਭਾਵੀ ਭਵਿਖ ਨੀਤੀ
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