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Guru Nanak in Medina
Dr Dalvinder Singh Grewal
From Amara, the Guru went to Medina.Here, he made his presence known on the mausoleum of Prophet Mohammad. He started singing kirtan and said, “Neehum, Hafat, Chahar Da Ha Salasa Wa Rubaya…” meaning “the nine regions, the seven continents, and the fourteen worlds are all manifested in three qualities. Hinduism says that all this has divided a human’s life into four parts. God is one, and none is his equal…” When the Muslim community heard the singing—and on the mausoleum of Prophet Mohammad of all places—it caused a flood of emotion and anger. They grabbed whatever arms they could and ran, but as they raised their hands in order to strike and kill, they froze.
Hazrat Ali, the descendant of Mohammad Sahib’s son-in-law and a Khalifa (Leader; a successor of Mohammad), put his fingers in his ears and was arrested in this pose. The four Imams—Zaa-far Safi, Jamal Din, Kamal Din, and the Khalifa—were wonder-struck. They asked for mercy on behalf of everybody and begged for an apology for their crime, saying to Nanak that he has been recognized as a nabi (prophet) and will be respected accordingly. The Guru forgave them and the towns’ people’s limbs began to move again. Here, the Guru’s kharav (wooden slippers) are kept in his memory. The Guru blessed the congregation with kirtan for twenty-seven days and taught them to be one with God.
Guru Nanak Visited Al Medinah During his west travels. Raj Nama
Spoken by the First Master
First, Nanak went to Mecca;
Medina he afterwards visited.
The lord of Mecca and Medina,
Kaarun, he made his disciple.
When Nanak was about to depart,
[113]
References
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[2] Tripp,Culture Shock, 2003: p.14
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[13] James E. Lindsay (2005).Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World. p. 33.ISBN0-313-32270-8.
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[15] William Gordon East (1971).The changing map of Asia. pp. 75–76.ISBN978-0-416-16850-1.
[16] William J. Bernstein (2008)A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. Grove Press.pp. 191 ff
[17] Bowen, Wayne H. (2007).The History of Saudi Arabia.ISBN978-0-313-34012-3, , p. 68
[18] Nikshoy C. Chatterji (1973).Muddle of the Middle East, Volume 2. p. 168.ISBN0-391-00304-6.
[19]Bowen, pp. 69–70
[20] Ian Harris; Stuart Mews; Paul Morris; John Shepherd (1992).Contemporary Religions: A World Guide. p. 369.ISBN978-0-582-08695-1.
[21] Mahmud A. Faksh (1997).The Future of Islam in the Middle East. pp. 89–90.ISBN978-0-275-95128-3.
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[23] D. Gold (6 April 2003)"Reining in Riyadh". NYpost (JCPA)
[24] "World Proved Reserves of Oil and Natural Gas, Most Recent Estimates". Eia.doe.gov.
[25]Saudi Arabiaentry atThe World Factbook
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[27] "Mecca: Islam's cosmopolitan heart".The Hijaz is the largest, most populated, and most culturally and religiously diverse region of Saudi Arabia, in large part because it was the traditional host area of all the pilgrims to Mecca, many of whom settled and intermarried there.
[28] http://ae.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20100727050049/comment, "Population". Statistical Yearbook 50 (2014). Central Department Of Statistics & Information. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
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[34]Makkah Gate in Jeddah. AsiaRooms.com.
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[36] Surinder Singh Kohli, Dr. 1969. Travels of Guru Nanak. Punjab University, Chandigarh, pp.139.
[37] Giani Gian Singh, 1881, Twareekh Guru Khalsa, Guru 1, Par 1, Language department Patiala, p. 239-240.
[38] Giani Gian Singh, 1881, Twareekh Guru Khalsa, Guru 1, Par 1, Language department Patiala, p. 241-242.
[39]Khan, A M (2003). Historical Value Of The Quran An And The Hadith. Global Vision Publishing Ho. pp. 26–. ISBN978-81-87746-47-8.
[40] Al-Laithy, Ahmed (2005). What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an. Garant. pp. 61–. ISBN978-90-441-1774-5.
[41] Nasr, Seyyed (2005). Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam. Aperture ISBN 089381752X
[42] Taylor, Jerome (2011-09-24). "Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas'". The Independent (London).
[43] A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, The Economist (2010-06-24), Cairo.
[44] Fattah, Hassan M.Islamic Pilgrims Bring Cosmopolitan Air to Unlikely City, The New York Times (2005-01-20).
[45] Peters, Francis E. (1994). The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places. Princeton University Press. p. 206. ISBN0-691-02619-X.
[46] Esposito, John L. (2011). What everyone needs to know about Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN9780199794133. Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims
[47] Ham, Anthony; Brekhus Shams, Martha and Madden, Andrew (2004). Saudi Arabia (illustrated ed.). Lonely Planet. ISBN1-74059-667-6.
[48]Long, David E. (2005). Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia. ISBN978-0313320217.
[49] (a) Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology (Illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 342. ISBN0-306-46158-7. (b) Glassé, Cyril and Smith, Huston (2003). The new encyclopedia of Islam (Revised, illustrated ed.). Rowman Altamira. p. 302. ISBN0-7591-0190-6.
[50] Giani Gian Singh, 1880
[51] Phipps, William E. (1999). Muhammad and Jesus: a comparison of the prophets and their teachings (Illustrated ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 85. ISBN0-8264-1207-6.
[52] Versteegh, Kees (2008). C. H. M. Versteegh and Kees Versteegh, ed. Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4 (Illustrated ed.). Brill. p. 513. ISBN90-04-14476-5.
[53] Peterson, Daniel C. (2007). Muhammad, prophet of God. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 22–25. ISBN0-8028-0754-2.
[54] "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods", Encyclopaedia of Islam
[55]"Makka – The Modern City", Encyclopaedia of Islam
[56]"Mecca Municipality". Holymakkah.gov.sa. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
[57]"Visits to the Haram Sharif in Makkah". Cgijeddah.com. Archived from the original on 2007-04-
09. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
[58] In the Shade of the Message and Prophethood at the Wayback Machine (archived February 15,
2008).
[59] (a) Giani Gian Singh, Twareekh Guru Khalsa, guru 1, part 1, pp. 243-244
(b) http://www.witness-pioneer.org. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
[60] Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Mecca". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
[61] Lapidus, p. 32
[62] NigeriaNews: "Kano rents 15 houses in Saudi for pilgrims". Ndn.nigeriadailynews.com (2009-06-
30), Retrieved 2013-02-03.
[63]"Mecca – LoveTo Know 1911". 1911encyclopedia.org. 2007-04-12. Archived from the original on
December 14, 2009 Retrieved 2010-04-06.
[64] "Mecca" at Encarta. (Archived) 2009-11-01.
[65] "What is Umrah?". islamonline.com. 2007-12-05
[66] Bhai Gurdas Varan, Vaar 1, Paudi 32.
[67] Sri Guru Granth Sahib p.1164, line 13: ‘Lai kamlee chalio paltai.dehurai pachhai baitha jai.
Jio jio nama har(i) gun uchrai, Bhagat jana kau dehura firai.’
[68] Israr Shariat, part 2, page 74
[69] Tazkiratul Awliayah, page 62
[70] Syed Prithipal Singh
[71] Taj-u-deen Naqshbandi,
[72] Puratan Janamsakhi, p.379-389
[73] Piar Singh (ed.) (1989) B.40; Janamsakhi Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, pp.66
[74] Kirpal Singh Dr. (Ed.) (1969), Janamsakhi Prampra; Bhai Mani Singh Wali Janam Sakhi, Punjabi University, Patiala, p. 379-389
[75] Himmat Singh (Prof) (2011), Guru Nanak Viaktitav: Ati parmaneek punravlokan, (Tatkaleen Arbi-Farsi srotan anusaar), paper published in seminar proceedings: Guru Kaal de Sarotan vich Guru Nanak Sahib: Jiwan te Shakhshiat, 22-23 November, 2011, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, pp. 135-140
[76] Taj-u-deen Naqshbandi (1509 AD, unpublished) Syahto Baba Nanak Fakir, original in Mecca State Library, translated into Punjabi by Sayyad Prithipal Singh in 1927-30, presently with Prof Himmat Singh (Reference 4)
[77] Khwaja Zain ul Abideen (1505-06 AD, unpublished) Twareekh-i-Arab, translated by Mohammed Iqbal, manuscript presently with Prof Himmat Singh (Reference 4)
[78] Abdul Rahman (1506-07), Gunitusalehin, manuscript presently with Prof Himmat Singh (Reference 4)
{79] Giani Gian Singh, 1970, Sri Guru Panth Parkash, Patiala, Bhasha Vibhag, Punjab, pp.
[80]Shamsher Singh Ashok (ed.), (November 1969), Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amritsar, p. 104:‘Tab Guru Baba Makke vich jai vadia…..jai kar(i) soi rahia. Pair Makke di taraf kar(i) ke suta. Tab pesi ki nivaz ka ka vakht(u) hoia. Tab Qazi Ruqundeen niwaj(i) karn(i) aaia. Dekh kar(i) aakhios: “ Ai bande Khudai ke! Tu jo pair Khudai ke ghar val(i) keete hain(i) Qabe ki taraf, so kio keete hain(i)? Tab Guru Babe aakhia,” Jit(u) val(i) Khudai ate Qaba naahi, ut(u) val(i) mere pair(u) kar(i) chhad(u). Ta Qazi Ruqundeen jat(u) val(i) Guru Babe de pair(u) fere ut(u) val(i) Makke da muhra (mehrab) firda jaave. Tab Qazi Ruqundeen hairan(u) hoi rahia. Pair chumios, aakhios, “Ai darves! Tera nau kia hai. Guru Baba sang a sabd(u) in Tialng Raag(u)…. ’
[81] Gurdas Bhai: Varan, Amritsar, S.G.P.C.
[82] Bhai Vir Singh (ed.), August 1926 , Puratan Janamsakhi, New Delhi, Sahit Sadan, Jan 2006, 15th edition
[83] Ashok, Shamsher Singh (Ed.), 1969, 'Puratan Janamsakhi: Sri Guru Nanak Devji, Amritsar SGPC.
[84] Kohli, Surinder Singh, Dr, (ed.) Janamsakhi Bhai Bala, Punjab University, Chandigarh, 1990, (2nd edn),
[85] Kirpal Singh (Dr.), 1969, Janamsakhi Prampra, Patiala, Punjabi University.
[86] Piar Singh (ed.), 1974, Janamsakhi Sri Guru Nanak Devji, (B-40) Amritsar, Guru Nanak Dev University.
[87] Giani Gian Singh, 'Twareekh Guru Khalsa Panth, Patiala, Bhasha Vibhag, Punjab.
[88] Giani Gian Singh, 1970, Sri Guru Panth Parkash, Patiala, Bhasha Vibhag, Punjab.
[89] Giani Gian Singh, Gurdham Sangreh,
[90] Kahn Singh Nabha, March 2005, Gurdham Deedar, Dharam Parchar Committee, SGPC, Sri Amritsar,
{91] (a) Kahn Singh Nabha ‘Mahankosh’, National Book Shop, Delhi, (b) Kahn Sirigh, Nabha 1981,® Gurshabad Ratnakar, Mahan Kosh. Patiala.
[92] Giani Lal Singh Sangrur, 1995, Guru khalsa Twareekh, Ludhiana, Lahore Book Shop.
[93] Vir Singh (Bhai), 1955, Shri Guru Nanak Chamatkar, Amritsar, Khalsa Samachar
[94] Sahib Singh (Prof), Jeevan Birtant Guru Nanak Devji, Amritsar, Singh Bros, 1984.
[95] Tarlochan Singh (Dr.), 1970, Jeevan Charitar: Guru Nanak Dev, Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Board.
[96] Teja Singh Sodhi, 1972, Vachitar Jeewan Guru Nanak Devji, Amritsar, Bhai Chatter Singh Jeewan Singh.
[97] Teja Singh and Ganda Singh, 1985, Sikh Itihas, Patiala, Punjabi University.
[98] Kohli Surinder Singh, 1970, Travels of Guru Nanak, Chandigarh, Punjab University, vii, 200 p.
[99] Gurmukh Singh (Major), Sept 1995, Historical Sikh Shrines, Sri Amritsar, Singh Bros. 1st Edition
[100] Grewal J.S., 1969, Guru Nanak in History, Chandigarh, Punjabi University, R 1979, 348. p.
[101] Kalra, Balwant Singh, 'Guru Nanak's Visit to Uch Sharif, Sikh Review 18 (188) March 19690 : 11-12.
[102] Kalra, Mohan Singh,'Guru Nanak's Mission to the Muslims', Punjab Past and Present, 3 (1-2) 1969
[103] Sewa Ram Singh, 'Guru Nanak at Baghdad', Punjab Past and present, 3 (1-2) 1969, 340 : 343.
[104] Kartar Singh, 1984, Life Story of Guru Nanak. New Delhi: Hemkunt Press. p. 18. ISBN978-8170101628
[105] Pandit Arjan Muni Kaviraj 1923, Gurduara Darpan, Partap Hari Press, Lahore, 20 June, reproduced in The Punjab Past and Present, Vol III, 1969 at pp. 91-96, by Dr Ganda Singh.
[106] Himmat Singh (Prof) (2011), Guru Nanak Viaktitav: Ati Parmaneek Punravlokan, (Tatkaleen Arbi-Farsi srotan anusaar),paper published in seminar proceedings: Guru Kaal de Sarotan vich Guru Nanak Sahib: Jiwan te Shakhshiat, 22-23 November, 2011, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, pp. 135-140
[107] Taj-u-deen Naqshbandi (1509 AD, unpublished) ‘Syahto Baba Nanak Fakir’, original in Mecca State Library, translated into Punjabi by Sayyad Prithipal Singh in 1927-30, presently with Prof Himmat Singh (Reference 4)
[108] Khwaja Zain ul Abideen (1505-06 AD, unpublished) Twareekh-i-Arab, translated by Mohammed Iqbal, manuscript presently with Prof Himmat Singh (Reference 4)
[109] Abdul Rahman (1506-07), Gunitusalehin, manuscript presently with Prof Himmat Singh (Reference 4)
[110] Trilochan Singh Dr. Jeevan Charitar Guru Nanak dev Ji, Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Parbandhak Board
[111] Ganda Singh, edited, 1969, Guru Nanak Commemorative Volume, The Punjab Past and Present Vol III, pp. 353-356.
[112]Sandys Travels: containing history of the original and present state of the Turkish empire ... the Mahometan religion and ceremonies. A description of Constantinople ... also, of Greece ... Of Ægypt ... A description of the Holy-Land ... Lastly, Italy described, and the islands adjoining. Illustrated with fifty graven maps and figures bySandys, George, 1578-1644, Published1673, p.97
[113] Guru Nanak at Medina - SikhiWiki, free Sikh encyclopedia.
Dr Dalvinder Singh Grewal
From Amara, the Guru went to Medina.Here, he made his presence known on the mausoleum of Prophet Mohammad. He started singing kirtan and said, “Neehum, Hafat, Chahar Da Ha Salasa Wa Rubaya…” meaning “the nine regions, the seven continents, and the fourteen worlds are all manifested in three qualities. Hinduism says that all this has divided a human’s life into four parts. God is one, and none is his equal…” When the Muslim community heard the singing—and on the mausoleum of Prophet Mohammad of all places—it caused a flood of emotion and anger. They grabbed whatever arms they could and ran, but as they raised their hands in order to strike and kill, they froze.
Hazrat Ali, the descendant of Mohammad Sahib’s son-in-law and a Khalifa (Leader; a successor of Mohammad), put his fingers in his ears and was arrested in this pose. The four Imams—Zaa-far Safi, Jamal Din, Kamal Din, and the Khalifa—were wonder-struck. They asked for mercy on behalf of everybody and begged for an apology for their crime, saying to Nanak that he has been recognized as a nabi (prophet) and will be respected accordingly. The Guru forgave them and the towns’ people’s limbs began to move again. Here, the Guru’s kharav (wooden slippers) are kept in his memory. The Guru blessed the congregation with kirtan for twenty-seven days and taught them to be one with God.
Guru Nanak Visited Al Medinah During his west travels. Raj Nama
Spoken by the First Master
First, Nanak went to Mecca;
Medina he afterwards visited.
The lord of Mecca and Medina,
Kaarun, he made his disciple.
When Nanak was about to depart,
[113]
References
[1] (a) "About Saudi Arabia: Facts and figures", The royal embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, D.C.,USA.
(b) Madawi Al-Rasheed(2013,.A Most Masculine State: Gender, Politics and Religion in Saudi Arabia. p. 65.
[2] Tripp,Culture Shock, 2003: p.14
[3] Malbouisson, Cofie D. (2007).Focus on Islamic issues,ISBN978-1-60021-204-8, , p. 23
[4] "Saudi Arabia profile – Key facts",BBC News. 23 May 2013
[5] "Saudi Arabia Launches New Housing Scheme To Ease Shortage".
[6] "Demography of Religion in the Gulf".Mehrdad Izady. 2013.
[7] Learsy, Raymond (2011).Oil and Finance: The Epic Corruption. p. 89.
[8] "International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)".eia.gov.
[9] Human Development Report 2014(PDF). United Nations. 2013. p. 159.
[10] James Wynbrandt (2004).A Brief History of Saudi Arabia. Infobase Publishing. p. 242.ISBN978-1-4381-0830-8.
[11] Soldatkin, Vladimir; Astrasheuskaya, Nastassia (9 November 2011)."Saudi Arabia to overtake Russia as top oil producer-IEA". Reuters.
[12] Matthew Gordon (2005).The Rise of Islam. p. 4.ISBN0-313-32522-7.
[13] James E. Lindsay (2005).Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World. p. 33.ISBN0-313-32270-8.
[14] "History of Arabia".Encyclopædia Britannica.
[15] William Gordon East (1971).The changing map of Asia. pp. 75–76.ISBN978-0-416-16850-1.
[16] William J. Bernstein (2008)A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. Grove Press.pp. 191 ff
[17] Bowen, Wayne H. (2007).The History of Saudi Arabia.ISBN978-0-313-34012-3, , p. 68
[18] Nikshoy C. Chatterji (1973).Muddle of the Middle East, Volume 2. p. 168.ISBN0-391-00304-6.
[19]Bowen, pp. 69–70
[20] Ian Harris; Stuart Mews; Paul Morris; John Shepherd (1992).Contemporary Religions: A World Guide. p. 369.ISBN978-0-582-08695-1.
[21] Mahmud A. Faksh (1997).The Future of Islam in the Middle East. pp. 89–90.ISBN978-0-275-95128-3.
[22]"Saudi Arabian floods kill 77, leave scores missing". Agence France Presse. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
[23] D. Gold (6 April 2003)"Reining in Riyadh". NYpost (JCPA)
[24] "World Proved Reserves of Oil and Natural Gas, Most Recent Estimates". Eia.doe.gov.
[25]Saudi Arabiaentry atThe World Factbook
[26] Giani Gian Singh, 1881, Twareekh Guru Khalsa, Guru 1, Par 1, Language department Patiala, p. 239-240.
[27] "Mecca: Islam's cosmopolitan heart".The Hijaz is the largest, most populated, and most culturally and religiously diverse region of Saudi Arabia, in large part because it was the traditional host area of all the pilgrims to Mecca, many of whom settled and intermarried there.
[28] http://ae.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20100727050049/comment, "Population". Statistical Yearbook 50 (2014). Central Department Of Statistics & Information. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
[29] "2thinknow Innovation Cities™ Emerging 11 Index 2009 - Middle East, Africa and Former USSR States | 2009". Innovation-cities.com. 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
[30] Jayussi, Salma; Manṣūr Ibrāhīm Ḥāzimī; ʻIzzat ibn ʻAbd al-Majīd Khaṭṭāb Beyond the Dunes I B Tauris & Co Ltd (28 April 2006), p. 295. ISBN 978-1-85043-972-1[1]
[31] Ibn Battota's Safari. Tuhfat Al-Nothaar Fe Gharaa'ib Al-Amsaar. Chapter: "From Cairo to Hejaz to Tunisia again". ISBN 9953-34-180-X
[32] Cooper, Tom. Wings over Ogaden. Helion and Company. p. 5. Retrieved 16 February2016.
[33]"History of Arabia." Britannica.com.
[34]Makkah Gate in Jeddah. AsiaRooms.com.
[35] Giani Gian Singh, p. 241, “Arab vich assa, astava, Mussalla, kitab, pairan neelrang, Kabil rang, seli: eh fakir bana aap rakhde te sathian nu rakhaunde rahe.
[36] Surinder Singh Kohli, Dr. 1969. Travels of Guru Nanak. Punjab University, Chandigarh, pp.139.
[37] Giani Gian Singh, 1881, Twareekh Guru Khalsa, Guru 1, Par 1, Language department Patiala, p. 239-240.
[38] Giani Gian Singh, 1881, Twareekh Guru Khalsa, Guru 1, Par 1, Language department Patiala, p. 241-242.
[39]Khan, A M (2003). Historical Value Of The Quran An And The Hadith. Global Vision Publishing Ho. pp. 26–. ISBN978-81-87746-47-8.
[40] Al-Laithy, Ahmed (2005). What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an. Garant. pp. 61–. ISBN978-90-441-1774-5.
[41] Nasr, Seyyed (2005). Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam. Aperture ISBN 089381752X
[42] Taylor, Jerome (2011-09-24). "Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas'". The Independent (London).
[43] A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, The Economist (2010-06-24), Cairo.
[44] Fattah, Hassan M.Islamic Pilgrims Bring Cosmopolitan Air to Unlikely City, The New York Times (2005-01-20).
[45] Peters, Francis E. (1994). The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places. Princeton University Press. p. 206. ISBN0-691-02619-X.
[46] Esposito, John L. (2011). What everyone needs to know about Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN9780199794133. Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims
[47] Ham, Anthony; Brekhus Shams, Martha and Madden, Andrew (2004). Saudi Arabia (illustrated ed.). Lonely Planet. ISBN1-74059-667-6.
[48]Long, David E. (2005). Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia. ISBN978-0313320217.
[49] (a) Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology (Illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 342. ISBN0-306-46158-7. (b) Glassé, Cyril and Smith, Huston (2003). The new encyclopedia of Islam (Revised, illustrated ed.). Rowman Altamira. p. 302. ISBN0-7591-0190-6.
[50] Giani Gian Singh, 1880
[51] Phipps, William E. (1999). Muhammad and Jesus: a comparison of the prophets and their teachings (Illustrated ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 85. ISBN0-8264-1207-6.
[52] Versteegh, Kees (2008). C. H. M. Versteegh and Kees Versteegh, ed. Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4 (Illustrated ed.). Brill. p. 513. ISBN90-04-14476-5.
[53] Peterson, Daniel C. (2007). Muhammad, prophet of God. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 22–25. ISBN0-8028-0754-2.
[54] "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods", Encyclopaedia of Islam
[55]"Makka – The Modern City", Encyclopaedia of Islam
[56]"Mecca Municipality". Holymakkah.gov.sa. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
[57]"Visits to the Haram Sharif in Makkah". Cgijeddah.com. Archived from the original on 2007-04-
09. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
[58] In the Shade of the Message and Prophethood at the Wayback Machine (archived February 15,
2008).
[59] (a) Giani Gian Singh, Twareekh Guru Khalsa, guru 1, part 1, pp. 243-244
(b) http://www.witness-pioneer.org. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
[60] Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Mecca". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
[61] Lapidus, p. 32
[62] NigeriaNews: "Kano rents 15 houses in Saudi for pilgrims". Ndn.nigeriadailynews.com (2009-06-
30), Retrieved 2013-02-03.
[63]"Mecca – LoveTo Know 1911". 1911encyclopedia.org. 2007-04-12. Archived from the original on
December 14, 2009 Retrieved 2010-04-06.
[64] "Mecca" at Encarta. (Archived) 2009-11-01.
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[66] Bhai Gurdas Varan, Vaar 1, Paudi 32.
[67] Sri Guru Granth Sahib p.1164, line 13: ‘Lai kamlee chalio paltai.dehurai pachhai baitha jai.
Jio jio nama har(i) gun uchrai, Bhagat jana kau dehura firai.’
[68] Israr Shariat, part 2, page 74
[69] Tazkiratul Awliayah, page 62
[70] Syed Prithipal Singh
[71] Taj-u-deen Naqshbandi,
[72] Puratan Janamsakhi, p.379-389
[73] Piar Singh (ed.) (1989) B.40; Janamsakhi Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, pp.66
[74] Kirpal Singh Dr. (Ed.) (1969), Janamsakhi Prampra; Bhai Mani Singh Wali Janam Sakhi, Punjabi University, Patiala, p. 379-389
[75] Himmat Singh (Prof) (2011), Guru Nanak Viaktitav: Ati parmaneek punravlokan, (Tatkaleen Arbi-Farsi srotan anusaar), paper published in seminar proceedings: Guru Kaal de Sarotan vich Guru Nanak Sahib: Jiwan te Shakhshiat, 22-23 November, 2011, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, pp. 135-140
[76] Taj-u-deen Naqshbandi (1509 AD, unpublished) Syahto Baba Nanak Fakir, original in Mecca State Library, translated into Punjabi by Sayyad Prithipal Singh in 1927-30, presently with Prof Himmat Singh (Reference 4)
[77] Khwaja Zain ul Abideen (1505-06 AD, unpublished) Twareekh-i-Arab, translated by Mohammed Iqbal, manuscript presently with Prof Himmat Singh (Reference 4)
[78] Abdul Rahman (1506-07), Gunitusalehin, manuscript presently with Prof Himmat Singh (Reference 4)
{79] Giani Gian Singh, 1970, Sri Guru Panth Parkash, Patiala, Bhasha Vibhag, Punjab, pp.
[80]Shamsher Singh Ashok (ed.), (November 1969), Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amritsar, p. 104:‘Tab Guru Baba Makke vich jai vadia…..jai kar(i) soi rahia. Pair Makke di taraf kar(i) ke suta. Tab pesi ki nivaz ka ka vakht(u) hoia. Tab Qazi Ruqundeen niwaj(i) karn(i) aaia. Dekh kar(i) aakhios: “ Ai bande Khudai ke! Tu jo pair Khudai ke ghar val(i) keete hain(i) Qabe ki taraf, so kio keete hain(i)? Tab Guru Babe aakhia,” Jit(u) val(i) Khudai ate Qaba naahi, ut(u) val(i) mere pair(u) kar(i) chhad(u). Ta Qazi Ruqundeen jat(u) val(i) Guru Babe de pair(u) fere ut(u) val(i) Makke da muhra (mehrab) firda jaave. Tab Qazi Ruqundeen hairan(u) hoi rahia. Pair chumios, aakhios, “Ai darves! Tera nau kia hai. Guru Baba sang a sabd(u) in Tialng Raag(u)…. ’
[81] Gurdas Bhai: Varan, Amritsar, S.G.P.C.
[82] Bhai Vir Singh (ed.), August 1926 , Puratan Janamsakhi, New Delhi, Sahit Sadan, Jan 2006, 15th edition
[83] Ashok, Shamsher Singh (Ed.), 1969, 'Puratan Janamsakhi: Sri Guru Nanak Devji, Amritsar SGPC.
[84] Kohli, Surinder Singh, Dr, (ed.) Janamsakhi Bhai Bala, Punjab University, Chandigarh, 1990, (2nd edn),
[85] Kirpal Singh (Dr.), 1969, Janamsakhi Prampra, Patiala, Punjabi University.
[86] Piar Singh (ed.), 1974, Janamsakhi Sri Guru Nanak Devji, (B-40) Amritsar, Guru Nanak Dev University.
[87] Giani Gian Singh, 'Twareekh Guru Khalsa Panth, Patiala, Bhasha Vibhag, Punjab.
[88] Giani Gian Singh, 1970, Sri Guru Panth Parkash, Patiala, Bhasha Vibhag, Punjab.
[89] Giani Gian Singh, Gurdham Sangreh,
[90] Kahn Singh Nabha, March 2005, Gurdham Deedar, Dharam Parchar Committee, SGPC, Sri Amritsar,
{91] (a) Kahn Singh Nabha ‘Mahankosh’, National Book Shop, Delhi, (b) Kahn Sirigh, Nabha 1981,® Gurshabad Ratnakar, Mahan Kosh. Patiala.
[92] Giani Lal Singh Sangrur, 1995, Guru khalsa Twareekh, Ludhiana, Lahore Book Shop.
[93] Vir Singh (Bhai), 1955, Shri Guru Nanak Chamatkar, Amritsar, Khalsa Samachar
[94] Sahib Singh (Prof), Jeevan Birtant Guru Nanak Devji, Amritsar, Singh Bros, 1984.
[95] Tarlochan Singh (Dr.), 1970, Jeevan Charitar: Guru Nanak Dev, Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Board.
[96] Teja Singh Sodhi, 1972, Vachitar Jeewan Guru Nanak Devji, Amritsar, Bhai Chatter Singh Jeewan Singh.
[97] Teja Singh and Ganda Singh, 1985, Sikh Itihas, Patiala, Punjabi University.
[98] Kohli Surinder Singh, 1970, Travels of Guru Nanak, Chandigarh, Punjab University, vii, 200 p.
[99] Gurmukh Singh (Major), Sept 1995, Historical Sikh Shrines, Sri Amritsar, Singh Bros. 1st Edition
[100] Grewal J.S., 1969, Guru Nanak in History, Chandigarh, Punjabi University, R 1979, 348. p.
[101] Kalra, Balwant Singh, 'Guru Nanak's Visit to Uch Sharif, Sikh Review 18 (188) March 19690 : 11-12.
[102] Kalra, Mohan Singh,'Guru Nanak's Mission to the Muslims', Punjab Past and Present, 3 (1-2) 1969
[103] Sewa Ram Singh, 'Guru Nanak at Baghdad', Punjab Past and present, 3 (1-2) 1969, 340 : 343.
[104] Kartar Singh, 1984, Life Story of Guru Nanak. New Delhi: Hemkunt Press. p. 18. ISBN978-8170101628
[105] Pandit Arjan Muni Kaviraj 1923, Gurduara Darpan, Partap Hari Press, Lahore, 20 June, reproduced in The Punjab Past and Present, Vol III, 1969 at pp. 91-96, by Dr Ganda Singh.
[106] Himmat Singh (Prof) (2011), Guru Nanak Viaktitav: Ati Parmaneek Punravlokan, (Tatkaleen Arbi-Farsi srotan anusaar),paper published in seminar proceedings: Guru Kaal de Sarotan vich Guru Nanak Sahib: Jiwan te Shakhshiat, 22-23 November, 2011, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, pp. 135-140
[107] Taj-u-deen Naqshbandi (1509 AD, unpublished) ‘Syahto Baba Nanak Fakir’, original in Mecca State Library, translated into Punjabi by Sayyad Prithipal Singh in 1927-30, presently with Prof Himmat Singh (Reference 4)
[108] Khwaja Zain ul Abideen (1505-06 AD, unpublished) Twareekh-i-Arab, translated by Mohammed Iqbal, manuscript presently with Prof Himmat Singh (Reference 4)
[109] Abdul Rahman (1506-07), Gunitusalehin, manuscript presently with Prof Himmat Singh (Reference 4)
[110] Trilochan Singh Dr. Jeevan Charitar Guru Nanak dev Ji, Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Parbandhak Board
[111] Ganda Singh, edited, 1969, Guru Nanak Commemorative Volume, The Punjab Past and Present Vol III, pp. 353-356.
[112]Sandys Travels: containing history of the original and present state of the Turkish empire ... the Mahometan religion and ceremonies. A description of Constantinople ... also, of Greece ... Of Ægypt ... A description of the Holy-Land ... Lastly, Italy described, and the islands adjoining. Illustrated with fifty graven maps and figures bySandys, George, 1578-1644, Published1673, p.97
[113] Guru Nanak at Medina - SikhiWiki, free Sikh encyclopedia.
