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Guru Granth Sahib
Composition, Arrangement & Layout
ਜਪੁ | Jup
ਸੋ ਦਰੁ | So Dar
ਸੋਹਿਲਾ | Sohilaa
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਿਰੀਰਾਗੁ | Raag Siree-Raag
Gurbani (14-53)
Ashtpadiyan (53-71)
Gurbani (71-74)
Pahre (74-78)
Chhant (78-81)
Vanjara (81-82)
Vaar Siri Raag (83-91)
Bhagat Bani (91-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
Ashtpadi (109)
Ashtpadiyan (110-129)
Ashtpadi (129-130)
Ashtpadiyan (130-133)
Bara Maha (133-136)
Din Raen (136-137)
Vaar Maajh Ki (137-150)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
Quartets/Couplets (185-220)
Ashtpadiyan (220-234)
Karhalei (234-235)
Ashtpadiyan (235-242)
Chhant (242-249)
Baavan Akhari (250-262)
Sukhmani (262-296)
Thittee (296-300)
Gauree kii Vaar (300-323)
Gurbani (323-330)
Ashtpadiyan (330-340)
Baavan Akhari (340-343)
Thintteen (343-344)
Vaar Kabir (344-345)
Bhagat Bani (345-346)
ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
Chaupaday (348-364)
Panchpadde (364-365)
Kaafee (365-409)
Aasaavaree (409-411)
Ashtpadiyan (411-432)
Patee (432-435)
Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
Bhagat Bani (475-488)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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Language, Arts & Culture
Gurbani Vyakaran (Viyakaran, Vayakaran, Viakaran) - Punjabi Grammar
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<blockquote data-quote="spnadmin" data-source="post: 176158" data-attributes="member: 35"><p>Last night I read this entire thread several times. Yes it took hours to plough through the intricacies (which good Veerji Ambarsaria calls strings of argument). I too have credentials in linguistics, though not in the northern Indian branches most recently discussed. There are some common sense perspectives on this that no one has considered.</p><p></p><p>Could it be that Guru Sahiban composed and wrote in a form of language understandable by most in the region? Could it be that the influences of other languages, perhaps Hindi or Farsi or Sanskrit, were mapped onto that common language as a practical matter of political and economic survival? Could it be that the common language never really disappeared?</p><p></p><p>Consider this example to get my point. The early Renaissance English poet Thomas Wyatt, born 1503 died 1542, was a contemporary of our first 3 Gurus including Guru Angad and Guru Amar Das. More about their vital role in a later post. An English poet because of geography, what language did Skelton write in? Today we think of him as writing in English. Did he really? Could we not make the case that he actually wrote in French, because after all, the language of the educated, the language of the court was French, was it not? Or maybe it wasn't French? </p><p></p><p>The ruling classes in Wyatt's day were descendants of Norman-French conquerors following the Battle of Hastings in 1066, won by William the Conqueror a Norman-French noble. The story of the language of this forum, which is English, is not so different from the story of Punjabi. Before William the language of the influential was Anglo- Saxon. After the Norman conquest of England, the language of the conquerors was Norman French, which morphed into French-Anglo English, which morphed into Anglo-French, which morphed into modern English. This process took several centuries. The language spoken by the common man and woman ran parallel to the language of the court which over time was less and less French and more and more what today we call English. Amazing to me in this time-line is that early forms of Anglo-Saxon never really disappeared. If we analyze the local English dialects (such as the Oxfordshire dialect) one notes that some of them retain many features of centuries old Saxon vocabulary and grammar. The moral of the tale so far: that English like any other language, and most certainly Punjabi, evolves because of contact with other languages, </p><p></p><p>A lot of this thread has been fixated on words that come from places other than the geographical region called Punjab. Of course they do! Why are we surprised? From approximately the year 1000 CE Punjab was the crossroad of more than one cultural encounter, including forcible military encounters. </p><p></p><p>The more important point is speakers of languages borrow from other languages if they want to adapt to changing economic and political conditions. This has always been true.</p><p></p><p>Even the Latin spoken by the Romans differed from schoolroom to street and from one region of Italy of the time to another. The "classical" or schoolhouse Latin used by Julius Caesar to write about his wars of conquest was not the Latin spoken in the marketplace of his time, and it was the Latin of the marketplace that morphed into the Romance languages of Europe, following the Roman conquest. One interesting note: it was the Latin spoken by conquering Roman armies that changed because it was shaped by local European languages, and not the other way around. In the same way, English spoken today sounds more like the Germanic Saxon, and its "core" vocabulary is drawn more from the Saxon, than French. </p><p></p><p>Back to English contemporaries of Gurus Sahiban. What was the language of Thomas Wyatt or Skelton or Shakespeare? Old German? Saxon? French? Franco-English? Anglo-French? Everyone recognizes their work as written in <strong><span style="color: Red"><span style="font-size: 18px">English</span></span></strong>, though the spellings they used differ from the modern and the words they use in many instances "derive" from the French and other sources. Likewise, one recognizes the language of Guru Granth as <strong><span style="font-size: 18px"><span style="color: red">Punjabi</span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 18px"><span style="color: red"></span></span></strong>. I am fairly willing to assert that because I can understand the language of Guru Granth, albeit faltering at times, but have not a clue of Farsi.</p><p></p><p>For the record, most historians of northern Indian languages agree that Punjabi is older than Sanskrit. So why not take a risk based on the example from English. Punjabi may have been heavily impacted by the languages of conquerors, the educated and the wealthy. However, it was Punjabi that absorbed these influences, whilst it remained recognizably Punjabi? That it changed over centuries. That in 2013 the Sri Guru Granth Sahib is not a linguistic curiosity understood only by scholars. That it was written and is written in a language that the ordinary person can wrap his mind around --- which was of course the entire objective of Guru Nanak, Guru Angad, Guru Amardas and ultimately Guru Arjan Dev. </p><p></p><p>And please please do not reply that somehow the languages of India, unlike other languages, are immune to similar influences toward change. All you have to do is consult a Sanskrit dictionary to discover that individual words changed in meaning with the centuries. </p><p></p><p>The word 'guru" itself has numerous meanings in Sanskrit depending upon the context of use as found in a sacred text and century of that text. The Manier-Williams dictionary is a good source for exploring the transformations of "guru."</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="spnadmin, post: 176158, member: 35"] Last night I read this entire thread several times. Yes it took hours to plough through the intricacies (which good Veerji Ambarsaria calls strings of argument). I too have credentials in linguistics, though not in the northern Indian branches most recently discussed. There are some common sense perspectives on this that no one has considered. Could it be that Guru Sahiban composed and wrote in a form of language understandable by most in the region? Could it be that the influences of other languages, perhaps Hindi or Farsi or Sanskrit, were mapped onto that common language as a practical matter of political and economic survival? Could it be that the common language never really disappeared? Consider this example to get my point. The early Renaissance English poet Thomas Wyatt, born 1503 died 1542, was a contemporary of our first 3 Gurus including Guru Angad and Guru Amar Das. More about their vital role in a later post. An English poet because of geography, what language did Skelton write in? Today we think of him as writing in English. Did he really? Could we not make the case that he actually wrote in French, because after all, the language of the educated, the language of the court was French, was it not? Or maybe it wasn't French? The ruling classes in Wyatt's day were descendants of Norman-French conquerors following the Battle of Hastings in 1066, won by William the Conqueror a Norman-French noble. The story of the language of this forum, which is English, is not so different from the story of Punjabi. Before William the language of the influential was Anglo- Saxon. After the Norman conquest of England, the language of the conquerors was Norman French, which morphed into French-Anglo English, which morphed into Anglo-French, which morphed into modern English. This process took several centuries. The language spoken by the common man and woman ran parallel to the language of the court which over time was less and less French and more and more what today we call English. Amazing to me in this time-line is that early forms of Anglo-Saxon never really disappeared. If we analyze the local English dialects (such as the Oxfordshire dialect) one notes that some of them retain many features of centuries old Saxon vocabulary and grammar. The moral of the tale so far: that English like any other language, and most certainly Punjabi, evolves because of contact with other languages, A lot of this thread has been fixated on words that come from places other than the geographical region called Punjab. Of course they do! Why are we surprised? From approximately the year 1000 CE Punjab was the crossroad of more than one cultural encounter, including forcible military encounters. The more important point is speakers of languages borrow from other languages if they want to adapt to changing economic and political conditions. This has always been true. Even the Latin spoken by the Romans differed from schoolroom to street and from one region of Italy of the time to another. The "classical" or schoolhouse Latin used by Julius Caesar to write about his wars of conquest was not the Latin spoken in the marketplace of his time, and it was the Latin of the marketplace that morphed into the Romance languages of Europe, following the Roman conquest. One interesting note: it was the Latin spoken by conquering Roman armies that changed because it was shaped by local European languages, and not the other way around. In the same way, English spoken today sounds more like the Germanic Saxon, and its "core" vocabulary is drawn more from the Saxon, than French. Back to English contemporaries of Gurus Sahiban. What was the language of Thomas Wyatt or Skelton or Shakespeare? Old German? Saxon? French? Franco-English? Anglo-French? Everyone recognizes their work as written in [B][COLOR="Red"][SIZE="5"]English[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B], though the spellings they used differ from the modern and the words they use in many instances "derive" from the French and other sources. Likewise, one recognizes the language of Guru Granth as [B][SIZE="5"][COLOR="red"]Punjabi [/COLOR][/SIZE][/B]. I am fairly willing to assert that because I can understand the language of Guru Granth, albeit faltering at times, but have not a clue of Farsi. For the record, most historians of northern Indian languages agree that Punjabi is older than Sanskrit. So why not take a risk based on the example from English. Punjabi may have been heavily impacted by the languages of conquerors, the educated and the wealthy. However, it was Punjabi that absorbed these influences, whilst it remained recognizably Punjabi? That it changed over centuries. That in 2013 the Sri Guru Granth Sahib is not a linguistic curiosity understood only by scholars. That it was written and is written in a language that the ordinary person can wrap his mind around --- which was of course the entire objective of Guru Nanak, Guru Angad, Guru Amardas and ultimately Guru Arjan Dev. And please please do not reply that somehow the languages of India, unlike other languages, are immune to similar influences toward change. All you have to do is consult a Sanskrit dictionary to discover that individual words changed in meaning with the centuries. The word 'guru" itself has numerous meanings in Sanskrit depending upon the context of use as found in a sacred text and century of that text. The Manier-Williams dictionary is a good source for exploring the transformations of "guru." [/QUOTE]
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