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ਜਪੁ | Jup
ਸੋ ਦਰੁ | So Dar
ਸੋਹਿਲਾ | Sohilaa
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਿਰੀਰਾਗੁ | Raag Siree-Raag
Gurbani (14-53)
Ashtpadiyan (53-71)
Gurbani (71-74)
Pahre (74-78)
Chhant (78-81)
Vanjara (81-82)
Vaar Siri Raag (83-91)
Bhagat Bani (91-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
Ashtpadi (109)
Ashtpadiyan (110-129)
Ashtpadi (129-130)
Ashtpadiyan (130-133)
Bara Maha (133-136)
Din Raen (136-137)
Vaar Maajh Ki (137-150)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
Quartets/Couplets (185-220)
Ashtpadiyan (220-234)
Karhalei (234-235)
Ashtpadiyan (235-242)
Chhant (242-249)
Baavan Akhari (250-262)
Sukhmani (262-296)
Thittee (296-300)
Gauree kii Vaar (300-323)
Gurbani (323-330)
Ashtpadiyan (330-340)
Baavan Akhari (340-343)
Thintteen (343-344)
Vaar Kabir (344-345)
Bhagat Bani (345-346)
ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
Chaupaday (348-364)
Panchpadde (364-365)
Kaafee (365-409)
Aasaavaree (409-411)
Ashtpadiyan (411-432)
Patee (432-435)
Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
Bhagat Bani (475-488)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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Health & Nutrition
Drug-resistant Bacteria Protect The Vulnerable Microbes
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<blockquote data-quote="spnadmin" data-source="post: 132632" data-attributes="member: 35"><p><em>Drug-resistant mutants produce a molecule that boosts drug tolerance in the susceptible ones</em></p><p></p><p>The long-held notion on how bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics stands challenged. </p><p></p><p>The conventional thinking is that continuous exposure to antibiotics or exposure at sub-optimal levels can facilitate some bacteria to develop mutations that render them resistant to a particular antibiotic. And this antibiotic-resistant mutation is then passed on to succeeding generations, and in time the antibiotic-resistant bacterial population becomes dominant.</p><p></p><p>But a paper published today in <em>Nature</em> reveals how drug-resistant mutants resort to a quicker way to make the overall population of bacteria resistant to a particular antibiotic in the very same generation. </p><p></p><p><strong>Helping hand</strong></p><p></p><p>The antibiotic-resistant mutants lend a helping hand to protect other drug-susceptible species, the study shows. This is the first time a study has shown that drug-resistant mutants need not become the dominant species to become a threat. Surprisingly, the mutants protect the entire population even though it is at some cost to themselves.</p><p></p><p> The study also highlights the danger of using antibiotics at sub-optimal levels. </p><p></p><p>A study done in a bioreactor used the drug, Norfloxacin, at lower concentrations than was actually required to kill Escherichia coli bacteria. In fact, the dosage of the drug was chosen such that only 60 per cent of growth was inhibited. </p><p></p><p><strong>Still survived</strong></p><p></p><p>The concentration of the drug was increased every day. Surprisingly, despite increasing the dosage on a daily basis, even the bacteria that had not developed the drug-resistant mutation, and therefore had low-resistance to the drug, still managed to survive. </p><p></p><p>Even on day nine, the bacteria with low-resistance survived despite the fact that the drug concentration was much higher than what was required to kill the bacteria. The researchers note that a vast majority of individual E. coli were “less resistant to the drug than the population as a whole.” </p><p></p><p>They also found that the norfloxacin-resistant mutants increased in number first, followed by an overall increase in the population of low-resistance E. coli. </p><p></p><p>So how was this achieved? “A few highly resistant mutants improve the survival of the population's less resistant constituents,” the researchers note. And this was through the production of a small signalling molecule called indole that improves stress tolerance (in this case, the ability to survive the drug) in E. coli. </p><p></p><p>“We propose that indole produced by the drug-resistant mutants was protecting its less-resistant neighbours,” the authors write. </p><p></p><p><strong>Role of indole proved</strong></p><p></p><p>To further ascertain the role of indole, the researchers added the molecule and found those E. coli, which had low-resistance to the drug, increased and survived at drug concentrations that were many times more lethal. </p><p></p><p>The results were the same when the experiment was repeated using a different drug — gentamicin. </p><p></p><p>This shows that the mechanism by which the drug-resistant mutants protect the rest of the population is the same, immaterial of the drug in question.</p><p></p><p></p><p><a href="http://www.thehindu.com/health/medicine-and-research/article607866.ece?homepage=true" target="_blank">http://www.thehindu.com/health/medicine-and-research/article607866.ece?homepage=true</a></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="spnadmin, post: 132632, member: 35"] [I]Drug-resistant mutants produce a molecule that boosts drug tolerance in the susceptible ones[/I] The long-held notion on how bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics stands challenged. The conventional thinking is that continuous exposure to antibiotics or exposure at sub-optimal levels can facilitate some bacteria to develop mutations that render them resistant to a particular antibiotic. And this antibiotic-resistant mutation is then passed on to succeeding generations, and in time the antibiotic-resistant bacterial population becomes dominant. But a paper published today in [I]Nature[/I] reveals how drug-resistant mutants resort to a quicker way to make the overall population of bacteria resistant to a particular antibiotic in the very same generation. [B]Helping hand[/B] The antibiotic-resistant mutants lend a helping hand to protect other drug-susceptible species, the study shows. This is the first time a study has shown that drug-resistant mutants need not become the dominant species to become a threat. Surprisingly, the mutants protect the entire population even though it is at some cost to themselves. The study also highlights the danger of using antibiotics at sub-optimal levels. A study done in a bioreactor used the drug, Norfloxacin, at lower concentrations than was actually required to kill Escherichia coli bacteria. In fact, the dosage of the drug was chosen such that only 60 per cent of growth was inhibited. [B]Still survived[/B] The concentration of the drug was increased every day. Surprisingly, despite increasing the dosage on a daily basis, even the bacteria that had not developed the drug-resistant mutation, and therefore had low-resistance to the drug, still managed to survive. Even on day nine, the bacteria with low-resistance survived despite the fact that the drug concentration was much higher than what was required to kill the bacteria. The researchers note that a vast majority of individual E. coli were “less resistant to the drug than the population as a whole.” They also found that the norfloxacin-resistant mutants increased in number first, followed by an overall increase in the population of low-resistance E. coli. So how was this achieved? “A few highly resistant mutants improve the survival of the population's less resistant constituents,” the researchers note. And this was through the production of a small signalling molecule called indole that improves stress tolerance (in this case, the ability to survive the drug) in E. coli. “We propose that indole produced by the drug-resistant mutants was protecting its less-resistant neighbours,” the authors write. [B]Role of indole proved[/B] To further ascertain the role of indole, the researchers added the molecule and found those E. coli, which had low-resistance to the drug, increased and survived at drug concentrations that were many times more lethal. The results were the same when the experiment was repeated using a different drug — gentamicin. This shows that the mechanism by which the drug-resistant mutants protect the rest of the population is the same, immaterial of the drug in question. [URL]http://www.thehindu.com/health/medicine-and-research/article607866.ece?homepage=true[/URL] [/QUOTE]
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Drug-resistant Bacteria Protect The Vulnerable Microbes
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