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ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
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Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
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Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
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Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
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ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
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Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
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Travels of Guru Nanak: A Brief
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<blockquote data-quote="dalvinder45" data-source="post: 225168" data-attributes="member: 26009"><p style="text-align: center"><strong>31. Guru Nanak’s Visit to Suvarnpur in Thailand </strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p><p>Thailand (previously known as Siam) has been populated ever since the dawn of civilization in Asia. There are conflicting opinions of the origins of the Thais. It is presumed that about 4,500 years, Thais originated in northwestern Szechuan in China and later migrated to Thailand. They split into two main groups. One settled down in the North and established the kingdom of “Lana” and the other one settled further south and estsblished the kingdom of “Sukhothai”.<strong>Ayutthaya, </strong>[Note 1]succeeded Sukhothai as capital of Siam (now Thailand) in 1350 and remained so till 1767[1] .Guru Nanak travelled this land in first decade of sixteenth century. Suvarnpur was then a city state under state of Ayutthaya in Siam (now known as Thailand) a vessel state under Majapahit.</p><p><strong>[ATTACH=full]22484[/ATTACH]</strong></p><p><strong>Map 31.1. of Thailand</strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>[ATTACH=full]22485[/ATTACH] </strong></p><p><strong>Map 31.2. Guru Nanak's Route of Travel to Thailand</strong></p><p></p><p>King Ramathibodi-I and his immediate successors expanded Ayutthaya's territory, especially northwards towards Sukhothai and eastward towards the Khmer capital of Angkor. By the 15th century, Ayutthaya had established a firm hegemony over most of the northern and central Thai states, though attempts to conquer Lanna failed. Ayutthaya also captured Angkor on at least one occasion but was unable to hold on to it for long. The Ayutthaya kingdom thus changed, during the 15th century, from being a small state into an increasingly centralized kingdom wielding tight control over a core area of territory, as well as having loose authority over a string of tributary states. [2] Ayutthaya began its hegemony by conquering northern kingdoms and city-states like Sukhotai, Kamphaeng Phet and Phitsanuloke. Before the end of the fifteenth century, Ayutthaya launched attacks on Angkor, the classical great power of the region. Angkor's influence eventually faded from the Chao Phraya River Plain while Ayutthaya became a new great power.</p><p style="text-align: right"> <table style='width: 100%'><tr><td></td></tr></table> </p><p> [ATTACH=full]22486[/ATTACH]</p><p><strong> Photo 31.1. Hindu Temple at Angkor Vat Thailand</strong></p><p></p><p>417 years later, Bangkok took over from Ayuthaya. The Europeans were very impressed at the wealth they encountered in Ayuthya. At its height, Ayuthaya was one of the most important trading centers in area. [3] For 417 years the Ayutthaya kingdom was the dominant power in the fertile Menam or Chao Phraya Basin.</p><p></p><p>The Thai kings of Ayutthaya became powerful in the 14th and 15th centuries, taking over U-Thong, Lopburi, and Ayutthaya. Ayutthaya was founded by U-Thong King in 1350 [Note 2] as an island-city. It was situated at the confluence of three rivers, the Chao Phraya, the Pasak, and the Lopburi, which grew into one of Asia's most renowned metropolises, inviting comparison with great European cities such as Paris. The city must indeed have looked majestic, filled as it was with hundreds of monasteries and crisscrossed with several canals and waterways which served as roads and surrounded by rice terraces. The site offered a variety of geographical and economic advantages. Its proximity to the sea also gave its inhabitants an irresistible stimulus to engage in maritime trade. The rice fields in the immediate environs flooded each year during the rainy season, rendering the city virtually impregnable for several months annually. These fields, of course, had an even more vital function, that of feeding a relatively large population in the Ayutthaya region. Rice grown in these plants yielded a surplus large enough to be exported regularly to various countries in Asia.</p><p></p><p>The port of Ayutthaya was an entrepot, an international market place where goods from the Far East could be bought or bartered in exchange for merchandise from the Malay/Indonesian Archipelago, India, or Persia, not to mention local wares or produce from Ayutthaya's vast hinterland. The trading world of the Indian Ocean was accessible to Ayutthaya through its possession of the seaport of Mergui on the Bay of Bengal. This port in Tenasserim province was linked to the capital by a wild but ancient and frequently used overland trade route. From Tanesserim, Guru Nanak might have come to Ayuthya by the route adopted by traders.</p><p></p><p>Throughout its long history, Ayutthaya had a thriving commerce in "forest produce", principally sapanwood (a wood which produces reddish dye). Containing merchandise from all corners of Asia, the thriving markets of Ayutthaya attracted traders from Europe. Around the time Guru Nanak came to Ayuthya, the Portuguese also arrived in 1511 and Albuquerque was attempting to conquer Melaka (Malacca). Purtugese concluded their first treaty with Ayutthaya in 1516, receiving permission to settle in Ayutthaya and other Thai ports in return for supplying guns and ammunition to the Thai king.[4]</p><p></p><p><strong> SuphanBuri (Suvarnpur)</strong></p><p></p><p>SuphanBuri is now one of the central provinces (<em>changwat</em>) of Thailand [5] with its capital by the same name. [6] The word <em>Suphan</em> originates from the Sanskrit word <em>Suvarna</em> meaning gold, and the word <em>buri</em> from Sanskrit <em>Purī</em>, meaning town or city. Hence the name of the province literally means Suvarnpuri; <em>City of Gold</em>. [7]<strong> I</strong>nscription of Jayavarman VII describes the sending of images called Jayabuddhamahanath to 23 cities, of which several names may be recognized as sites within Thailand, such as lavodayapua= Lopburi, svarnpuri= Suphanburi<em>, </em>jayrajpuri= Ratchaburi, SriJayavajrapuri= Petchaburi or Kamphaeng Phet.[8]</p><p></p><p>SuphanBuri covers the whole <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambon" target="_blank"><em>tambon</em></a> Tha Philiang and parts of the <em>tambon</em> Rua Yai and Tha Rahat, all within the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoe_Mueang_Suphanburi" target="_blank">Mueang Suphan Buri district</a>. As of 2006 it has a population of 26,656. Its coordinates are 14028’3” N100007’01”E and is located on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha_Chin_River" target="_blank">Tha Chin River</a> (known locally as the <em>Suphan River</em>), at an elevation of 11 metres (36 ft). The surrounding area is low-lying and flat, with rice farms covering much of the land. The terrain of the province is mostly low river plains, with small mountain ranges in the north and the west of the province. The southeastern part with the very low plain is paddy rice farming area. [9] Because the name of Suphan Buri Province means City of Gold, some believe the city to be the site of the legendary Suvarnabhumi that is mentioned in ancient Buddhist texts.</p><p></p><p style="text-align: center"><a href="http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://www.weather-forecast.com/locations/Suphan-Buri&ei=Vyv4VKIi2KK6BOv6guAF&bvm=bv.87519884,d.c2E&psig=AFQjCNG1PvB8av-LNIBad3DDpbvmt4b1dw&ust=1425636525364373" target="_blank">[ATTACH=full]22488[/ATTACH][ATTACH=full]22487[/ATTACH] </a></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong>Map 31.2. Suphanburi and Map 31.3. Swarnbhumi</strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center">[ATTACH=full]22489[/ATTACH]</p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong>Map 31.3. of Suphanburi</strong></p><p></p><p>Just a hundred kilometers away from Bangkok, SuphanBuri is an ancient town rich in natural and historical heritage. The city itself dates back to the 9th century and the province was once an important border town during the period of the Ayutthaya kingdom; consequently many battles of important wars were waged in the province In 1592, the legendary elephant battle between King Naresuan the Great and the crown prince of Burma took place in Suphan Buri. Today there are many historical sites, in addition to a wide variety of natural attractions. Traveling around the province today is like drifting through a historical novel, with attractions including Don Chedi Monument and Wat. The city was known as Mueang Thawarawadi Si Suphannaphumi. It was later called U Thong, after Prince U Thong became the founder of the Ayutthaya kingdom.</p><p></p><p><strong>Guru Nanak in Thailand </strong></p><p></p><p>It is likely that Guru Nanak visited Suphanburi (Suvarnpuri). He would have visited his palace as well and other places of interest especially religious. Guru Nanak might have travelled from Burma & Malaya, Java and returned to through Suvarnpur where from he visited various other islands of Malaysia/Majapahit. He is likey to have visited Angkor vat as well since it came under the control of Ayudhya during Guru Nanak’s time. He might have had discussions with various Buddhist, Jain and Hindu religious heads, though the king himself was the <em>dharamraja</em>. It is also likely that Java, of Guru Nanak in these countries.” [12] Sumatra and Philipines and probably China might have been visited from here. His next journey is to meet Kauda in Sumatra, Devloot according to Dr Kohli [11] probably in valley of Chindwin in Upper Burma and Teekhantain in Manipur-Tripura. After visiting Salmaladvipa, Guru Nanak is said to have visited several islands. In Janamsakhis we find a mention of islands, but we are not definite about the names and locations of these lands…These islands formed the part of Greater India (Majapahit) i.e., Siam, Cambodia, Java, Sumatra, Bali, Borneo etc. But we do not find any traces of the visit</p><p></p><p>It is said that there was ‘<em>charan paduka</em>’ (the impression of the holy feet of the Guru) in Vat Sarkate (temple) in Bangkok (Siam-Thailand). He is under stood to have washed his hair at this place. He was held in profound veneration like Lord Buddha, therefore, the annual function at the temple is held on Kartik Purnima. Another temple in Bangkok known as Treyi Mitter (temple of the three friends) is suupposed to have been built in memory of the Guru and his two companions, Bala and Mardana. It is also probable that the Guru visited Audhya also in Thailand, though the Ayudhya chronicles did not mention Guru Nanak’s visit to Thailand. A further investigation into the matter is required. [13] Further detailed dedicated research on Guru Nanak’s visit to this area is urgently needed lest we lose all records which may still have remained unearthed. All interviews and evidence must be videographed. This researcher is very keen to carry out further field research with a team.</p><p></p><p>Gyani Lal Singh Sangrur writes: “Guru Nanak gave a common message to Jainis and Bodhis in Burma, China and Japan: “You remain dirty day and night; you do not like God’s Name. No one gets the good character without the Word of God.(<em>Vaar Malar M.1)</em> Tearing your hair and drinking and eating left overs; smelling the dirty smell from the excretion and avoiding water (is inhuman and does connect with God (<em>Var Majh M.1</em>)</p><p></p><p style="text-align: center">[ATTACH=full]22492[/ATTACH]</p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong>Suvaranpur (SupharBuri)</strong></p><p></p><p>(Note: Many Jains and Buddhists became Guru Nanak’s followers.) [15] Guru Nanak went to China through Burma. He went to Peking and Nanking too. [16] Dr Arjan Singh also endorses Guru Nanak’s visit to Tibet, China, Japan, Java, Sumatra, Philipines and Manipure through state of Burma.[17]</p><p></p><p>The Ayutthaya kings were not only Buddhist kings who ruled according to the dhamma (dharma), but they were also <strong><em>devaraja</em></strong>, god-kings whose sacred power was associated with the Hindu gods Indra and Vishnu. Kings too were treated as gods. The French Abbe de Choisy, who came to Ayutthaya in 1685, wrote that, "the king has absolute power. He is truly the god of the Siamese: no-one dares to utter his name." Another 17th century writer, the Dutchman Van Vliet, remarked that the king of Siam was "honoured and worshipped by his subjects more than a god”.</p><p></p><p>The kings of Ayutthaya were absolute monarchs with semi-religious status. Their authority derived from the ideologies of Hinduism and Buddhism as well as from natural leadership. At Ayutthaya, however, the paternal aspects of kingship disappeared. The king was considered <em>chakkraphat</em>, the Sanskrit-Pali term for the Chakravartin who through his adherence to the law made all the world revolve around him.[19] According to Hindu tradition, the king is the Avatar of God Vishnu, the Destroyer of Demons, who was born to be the defender of the people. The Buddhist belief in the king is as the Righteous ruler or <em>Dhammaraja</em>, aiming at the well-being of the people, who strictly follows the teaching of the Buddha.</p><p></p><p>The kings' official names were reflections of those religions: Hinduism and Buddhism. They were considered as the incarnation of various Hindu gods: Indra, Shiva or Vishnu (Rama). The coronation ceremony was directed by Brahmins as the Hindu god Shiva was "lord of the universe". However, according to the codes, the king had the ultimate duty as protector of the people and the annihilator of evil.</p><p></p><p>On the other hand, according to Buddhism’s influence in place of Hinduism the king was also believed to be a Bodhisattva or Buddha -like. He followed and respected the Dhamma of the Buddha. One of the most important duties of the king was to build a temple or a Buddha statue as a symbol of prosperity and peace. [20]</p><p></p><p>Ayutthaya. <em>pares</em> among similar states in central Thailand into an increasingly centralized kingdom wielding tight control over a core area of territory, as well as having looser authority over a string of tributary states. [21]</p><p></p><p>Ramathibodi I was responsible for the compilation of the Dharmashastra, a legal code based on Hindu sources and traditional Thai custom. The Dharmashastra remained a tool of Thai law until late in the 19th century. A bureaucracy based on a hierarchy of ranked and titled officials was introduced, and society was organised in a related manner. Yet the Hindu caste system was not adopted. [22]</p><p></p><p>Ramathibodi II (r.1491–1529) established the Siamese Corvee system, under which every Wealth, status, and political influencewere interrelated. The king allotted rice fields to court officials, provincial governors, military commanders, in payment for their services to the crown, according to the <em>sakdi na</em> system. The size of each official's allotment was determined by the number of commoners or <em>phrai</em> he could command to work it. The amount of manpower a particular headman, or official, could command determined his status relative to others in the hierarchy and his wealth. The later kings created a complex administrative system allied to a hierarchical social system. This administrative system dating from the reign of King Trailok, or Borommatrailokanat (1448-1488), was to evolve into the modern Thai bureaucracy. The Ayutthaya bureaucracy contained a hierarchy of ranked and titled officials, all of whom had varying amounts of "honor marks" <strong><em>(sakdina)</em></strong>. At the apex of the hierarchy, the king, who was symbolically the realm's largest landholder, <em>theoretically</em> commanded the services of the largest number of <em>phrai</em>, called <em>phrai luang</em> (royal servants), who paid taxes, served in the royal army, and worked on the crown lands.[23] Freeman had to be registered as a servant (<em>phrai</em>) with the local lords. Ayutthya was one of the famous trade centre for exporting gold since gold was in plenty, hence the name Suvarnapur.</p><p></p><p><strong>Notes and References</strong></p><p>Note [1] Roberts Edmund (Digitized 12 October 2007) [First published in 1837]. "Chapter XVIII-City of Bang-kok". Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam and Muscat: in the US sloop-of-war Pea{censored} during the years 1832-3-4. Harper & brothers, p. image 288, OCLC 12212199. Retrieved 5 April 2013. The spot on which the present capital stands, and the country in its vicinity, on both banks of the river for a considerable distance, were formerly, before the removal of the court to its present situation called Bang-kok; but since that time, and for nearly sixty years past, it has been named Sia yuthia, (pronounced See-ah you-tè-ah, and by the natives, Krung, that is, the capital<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite2" alt=";)" title="Wink ;)" loading="lazy" data-shortname=";)" /> it is called by both names here.</p><p></p><p>Note [2] “The Foundation of Ayuthhya’ (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society (Siam Heritage Trust). JSS Vol. 1.0e (digital): image. 1904. Retrieved August 1, 2013. There is an old city ... called by the people Müang U Thong (the city of King U Thong) and there is a tradition that Thao U Thong reigned over this city until an epidemic broke out and the people died in great numbers. He then abandoned the city and turning to the East looked out for another place to the capital; but the epidemic did not abate. He then crossed the Suphan (Tachin) river to escape the ravages of the epidemic, and even at the present time near the Suphan river there is a place called "Tha Thao U Thong" 'i. e.' the crossing of King U Thong.</p><p>Note [3]: Sea route from Bengal to Burma, Tennasarim, Malaya, Ayodhaya, Jjava, Sumatra, philipines and to China was flourishing in 15th and 16th centuries between India and these countries. Guru Nanak adopted sea route to go to East Asian countries.</p><p></p><p>Note [4]: In the sixteenth century, it (Ayotthaya) was described by foreign traders as one of the biggest and wealthiest cities in the East. The court of King Narai (1656–88) had strong links with that of King Louis XIV of France, whose ambassadors compared the city in size and wealth to Paris. According to the most widely accepted version of its origin, the Siamese state based at Ayutthaya in the valley of the Chao Phraya River rose from the earlier, nearby kingdoms of Lavo and Suphannaphoom (Suvarnabhumi). One source says that, in the mid-fourteenth century, due to the threat of an epidemic, King U Thong moved his court south into the rich flood plain of the Chao Phraya an island surrounded by rivers, which was the former seaport city of Ayotthaya, or <em>Ayothaya Si Raam Thep Nakhon</em>, the Angelic City of Sri Rama. The new city was known as <em>Ayothaya</em>, or <em>Krung Thep Dvaravadi Si Ayothaya</em>. Later it became widely known as <em>Ayutthaya</em>, the Invincible City. [18]</p><p></p><p>Note [5] The Ayutthaya kings were not only Buddhist kings who ruled according to the <em>dhamma</em> (<em>dharma</em>), but they were also <strong><em>devaraja</em></strong>, god-kings whose sacred power was associated with the Hindu, gods Indra and Vishnu. To many Western observers, the kings of Ayutthaya were treated as if they were gods. The French Abbe de Choisy, who came to Ayutthaya in 1685, wrote that, "the king has absolute power. He is truly the god of the Siamese: no-one dares to utter his name." Another 17th century writer, the Dutchman Van Vliet, remarked that the king of Siam was "honoured and worshipped by his subjects more than a god.</p><p></p><p>Note [6] 1 Yojana = 8 miles. 7000 yojans are equal to 56000 miles.</p><p></p><p>Note [7] The kingdom of Ayutthaya was not a unified state but rather a patchwork of self-governing principalities and tributary provinces owing allegiance to the king of Ayutthaya under <em>The Circle of Power</em>, or the mandala system, as some scholars suggested. [8] These principalities might be ruled by members of the royal family of Ayutthaya, or by local rulers who had their own independent armies, having a duty to assist the capital when war or invasion occurred. …</p><p></p><p>Note [8]: Svarnpur=Suphanburi is on the west side of the Tennasarim Hills, in the region of the hill falling in Malaya. Going from Tennasarim involves crossing the Tennasarim Hills from Burma side on the famous trade route towards Malaya side and then to Suvarnpur on the famous trade route.</p><p></p><p><strong>References</strong></p><p></p><p>[1] <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" target="_blank">Ayutthaya Kingdom - Wikipedia</a></p><p></p><p>[2] <a href="http://tudtu.tripod.com/ayuthis" target="_blank">http://tudtu.tripod.com/ayuthis</a> 1.htm</p><p></p><p>[3] <a href="http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/ayutthaya.html" target="_blank">http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/ayutthaya.html</a> http://</p><p></p><p>[4] <a href="http://www.hellosiam.com/html/thailand/thailand-history.htm" target="_blank">History of THAILAND</a> http://</p><p></p><p>[5] <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suphan_Buri_Province" target="_blank">Suphan Buri province - Wikipedia</a> http://</p><p></p><p>[6] op cit</p><p></p><p>[7] <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suphanburi" target="_blank">Suphan Buri - Wikipedia</a> http://</p><p></p><p>[8] Michael Vickery, 2004, Cambodia and Its Neighbors in the 15th Century Asia Research Institute</p><p></p><p>Working Paper Series No. 27, National University of Singapore, <a href="mailto:vickery_michael@hotmail.comJune">vickery_michael@hotmail.comJune</a> 2004.</p><p></p><p>[9] <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suphan_Buri_Province" target="_blank">Suphan Buri province - Wikipedia</a> http://</p><p></p><p>[10] Surinder Singh Kohli Dr, 1969, Travels of Guru Nanak, Chandigarh, Punjab University, 3rd edition 1997, p.54</p><p></p><p>[11] Ibid, p.56</p><p></p><p>[12] Ibid, pp. 56-57</p><p></p><p>[13] Ibid, p.57</p><p></p><p>[14] op cit</p><p></p><p>[15] Gyani Lal Singh Sangrur, 1940, Guru Khalsa Twareekh, Lahore Book Shop, 3rd edition, 1955, p.71</p><p></p><p>[16] Ibid</p><p></p><p>[17] Arjan Singh Dr, 1959, Guru Tegh Bahadur and Assam, Sikh Publishing House, New Delhi, 1st edn, p.170</p><p></p><p>[18] The Tai Kingdom of Ayutthaya,The Nation: Thailand's World, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-28.</p><p></p><p>[19] Hooker, Virginia Matheson (2003). A Short History of Malaysia: Linking East and West, St Leonards, New South Wales, AU: Allen & Unwin. p. 72.ISBN1-86448-955-3.Retrieved 2009-07-05. Higham, 1989, , p. 355</p><p></p><p>[20] Introduction, <em>South East Asia site</em>, Northern Illinois University, Retrieved 2009-10-03.</p><p></p><p>[21] <a href="http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/richard-henry-major.shtml" target="_blank">Richard Henry Major</a>: India in the fifteenth century: being a collection of narratives of voyages to India, in the century preceding the Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope; from Latin, Persian, Russian, and Italian sources, now first translated online, pp.5-18</p><p></p><p>[22] Background Note: Thailand”, U.S. Department of State. July 2009 Archived from the original on 4 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-08.</p><p></p><p>[23] Ayutthaya, Mahidol University, November 1, 2002, Retrieved 2009-11-01.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="dalvinder45, post: 225168, member: 26009"] [CENTER][B]31. Guru Nanak’s Visit to Suvarnpur in Thailand [/B] [/CENTER] Thailand (previously known as Siam) has been populated ever since the dawn of civilization in Asia. There are conflicting opinions of the origins of the Thais. It is presumed that about 4,500 years, Thais originated in northwestern Szechuan in China and later migrated to Thailand. They split into two main groups. One settled down in the North and established the kingdom of “Lana” and the other one settled further south and estsblished the kingdom of “Sukhothai”.[B]Ayutthaya, [/B][Note 1]succeeded Sukhothai as capital of Siam (now Thailand) in 1350 and remained so till 1767[1] .Guru Nanak travelled this land in first decade of sixteenth century. Suvarnpur was then a city state under state of Ayutthaya in Siam (now known as Thailand) a vessel state under Majapahit. [B][ATTACH type="full"]22484[/ATTACH] Map 31.1. of Thailand [ATTACH type="full"]22485[/ATTACH] Map 31.2. Guru Nanak's Route of Travel to Thailand[/B] King Ramathibodi-I and his immediate successors expanded Ayutthaya's territory, especially northwards towards Sukhothai and eastward towards the Khmer capital of Angkor. By the 15th century, Ayutthaya had established a firm hegemony over most of the northern and central Thai states, though attempts to conquer Lanna failed. Ayutthaya also captured Angkor on at least one occasion but was unable to hold on to it for long. The Ayutthaya kingdom thus changed, during the 15th century, from being a small state into an increasingly centralized kingdom wielding tight control over a core area of territory, as well as having loose authority over a string of tributary states. [2] Ayutthaya began its hegemony by conquering northern kingdoms and city-states like Sukhotai, Kamphaeng Phet and Phitsanuloke. Before the end of the fifteenth century, Ayutthaya launched attacks on Angkor, the classical great power of the region. Angkor's influence eventually faded from the Chao Phraya River Plain while Ayutthaya became a new great power. [RIGHT][TABLE] [TR] [TD][/TD] [/TR] [/TABLE][/RIGHT] [ATTACH type="full"]22486[/ATTACH] [B] Photo 31.1. Hindu Temple at Angkor Vat Thailand[/B] 417 years later, Bangkok took over from Ayuthaya. The Europeans were very impressed at the wealth they encountered in Ayuthya. At its height, Ayuthaya was one of the most important trading centers in area. [3] For 417 years the Ayutthaya kingdom was the dominant power in the fertile Menam or Chao Phraya Basin. The Thai kings of Ayutthaya became powerful in the 14th and 15th centuries, taking over U-Thong, Lopburi, and Ayutthaya. Ayutthaya was founded by U-Thong King in 1350 [Note 2] as an island-city. It was situated at the confluence of three rivers, the Chao Phraya, the Pasak, and the Lopburi, which grew into one of Asia's most renowned metropolises, inviting comparison with great European cities such as Paris. The city must indeed have looked majestic, filled as it was with hundreds of monasteries and crisscrossed with several canals and waterways which served as roads and surrounded by rice terraces. The site offered a variety of geographical and economic advantages. Its proximity to the sea also gave its inhabitants an irresistible stimulus to engage in maritime trade. The rice fields in the immediate environs flooded each year during the rainy season, rendering the city virtually impregnable for several months annually. These fields, of course, had an even more vital function, that of feeding a relatively large population in the Ayutthaya region. Rice grown in these plants yielded a surplus large enough to be exported regularly to various countries in Asia. The port of Ayutthaya was an entrepot, an international market place where goods from the Far East could be bought or bartered in exchange for merchandise from the Malay/Indonesian Archipelago, India, or Persia, not to mention local wares or produce from Ayutthaya's vast hinterland. The trading world of the Indian Ocean was accessible to Ayutthaya through its possession of the seaport of Mergui on the Bay of Bengal. This port in Tenasserim province was linked to the capital by a wild but ancient and frequently used overland trade route. From Tanesserim, Guru Nanak might have come to Ayuthya by the route adopted by traders. Throughout its long history, Ayutthaya had a thriving commerce in "forest produce", principally sapanwood (a wood which produces reddish dye). Containing merchandise from all corners of Asia, the thriving markets of Ayutthaya attracted traders from Europe. Around the time Guru Nanak came to Ayuthya, the Portuguese also arrived in 1511 and Albuquerque was attempting to conquer Melaka (Malacca). Purtugese concluded their first treaty with Ayutthaya in 1516, receiving permission to settle in Ayutthaya and other Thai ports in return for supplying guns and ammunition to the Thai king.[4] [B] SuphanBuri (Suvarnpur)[/B] SuphanBuri is now one of the central provinces ([I]changwat[/I]) of Thailand [5] with its capital by the same name. [6] The word [I]Suphan[/I] originates from the Sanskrit word [I]Suvarna[/I] meaning gold, and the word [I]buri[/I] from Sanskrit [I]Purī[/I], meaning town or city. Hence the name of the province literally means Suvarnpuri; [I]City of Gold[/I]. [7][B] I[/B]nscription of Jayavarman VII describes the sending of images called Jayabuddhamahanath to 23 cities, of which several names may be recognized as sites within Thailand, such as lavodayapua= Lopburi, svarnpuri= Suphanburi[I], [/I]jayrajpuri= Ratchaburi, SriJayavajrapuri= Petchaburi or Kamphaeng Phet.[8] SuphanBuri covers the whole [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambon'][I]tambon[/I][/URL] Tha Philiang and parts of the [I]tambon[/I] Rua Yai and Tha Rahat, all within the [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoe_Mueang_Suphanburi']Mueang Suphan Buri district[/URL]. As of 2006 it has a population of 26,656. Its coordinates are 14028’3” N100007’01”E and is located on the [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha_Chin_River']Tha Chin River[/URL] (known locally as the [I]Suphan River[/I]), at an elevation of 11 metres (36 ft). The surrounding area is low-lying and flat, with rice farms covering much of the land. The terrain of the province is mostly low river plains, with small mountain ranges in the north and the west of the province. The southeastern part with the very low plain is paddy rice farming area. [9] Because the name of Suphan Buri Province means City of Gold, some believe the city to be the site of the legendary Suvarnabhumi that is mentioned in ancient Buddhist texts. [CENTER][URL='http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://www.weather-forecast.com/locations/Suphan-Buri&ei=Vyv4VKIi2KK6BOv6guAF&bvm=bv.87519884,d.c2E&psig=AFQjCNG1PvB8av-LNIBad3DDpbvmt4b1dw&ust=1425636525364373'][ATTACH type="full" width="242px"]22488[/ATTACH][ATTACH type="full" width="420px"]22487[/ATTACH] [/URL] [B]Map 31.2. Suphanburi and Map 31.3. Swarnbhumi[/B] [ATTACH type="full"]22489[/ATTACH] [B]Map 31.3. of Suphanburi[/B][/CENTER] Just a hundred kilometers away from Bangkok, SuphanBuri is an ancient town rich in natural and historical heritage. The city itself dates back to the 9th century and the province was once an important border town during the period of the Ayutthaya kingdom; consequently many battles of important wars were waged in the province In 1592, the legendary elephant battle between King Naresuan the Great and the crown prince of Burma took place in Suphan Buri. Today there are many historical sites, in addition to a wide variety of natural attractions. Traveling around the province today is like drifting through a historical novel, with attractions including Don Chedi Monument and Wat. The city was known as Mueang Thawarawadi Si Suphannaphumi. It was later called U Thong, after Prince U Thong became the founder of the Ayutthaya kingdom. [B]Guru Nanak in Thailand [/B] It is likely that Guru Nanak visited Suphanburi (Suvarnpuri). He would have visited his palace as well and other places of interest especially religious. Guru Nanak might have travelled from Burma & Malaya, Java and returned to through Suvarnpur where from he visited various other islands of Malaysia/Majapahit. He is likey to have visited Angkor vat as well since it came under the control of Ayudhya during Guru Nanak’s time. He might have had discussions with various Buddhist, Jain and Hindu religious heads, though the king himself was the [I]dharamraja[/I]. It is also likely that Java, of Guru Nanak in these countries.” [12] Sumatra and Philipines and probably China might have been visited from here. His next journey is to meet Kauda in Sumatra, Devloot according to Dr Kohli [11] probably in valley of Chindwin in Upper Burma and Teekhantain in Manipur-Tripura. After visiting Salmaladvipa, Guru Nanak is said to have visited several islands. In Janamsakhis we find a mention of islands, but we are not definite about the names and locations of these lands…These islands formed the part of Greater India (Majapahit) i.e., Siam, Cambodia, Java, Sumatra, Bali, Borneo etc. But we do not find any traces of the visit It is said that there was ‘[I]charan paduka[/I]’ (the impression of the holy feet of the Guru) in Vat Sarkate (temple) in Bangkok (Siam-Thailand). He is under stood to have washed his hair at this place. He was held in profound veneration like Lord Buddha, therefore, the annual function at the temple is held on Kartik Purnima. Another temple in Bangkok known as Treyi Mitter (temple of the three friends) is suupposed to have been built in memory of the Guru and his two companions, Bala and Mardana. It is also probable that the Guru visited Audhya also in Thailand, though the Ayudhya chronicles did not mention Guru Nanak’s visit to Thailand. A further investigation into the matter is required. [13] Further detailed dedicated research on Guru Nanak’s visit to this area is urgently needed lest we lose all records which may still have remained unearthed. All interviews and evidence must be videographed. This researcher is very keen to carry out further field research with a team. Gyani Lal Singh Sangrur writes: “Guru Nanak gave a common message to Jainis and Bodhis in Burma, China and Japan: “You remain dirty day and night; you do not like God’s Name. No one gets the good character without the Word of God.([I]Vaar Malar M.1)[/I] Tearing your hair and drinking and eating left overs; smelling the dirty smell from the excretion and avoiding water (is inhuman and does connect with God ([I]Var Majh M.1[/I]) [CENTER][ATTACH type="full"]22492[/ATTACH] [B]Suvaranpur (SupharBuri)[/B][/CENTER] (Note: Many Jains and Buddhists became Guru Nanak’s followers.) [15] Guru Nanak went to China through Burma. He went to Peking and Nanking too. [16] Dr Arjan Singh also endorses Guru Nanak’s visit to Tibet, China, Japan, Java, Sumatra, Philipines and Manipure through state of Burma.[17] The Ayutthaya kings were not only Buddhist kings who ruled according to the dhamma (dharma), but they were also [B][I]devaraja[/I][/B], god-kings whose sacred power was associated with the Hindu gods Indra and Vishnu. Kings too were treated as gods. The French Abbe de Choisy, who came to Ayutthaya in 1685, wrote that, "the king has absolute power. He is truly the god of the Siamese: no-one dares to utter his name." Another 17th century writer, the Dutchman Van Vliet, remarked that the king of Siam was "honoured and worshipped by his subjects more than a god”. The kings of Ayutthaya were absolute monarchs with semi-religious status. Their authority derived from the ideologies of Hinduism and Buddhism as well as from natural leadership. At Ayutthaya, however, the paternal aspects of kingship disappeared. The king was considered [I]chakkraphat[/I], the Sanskrit-Pali term for the Chakravartin who through his adherence to the law made all the world revolve around him.[19] According to Hindu tradition, the king is the Avatar of God Vishnu, the Destroyer of Demons, who was born to be the defender of the people. The Buddhist belief in the king is as the Righteous ruler or [I]Dhammaraja[/I], aiming at the well-being of the people, who strictly follows the teaching of the Buddha. The kings' official names were reflections of those religions: Hinduism and Buddhism. They were considered as the incarnation of various Hindu gods: Indra, Shiva or Vishnu (Rama). The coronation ceremony was directed by Brahmins as the Hindu god Shiva was "lord of the universe". However, according to the codes, the king had the ultimate duty as protector of the people and the annihilator of evil. On the other hand, according to Buddhism’s influence in place of Hinduism the king was also believed to be a Bodhisattva or Buddha -like. He followed and respected the Dhamma of the Buddha. One of the most important duties of the king was to build a temple or a Buddha statue as a symbol of prosperity and peace. [20] Ayutthaya. [I]pares[/I] among similar states in central Thailand into an increasingly centralized kingdom wielding tight control over a core area of territory, as well as having looser authority over a string of tributary states. [21] Ramathibodi I was responsible for the compilation of the Dharmashastra, a legal code based on Hindu sources and traditional Thai custom. The Dharmashastra remained a tool of Thai law until late in the 19th century. A bureaucracy based on a hierarchy of ranked and titled officials was introduced, and society was organised in a related manner. Yet the Hindu caste system was not adopted. [22] Ramathibodi II (r.1491–1529) established the Siamese Corvee system, under which every Wealth, status, and political influencewere interrelated. The king allotted rice fields to court officials, provincial governors, military commanders, in payment for their services to the crown, according to the [I]sakdi na[/I] system. The size of each official's allotment was determined by the number of commoners or [I]phrai[/I] he could command to work it. The amount of manpower a particular headman, or official, could command determined his status relative to others in the hierarchy and his wealth. The later kings created a complex administrative system allied to a hierarchical social system. This administrative system dating from the reign of King Trailok, or Borommatrailokanat (1448-1488), was to evolve into the modern Thai bureaucracy. The Ayutthaya bureaucracy contained a hierarchy of ranked and titled officials, all of whom had varying amounts of "honor marks" [B][I](sakdina)[/I][/B]. At the apex of the hierarchy, the king, who was symbolically the realm's largest landholder, [I]theoretically[/I] commanded the services of the largest number of [I]phrai[/I], called [I]phrai luang[/I] (royal servants), who paid taxes, served in the royal army, and worked on the crown lands.[23] Freeman had to be registered as a servant ([I]phrai[/I]) with the local lords. Ayutthya was one of the famous trade centre for exporting gold since gold was in plenty, hence the name Suvarnapur. [B]Notes and References[/B] Note [1] Roberts Edmund (Digitized 12 October 2007) [First published in 1837]. "Chapter XVIII-City of Bang-kok". Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam and Muscat: in the US sloop-of-war Pea{censored} during the years 1832-3-4. Harper & brothers, p. image 288, OCLC 12212199. Retrieved 5 April 2013. The spot on which the present capital stands, and the country in its vicinity, on both banks of the river for a considerable distance, were formerly, before the removal of the court to its present situation called Bang-kok; but since that time, and for nearly sixty years past, it has been named Sia yuthia, (pronounced See-ah you-tè-ah, and by the natives, Krung, that is, the capital;) it is called by both names here. Note [2] “The Foundation of Ayuthhya’ (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society (Siam Heritage Trust). JSS Vol. 1.0e (digital): image. 1904. Retrieved August 1, 2013. There is an old city ... called by the people Müang U Thong (the city of King U Thong) and there is a tradition that Thao U Thong reigned over this city until an epidemic broke out and the people died in great numbers. He then abandoned the city and turning to the East looked out for another place to the capital; but the epidemic did not abate. He then crossed the Suphan (Tachin) river to escape the ravages of the epidemic, and even at the present time near the Suphan river there is a place called "Tha Thao U Thong" 'i. e.' the crossing of King U Thong. Note [3]: Sea route from Bengal to Burma, Tennasarim, Malaya, Ayodhaya, Jjava, Sumatra, philipines and to China was flourishing in 15th and 16th centuries between India and these countries. Guru Nanak adopted sea route to go to East Asian countries. Note [4]: In the sixteenth century, it (Ayotthaya) was described by foreign traders as one of the biggest and wealthiest cities in the East. The court of King Narai (1656–88) had strong links with that of King Louis XIV of France, whose ambassadors compared the city in size and wealth to Paris. According to the most widely accepted version of its origin, the Siamese state based at Ayutthaya in the valley of the Chao Phraya River rose from the earlier, nearby kingdoms of Lavo and Suphannaphoom (Suvarnabhumi). One source says that, in the mid-fourteenth century, due to the threat of an epidemic, King U Thong moved his court south into the rich flood plain of the Chao Phraya an island surrounded by rivers, which was the former seaport city of Ayotthaya, or [I]Ayothaya Si Raam Thep Nakhon[/I], the Angelic City of Sri Rama. The new city was known as [I]Ayothaya[/I], or [I]Krung Thep Dvaravadi Si Ayothaya[/I]. Later it became widely known as [I]Ayutthaya[/I], the Invincible City. [18] Note [5] The Ayutthaya kings were not only Buddhist kings who ruled according to the [I]dhamma[/I] ([I]dharma[/I]), but they were also [B][I]devaraja[/I][/B], god-kings whose sacred power was associated with the Hindu, gods Indra and Vishnu. To many Western observers, the kings of Ayutthaya were treated as if they were gods. The French Abbe de Choisy, who came to Ayutthaya in 1685, wrote that, "the king has absolute power. He is truly the god of the Siamese: no-one dares to utter his name." Another 17th century writer, the Dutchman Van Vliet, remarked that the king of Siam was "honoured and worshipped by his subjects more than a god. Note [6] 1 Yojana = 8 miles. 7000 yojans are equal to 56000 miles. Note [7] The kingdom of Ayutthaya was not a unified state but rather a patchwork of self-governing principalities and tributary provinces owing allegiance to the king of Ayutthaya under [I]The Circle of Power[/I], or the mandala system, as some scholars suggested. [8] These principalities might be ruled by members of the royal family of Ayutthaya, or by local rulers who had their own independent armies, having a duty to assist the capital when war or invasion occurred. … Note [8]: Svarnpur=Suphanburi is on the west side of the Tennasarim Hills, in the region of the hill falling in Malaya. Going from Tennasarim involves crossing the Tennasarim Hills from Burma side on the famous trade route towards Malaya side and then to Suvarnpur on the famous trade route. [B]References[/B] [1] [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom"]Ayutthaya Kingdom - Wikipedia[/URL] [2] [URL]http://tudtu.tripod.com/ayuthis[/URL] 1.htm [3] [URL]http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/ayutthaya.html[/URL] http:// [4] [URL="http://www.hellosiam.com/html/thailand/thailand-history.htm"]History of THAILAND[/URL] http:// [5] [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suphan_Buri_Province"]Suphan Buri province - Wikipedia[/URL] http:// [6] op cit [7] [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suphanburi"]Suphan Buri - Wikipedia[/URL] http:// [8] Michael Vickery, 2004, Cambodia and Its Neighbors in the 15th Century Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series No. 27, National University of Singapore, [email]vickery_michael@hotmail.comJune[/email] 2004. [9] [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suphan_Buri_Province"]Suphan Buri province - Wikipedia[/URL] http:// [10] Surinder Singh Kohli Dr, 1969, Travels of Guru Nanak, Chandigarh, Punjab University, 3rd edition 1997, p.54 [11] Ibid, p.56 [12] Ibid, pp. 56-57 [13] Ibid, p.57 [14] op cit [15] Gyani Lal Singh Sangrur, 1940, Guru Khalsa Twareekh, Lahore Book Shop, 3rd edition, 1955, p.71 [16] Ibid [17] Arjan Singh Dr, 1959, Guru Tegh Bahadur and Assam, Sikh Publishing House, New Delhi, 1st edn, p.170 [18] The Tai Kingdom of Ayutthaya,The Nation: Thailand's World, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-28. [19] Hooker, Virginia Matheson (2003). A Short History of Malaysia: Linking East and West, St Leonards, New South Wales, AU: Allen & Unwin. p. 72.ISBN1-86448-955-3.Retrieved 2009-07-05. Higham, 1989, , p. 355 [20] Introduction, [I]South East Asia site[/I], Northern Illinois University, Retrieved 2009-10-03. [21] [URL='http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/richard-henry-major.shtml']Richard Henry Major[/URL]: India in the fifteenth century: being a collection of narratives of voyages to India, in the century preceding the Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope; from Latin, Persian, Russian, and Italian sources, now first translated online, pp.5-18 [22] Background Note: Thailand”, U.S. Department of State. July 2009 Archived from the original on 4 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-08. [23] Ayutthaya, Mahidol University, November 1, 2002, Retrieved 2009-11-01. [/QUOTE]
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Travels of Guru Nanak: A Brief
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