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Guru Granth Sahib
Composition, Arrangement & Layout
ਜਪੁ | Jup
ਸੋ ਦਰੁ | So Dar
ਸੋਹਿਲਾ | Sohilaa
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਿਰੀਰਾਗੁ | Raag Siree-Raag
Gurbani (14-53)
Ashtpadiyan (53-71)
Gurbani (71-74)
Pahre (74-78)
Chhant (78-81)
Vanjara (81-82)
Vaar Siri Raag (83-91)
Bhagat Bani (91-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
Ashtpadi (109)
Ashtpadiyan (110-129)
Ashtpadi (129-130)
Ashtpadiyan (130-133)
Bara Maha (133-136)
Din Raen (136-137)
Vaar Maajh Ki (137-150)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
Quartets/Couplets (185-220)
Ashtpadiyan (220-234)
Karhalei (234-235)
Ashtpadiyan (235-242)
Chhant (242-249)
Baavan Akhari (250-262)
Sukhmani (262-296)
Thittee (296-300)
Gauree kii Vaar (300-323)
Gurbani (323-330)
Ashtpadiyan (330-340)
Baavan Akhari (340-343)
Thintteen (343-344)
Vaar Kabir (344-345)
Bhagat Bani (345-346)
ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
Chaupaday (348-364)
Panchpadde (364-365)
Kaafee (365-409)
Aasaavaree (409-411)
Ashtpadiyan (411-432)
Patee (432-435)
Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
Bhagat Bani (475-488)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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Sikh History & Heritage
The Adi Guru Granth As Source Of History And Sikh History
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<blockquote data-quote="Admin" data-source="post: 120295" data-attributes="member: 1"><p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: center"><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">This paper was presented in International Sikh Conferences 2004</span></span></p> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p><p style="text-align: left"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: center"><p style="text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The Adi Guru Granth as Source Of History And Sikh History</span></span></strong></p> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: center"><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">By Kirpal Singh, Chandigar<a href="http://www.sikhphilosophy.net/#_ftn1" target="_blank">http://www.sikhphilosophy.net/#_ftn1</a>h *</span></span></p> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: center"><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"> </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></span></p> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The Adi Guru Granth, as a source of history and Sikh history, is a new and very significant topic on which no work has been done so far. It is significant as it provides fresh information which is not available any where else. For instance details of the invasions of Babar, the founder of Mughal Empire in India are available in several sources including Tazik-i-Babar. What happened to the people as a result of the invasions has only been given by Guru Nanak in hymns in the <em>Adi Guru Granth</em>. Similarly, it is not generally known that the milch cattle of the Hindus were taxed. This information is only available in <em>Asa Di Var</em> wherein it has been stated that the cow was taxed. Besides direct information one can collect historical information from various similes and metaphors used in the <em>Adi Guru Granth</em>. While explaining the spiritual intricacies, similes and metaphors depicting various aspects of life have been given, for instance Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism writes:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Make thy mind ploughman, thy action cultivation vocation</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Modesty the water and thy body the field</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>In the field sow name of God, make content the leveling plank</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>And maintain humility as fence of the field.1</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">At places prayers have been made to God to save mankind from political affliction like Babar's invasions or tyranny of corrupt officials, etc. All such similes and metaphors and references to political or administrative incidents collectively make an important source of history convening five hundred years from Sheikh Farid (d. 1265 AD) to Guru Tegh Bahadur (d. 1675 AD) life span of all the contributors of the Adi Guru Granth. It throw a flood of light on socio-politico-religion life of the people. An attempt was made on similar lines in my book <em>The Adi Guru Granth As Source of History</em> published in 1998 (book out of print). This paper is, however, confined to the aspects only political history and Sikh History</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The Adi Guru Granth has thirty six contributors including the Sikh Gurus. Its contributors belonged to the different strata of society – so called high caste, and low caste cobber, washerman etc. They belong to different religious traditions and different parts of India. For instance Kabir and Ravidas belongs to Uttar Pardesh, Nam Dev and Tarlochan to Maharashtra, Jaidev to Bengal, Dhanna to Rajasthan, Baba Farid, a Muslim saint to Punjab etc, Long before the dawn of modern civilization based on science and technology, the Sikh scripture taught the lessons of coexistence and toleration which are so essential not only in religious sphere but also in the strife torn national and international spheres.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The Adi Guru Granth is a priceless source of history as it provides information which is not available anywhere else. The histories in general and <em>Taziki-i-Babari</em> in particular have been given the details of Babar's invasions. But it was reserved for Guru Nanak, 'the people's prophet' as T L Visavni, calls him to record the brutalities of Babar's soldiers on the people. The people's sufferings on account of Babar's invasion have been described in four hymns of Guru Nanak named 'Babar Vani in the <em>Adi Guru Granth</em>.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">In the '<em>Babar Vani</em>', Guru Nanak has referred to almost all the invasions of Babar but in different way. He was eye-witness of the third invasion which has been described in detail. Guru Nanak's account of Babar's invasions is as follows: Guru Nanak writes:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>God brought Khurasan under His protection</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>and brought terror to Hindustan.2</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Zahiruddin Mohammad Babar was born on 24th February 1483 AD. Though young in years Baber formed the resolve of conquering Samarkand which he occupied. Forced by circumstances he left the city, which was captured by Uzbegs. A gain he was able to occupy Samarkand and was defeated in the battle of Archian in June 1503 AD and the city was lost and he had to wander in exile for sometime. Soon he retired toward Kabul and established himself there. Here he took the title of 'Padshah' which had not yet been adopted by any Timurd. With the help of Ismail, the founder of Safvi line of the kings of Persia he captured Bokhara occupied Samarkand in October 1500 AD. Again he was defeated by the Uzbegs in 1512 AD and the Persian force sent in his aid was also routed.3Kabul. He was now convinced of impossibility of gaining success in the west and therefore made up his mind to try his luck in east. Guru Nanak has rightly started: </span></span><span style="font-size: 10px"> Baber was reduced to great straits in despair he returned to </span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>God has protected Khurasan and brought terror to Hindustan.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">According to Encyclopaedia of Britannica 'Khurrasan' means ' land of rising sun'. In the sixteenth century Khurasan was the name of territory north of which was Khiva (previously in Russia), a plains of Iran and Sistan in the south, Guz and Gurgaon in the West and Hindustan in the East. At present it is the name of the province of eastern Iran.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">In his memoirs Babar writes about Khurasan, the people of Hindus call every country beyond their own Khurasan in the same manneras Arabs term all except Arabia Ajem. On the road between Hindustan and Khurasan there are two great marts – the one Kabul and the other Kandhar. This country lies between Hindustan and Khursaan.4 Babar informs us that Kandhar was formerly regarded as the boundary between Hindustan and Khurasan.5</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><strong>FIRST INVASION OF BABAR – 1519 AD.</strong></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Guru Nanak writes :</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>But creator Lord takes not the blame upon Himself and so he has made the Mughals Angels of Death.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>If the powerful duel with the powerful I grieve not but if a ravenous lion fails upon a flock of sheep then the master must answer.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>The jewel of my motherland has been laid waste by, But none shall cherish their memory 'when they are gone'.6</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The first invasion of Babar like his third or fourth invasion caused a considerable misery for the inhabitants of India. The people were mercilessly killed and tortured by the Mughal soldiers as has been testified by Guru Nanak. Babar himself has admitted in his memoirs that his soldiers committed excesses over the people. He writes : "I sent for the headmen and choudiaries of Bahreh, and agreed with them for the sum of four hundred thousand Shahrukhis (according to Prof Lucas King it was about 20, 000 sterling) as the ransom of their property, and collectors were appointed to receive the amount … (next day). Having learned that the troops had exercised some severities towards the inhabitants of Bahreh, and were using them all, I sent out a party, who having seized a few of the soldiers that have been quietly of excesses, I put some of them to death and slit the noses of some others, and made them be led towards the camp in that condition.7 Entered in dates of Feb 21 and 22, 1519. Mohammad Latif writes :</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>'Having subdued the countries as the Chenab, he advanced at the head of his army to chastise the Ghakkars. The fort of Birhala was invested and Ghakkars were defeated in a sally by Dost Beg, the Mughal general. Babar at the same time cutting off their retreat in person, they were compelled to fly to the mountains and a considerable number of them were killed in flight.8</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">THIRD INVASION OF BABAR 1520 –21</span></span></strong></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">In his third invasion 1521 AD Babar did not inflict any punishment on the inhabitants of Sialkot because they submitted but the inhabitants of Syedpur modern Eminabad (distt. Gujranwala Pakistan) made themselves liable to punishment by not submitting to Babar's forces. This has been described in his memoirs in the following lines :</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>'(Babar) advanced to Sialkot the inhabitants of which submitted and saved their possessions but the inhabitants of Syedpur who resisted were put to sword, their wives and children carried into captivity and all their property plundered'.9</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Guru Nanak being the eye witness of the scene was greatly touched and he has vividly described the excesses of Babar's soldiers on the natives in the following lines. This is the only account available of cruelties committed by the Babar's soldiers :</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>They who wore beautiful tresses and partings of whose hair were dyed with vermillion have their locks now shorn with scissors and dust is throne upon their heads.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>They dwelt in their private chambers, now they cannot find seat in public.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>They had hundreds of thousands waiting on their sitting and hundreds of thousands waiting on them standing.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Eating conconuts and dates they sported on their couches, but chains are on their necks and broken are their strings of pearls. </em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>The wealth and beauty which afforded them pleasure have now become their enemies. The order was given to the soldiers to take and dishonour them.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>They had lost all thought of God in joys, in spectacles and in pleasures, when Babar's rule was proclaimed no Pathan prince ate his food. Some lost their fine times of prayers, other their hours of worship.10</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Babar's invasion greatly upset the existing condition. In another verse Guru Nanak says :</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Where are those sports, those stables and those horses? Where those bugles and clarions? Where are those who buckled on their swords and were mighty in battles. Where those scarlet uniforms.11</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Guru Nanak being the eyewitness of the scene at Syedpur, modern Eminabad, district Gujranwala (Pakistan) was greatly touched and he has vividly described the excesses of Babar's soldiers on the natives. Guru Nanak writes:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Babar with the wedding party of sin from Kabul rushed down</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>And forcibly demanded surrender of Indian womanhood</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Then went modesty and righteousness into hiding </em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>And falsehood was strutting about in glory</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Set aside were Qazis and Brahmins, and Satan went about solemining marriage</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Muslims women reciting the Quran, in their affliction called on Khuda</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Other women of low caste and of the Hindus in this suffering may also be put in the same account</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Said Nanank to sing are paeans of blood</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>And springled in blood for saffron</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Nanak sings the glories of Lord in the land of corpses and mentions this thought.12</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">At another place, Guru Nanak writes:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Dishonoured were women of the Hindus, Muslims Bhattis and Thakurs</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Of some were the gowns torn from head to foot </em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Some in cremation yards found resting places</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Those whose gallant menfolk returned not home </span></span></strong></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>In what agony were their nights passed.13</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">FOURTH INVASION OF BABAR – 1524</span></span></strong></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Guru Nanak writes:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>For three hours forty-five minutes, wrath and tyranny ravaged the city of Lahore.14</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">It has been recorded in the Baber's memoirs :</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>He (Babar) marched by the country of Gakhars whom he reduced to obedience. Behar Khan Lodhi, Mubarak Khan Lodhi and some other Afghan Amirs who were still in the interest of Ibrahim or who disliked the arrival of a foreign enemy collected a large body of Afghans and gave him a battle as he approached Lahore. The Afghans were defeated and the conquerors were elated with their success and enraged at the obstinacy of Lahore.15 </em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Mohammad Latif writes:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Babar made his triumphant entry into the city of Lahore and after fashion common to his tribe set fire to houses. After remaining here for four days he marched against Depalpur.16</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">FIRST BATTLE OF PANIPAT 20 APRIL, 1526</span></span></strong></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Guru Nanak says:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>There regard a battle between the Mughals and Pathans, and the sword was wielded in the battlefield. They the Mughals arrived and fired their guns and they the Pathans attacked with their elephants.17</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Zahiruddin Babar writes in his memoirs:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>'It was settled that as Panipat was a considerable city, it would cover one of our flanks by its buildings and houses, while we might fortify our front by turas or covered defences and cannon and that the matchlockmen and infantry should be placed in rear of guns and turas.17 With this resolution we moved and in two marches on Thursday, 30th of the last jamada reached Panipat. Babar writes: 'The army of the enemy opposed to us was estimated at one hundred thousands men, the elephants of the Emperor and his officers were said to amount to nearly a thousands.</em>19</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">After the battle of Panipat, elephants were offered to Babar. he has described elephant 'One the two sides of his trunk, in his upper jaw he has two tusks, it is by applying these teeth, and exerting all his force that he overturns walls and tears up trees, and when he fights or performs any operation, that requires great exertion he makes use of these tusks.'20</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p><p></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left"> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">FLIGHT OF HIMAYUN AND RISE OF SHER SHAH SURI</span></span></strong></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Guru Nanak writes : </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>'In seventy eight they (the Mughals) came and in ninety seven depart, </em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Another hero shall day arise</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Nanak utters the word of the truth, the truth times call for.'21</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The different annotators of the Adi Guru Granth agree that these lines signify and state that the Mughals came in India in the Bikrmi year of one thousand five hundred and seventy eight viz 1521 AD and departed in the year Bikrami year one thousand five hundred and ninety seven which is equal to 1540 AD. Since the date has been recorded in verse one thousand five hundred has not been mentioned in both the cases. It is taken to be understood. It implies that Guru Nanak made prophecy about the rise of Sher Shah Suri before his death in 1539 AD. This is not improbable, it appears that Guru Nanak was the keen observer of the political developments of his time. He was the contemporary of Himayun and Sher Shah Suri and witnessed the weak rule of the former and the strong will of the latter for nine years after the death of Babar (1530). Guru Nanak's calculation about Mughals and his prophecy about Sher Shah came to be true. It has been stated in <em>The Crescent in India</em> by S R Sharma that Sher Shah Suri was "most capable unscrupulous ambitions man in the whole of Afghan party"22</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The animals of Hindus like cow, goats, buffaloes were taxed by government, the fact has also been mentioned in the <em>Medieval Indian History</em> by Lanepool. But Guru Nanak has confirmed it in <em>Asa Di Var</em>.23 He says, "You tax cow". Similarly Jaziya on Brahmin had been reimposed. Guru Nanak mentioned both, he says, "You tax cow and Brahmin".</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">COW TAX AND JAZIA ON BRAHMINS</span></span></strong></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">"<em>You impose tax on cow and tax (jazia) on Brahmins, the cow dung will not save you</em>"24</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The Turkish or Afghan rulers were 'unable to establish their power in the rural areas. Here Hindu chief known as Rais, Rana or Rewat who had their armies ruled.25 Guru Nanak refers to the Hindus officials26 who had to collect taxes on behalf of the government. Lanepool writes that the Hindus had to pay duties on buffaloes, goats and other milch cattle. The tax was levied equally on the rich and poor.27</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Before Sultan Feroz Tughlaq (1352-1384 AD) Brahmins were exempted from payment of jazia. But Feroz Tughlak imposed this tax on the ground that they were the leaders of the Hindus and they could not be exempted from such a tax. He acted as a tool in the hands of bigoted ulemas and did not care to listen the public entreaties. There was a storm of protest against this decision. The Brahmins surrounded his palace and loudly protested. They threaten to burn themselves alive. But Sultan did not care to listen the public entreaties. There were storm of protest against this decision. The Brahmins surrounded his palace and loudly protested. They threatened to burn themselves alive. But Sultan did not care and did not yield.27 Jaziya was ultimately abolished by Akbar, the Mughal emperor.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">CORRUPT REVENUE ADMINISTRATION</span></span></strong></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The corruption was rampant in the revenue administration of the Sultans. This has been mentioned almost everywhere but to what extent that corruption was that has been stated by Guru Nanak in <em>Asa Di Var</em>. Guru Nanak says :</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Sin is the king, greed the minister, falsehood the officials (shiqdars) to carry out command.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>And lust the deputy to take counsel with all three-hold conclave to chalk out plans </em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>The blind subjects out of ignorance pay homage like dead men.29</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Guru Nanak (1469–1539AD) had very closely watched the revenue administration of his times as he worked in the Modikhana (storehouse) of Daulat Khan Lodhi at Sultanpur (Distt. Kapurthala) during the reign of Sikandar Lodhi (1488-1517 AD).30 In those days a revenue was collected in kind as there was acute shortage of currency and grain was very cheap.31 In the Modikhana 'Landlords, <em>chaudharis</em>, <em>Qanungos</em> (a revenue official) and people in general32 The officials were given land grants instead of salaries and petty employee grain instead of wages. In this way Guru Nanak came in contact with the various types of people and different rings of society and has described the corruption rampant there.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10px"> used to …… deposit the grain which was distributed to employees, soldiers and different types of people.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p><p></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left"> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">GURU GRANTH AS SOURCE OF SIKH HISTORY</span></span></strong></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Like all prophets, Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism was greatly misunderstood as he himself writes:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Some brand me as ghost</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Some call me man, Nanak is simple humble man.33</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">In several hymns preserved in the Guru Granth Guru Nanak has dialogues with leaders of various denominations like <em>Sidhas, Pandits, Pirs, Mullan, Qazis</em> There dialogues have been also mentioned by Bhai Gurdas Bhalla who was the first and perhaps the fittest to record the traditions of Guru Nanak. He was nephew of Guru Amardas, the third Sikh and the contemporary of Baba Budha who had seen and served Guru Nanak and had played a leading role in the early Sikh history. The dialogues of Guru Nanak are first rate source of information for constructing the life of the Guru. Any account based on these dialogues cannot be rejected wholly as 'unreliable'. Rather such accounts constitute an important sources of information for constructing the life of Guru Nanak. For more details on this subject I would refer to my recently published book entitled 'Janamsakhi Tradition: An Analytical Study' (available from M/s Singh Brothers, Bazar Mai Sewan, Amritsar).</span></span><span style="font-size: 10px"> etc.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Guru Nanak in the last phase of his life tested his sons and nominated his successor Bhai Lehna. This has been recorded by Satta Balwanda Var in the <em>Adi Guru Granth</em>:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"> <em>The Master's sons obeyed not his decree </em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>And from the Preceptor turned their faces away</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>With hearts dishonest, in disobedience they went along</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Carrying on head trussed loads of pride</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>As Guru Nanak decreed, did Guru Angad act;</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>By thus, acting was he on the throne installed </em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Who lost, who won ?34</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">After his nomination as successor of Guru Nanak Guru Angad shifted to Khadur Sahib (Distt. Amritsar) as it has been stated there in the same Var. </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>The holy preceptor Phero's son then in Khadur took abode.35</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Khivi, wife of Guru Angad has been described a noble lady who used to manage the common kitchen meant for Sikhs. The condition of the food served there has been testified to be excellent. Satta Balwand in their Var in the Ramkali raga record:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Saith Balwand the bard: Khivi, noble soul </em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Was like tree with shade of thick leaves</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>In her kitchen was distributed rich fare</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Khir enriched with ghee, tasting like amrita elixir</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>The faces of the Masters disciples became radiant</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>The egoists, shrunk like straw </em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Guru Angad, acting heroically with the Master, found approval</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Mother Khivi's wedded lord was he who carried earth's burden.36</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p><p></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left"> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">THE VISIT OF GURU AMARDAS TO KURUKSHETRA AND HARDWAR</span></span></strong></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">In the Adi Guru Granth, Jethaji who subsequently became the fourth Guru viz Guru Ram Das has recorded the account of Guru Armar Das's visit to Kurukshetra and Hardwar as he accompanied the guru there. </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">In the hymn such words have been used that help to decipher the date of guru's visit to Kurukshetra and Hardwar.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>A sight of the true Guru was our bathing during the Abhijit……</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>The filth of evil inclinations was cleansed and the darkness of ignorance was dispelled </em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>The ignorance of those who saw the guru was dispelled and light beamed on their hearts </em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>The pain of transmigrantion vanished in a moment;</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>and men obtained God, the imperishable Lord.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>God the creator himself made this auspicious</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>time, when the true Guru went to the fair at Kurukshetra</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>A sight of the true Guru was our bathing during Abhijit.37</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">After Kurukshetra the visit to River Jamuna has been described:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>The Guru then proceeded to the Jamuna</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Where he caused the people to repeat Guru's name</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>The tax collected met the Guru with offering and allowed his followers to cross over</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>All those in the Guru's train who meditated on God were exempted from toll</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Death, the tax gatherer, approached not those who walk in the true way to the Guru's instruction</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Everybody took Guru's name and by doing it all the pilgrims were excused tax: </em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>The Guru then proceeded to the Jamuna where he caused people to repeat God's name.</em>38</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">After attending the solar eclipse festival of bathing and addressing a number of different types of pilgrims Guru Amar Dass proceeded to Hardwar (Mayapur). There was no place of pilgrimage on the river Jamuna on his way from Kurukshetra to Hardwar. Nor there is any mention of the place of pilgrimage there. So the Guru had not to pay pilgrimage tax while crossing the Jamuna river. The mention of tax in the sacred hymns refers to the river toll which was those days as it has been mentioned in <em>Ain-i-Akbari.39</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Impressed by the Guru's august personality, the tax collector under the circumstances exempted the Guru and his Sikhs from payment of river toll. Guru Ram Das has, therefore, rightly stated, 'the tax gatherer met the Guru with offerings and allowed his followers to cross over.40 Since the river toll was paid in Dams, Guru Ram Das has used the word Dam twice in the hymn.41</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>After that he (Guru Amar Das) went to the Ganges and there was marvelous scene.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>All were entranced on seeing the saintly Guru, there too no one took half a dam from him.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>No one paid half a dam or put any money into the toll box, the toll collector's mouth were sealed. They said 'brethern what shall we do? Of whom shall we ask? Everyone is escaping under the cover of the Guru.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>The tax collectors by their skill and cleverness saw it was best to close their boxes and go away.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>After that the Guru went to the Ganges and there was a marvelous scene.42</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">In the hymn cited there is a mention of tax gatherer or toll collector. Dr Gopal Singh43 and Prof Gurbachan Singh Talib in their respective translations have stated that it was a pilgrimage tax which was abolished by Akbar and Mughal Emperor in 1562 AD.44 Prof Teja Singh also refers to the pilgrimage tax.45 Dr Balbir Singh while discussing the various dates of Guru Amar Das's visit to Kurukshetra calls this toll as pilgrimage tax.46 But this does not appear to be the pilgrimage tax. Had it been the pilgrimage tax it would have been levied at Kurukshetra where <em>Abhijit Solar</em> eclipse fair was held. It was a very rare occasion and must have attracted thousands of pilgrims. The pilgrims at solar eclipse fairs were taxed during Aurangzeb's time. Bernier mentions that pilgrimage tax was reimposed by Aurangzeb, the Mughal Emperor, and lakhs of rupees were collected by the state on the occasion of eclipse of sun.45 There is no mention of any tax at Kurukshetra solar eclipse fair. This is one of the most important factors to be considered. There is mention of toll tax at the river Jamuna. No place of pilgrimage has been mentioned there. Evidently on the river Jamuna there could not be levied pilgrimage tax for crossing the river. Therefore it is river toll. It is significant to note that rivers toll tax has been mentioned in <em>Ain-i-Akbari</em> as quoted above. Similarly there were river toll collectors at river Ganges. In the hymn itself only two rivers are mentioned. Jamuna and Ganges. At both the places tax collectors were so suppressed by the holy personality of the Guru that they greeted the Guru with offerings. Guru Ram Das reports '<em>All were entranced on seeing the saintly Guru and no one took even half dam</em>'.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">THE DATE OF GURU'S VISIT TO KARUKSHETRA</span></span></strong></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"> <em>A sight of the true Guru was our bathing during Abhijit.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The system of quoting dates of <em>nakshatras</em> is very old and had prevailed in India There are twenty seven <em>nakshatras</em> or lunar mansions through which the moon passes in her monthly journey through the stars. Moon is supposed to spend an equal amount of time in each of 27 <em>nakshatras</em> and as the total period of moon's journey through the stars occupies 27.33166 days, it follows that the means duration of each <em>nakshatras</em> is 1 day and nearly 18 minutes.47 in order to make up this deficiency occasionally that is, seven times in 19 years, a lunar month is repeated twice in course of the same year. M A Macauliffe explains the word <em>Abhijit</em> in a footnote in the following words: "The lunar month, though generally considered twenty eight days is really only twenty seven days, odd hours, minutes and seconds. Abhijit was intercalated between the 21st and 22nd asterisms to adjust the difference.48</span></span><span style="font-size: 10px"> since the Vedic times.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"> According to <em>Tika Faridkot</em> of the Adi Guru Granth the interpretation and meanings of the above quoted lines are :</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">"At Kurukshetar it was the occasion of Amavas with Abhijit Nachhatar which is called Abhich and bathing festival of solar eclipse when at that time the congregation of three worlds had the holy sight of Guru Amar Das, the worthy of worship.49</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"> In this way the scriptural text provides following astronomical data for determining the date of the Guru's visit to Kurukshetra :</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">1. It was a solar eclipse which is always on Amavas.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">2. It was Abhijit Nakshatra</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Guru Amar Das, the third Sikh Guru became Guru on 29th March 1552 and died on 1st September 1574 AD.42 During this period of about twenty two years there were solar eclipse on the following days:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">1. January 14, 1553 2. June 18, 1555</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">3. November 14, 1555 4. May 9, 1556</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">5. November 2, 1556 6. October 22, 1557</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">7. April 18, 1558 8. February 26, 1560</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">9. August 21, 1560 10. Feb. 14, 1561</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">11. August 10, 1561 12. Dec. 15, 1563</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">13. June 8, 1564 14. April 9, 1567</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">15. Sept. 21, 1568 16. Feb 5, 1570</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">17. July 21, 1571 18. January 15, 1572</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">19. July 9, 1572. 50 </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">According to Dr Balbir Singh, "the conjunction of the <em>Abhijit</em> Nakshatras in respect of these 19 eclipses occurred twice only. First it was on January 14, 1553 AD and secondly on January 15, 1572AD.51 How Dr Balbir Singh was able to find out these two dates and on what basis is not clear. However, it is learnt that Dr Balbir Singh took lot of pains to consult the experts at various places like Hardwar etc. Dr Balbir Singh has concluded that Jan 14, 1553 is the date of Guru's visit to Kurukshetra on account of following reasons :</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"> Dr Balbir Singh writes, "In the same hymn of Guru Granth Sahib there is mention of the collectors who were posted to collect dues from the pilgrims. This was the imposition under the central ruling authority on the Hindu sacred places… As is well known the pilgrim tax was remitted by Akbar in AD 1563. This imperial declaration which is dated incident by virtue of which pilgrim tax was abolished helps to resolve the dilemma of the choice between the two alternatives. The date of the visit of Guru Amar Das to Kurukshetra is thus pin pointed to Jan 14, 1553.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"> On careful reading of the hymn in the Guru Granth Sahib it becomes clear that the tax collectors were not at Kurukshetra, a place of pilgrimage of Hindus where solar eclipse fair was held. The tax-collectors were on the banks of the river Jamuna and the Ganga. Hence they were not collecting the pilgrim's tax as stated by Dr Balbir Singh they were collecting river toll tax which has been clearly mentioned in the <em>Ain-i-Akbari</em> vide Blockmann's translation of page 292 quoted already. It will, therefore, be wrong to pin point the date of Guru's visit to the time of pilgrim's tax. Hence the second date viz. Jan. 15, 1572 appears to be more probable for following reasons:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">1. In the first year of his ascending <em>gaddi </em>Guru Amar Dass retired to Basarke (District Amritsar) and secluded himself there. This was done to avoid the dispute with Dattu the son of Guru Angad who wanted to be the Guru in succession to his father. With great difficulty he was persuaded to come back to Goindwal by Baba Budha. Under the circumstances Guru Amar Dass could not leave Goindwal for going on pilgrimage during the very first year of his Guruship.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">2. In the hymn it has been stated that Guru Amar Das had very impressive gathering with him while he was visiting Kurukshetra and Hardwar. His august and mature personality greatly impressed the tall collectors even. He explained the principles of Sikhism to different Hindu denominations viz. Jogis, Saniasis, Jangams, Bodhis, Sarewarhs, and Bairagis. The was more probable in the later age.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">3. The historical circumstances and the recorded Sikh traditions about Guru's life point to the fact that Guru undertook his pilgrimage in the later life. Hence Jan. 15, 1572 AD appears to be probable date.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">GURU RAM DAS</span></span></strong></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">How Guru Ram Das, the fourth Guru was made the Guru has been described by Sundar, the great grand son of Guru Amar Das, the third Sikh Guru in a verse in Adi Guru Granth, Sunder was grandson of Mohri, (son of Anand).</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>As had the holy Guru guided, his disciples to his will bowed</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Came forward his son Mohri, and touched Ram Das's feet;</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>All touched the Guru's feet, on whom had the holy master his own light conferred</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Any that out of envy refrained from bowing </em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>In the end by the Master's commandments their obeisance offered</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>By the Divine will was this greatness conferred </em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>As writ since Primal Times by the Lord predestined</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Saith Sundar, listen all you devoted to the Master</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>The whole word at Ram Das's feet made obeisance.52</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: right"><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Guru Granth Sahib, p. 923-24)</span></span></p> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">It is significant to note that Baba Mohan, the eldest son of Guru Amar Das was conspicuous by absence on the occasion of succession ceremony of Guru Ram Das.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Guru Ram DAs, the fourth Sikh Guru had three sons – Prithichand, Mahadev and Arjan. The youngest son who became Guru Arjun was considered fittest to succeed. On this issue the eldest son Pirthichand fell out with his father who admonished him not to run after wealth and remember the name of God. He writes in a hymn in the Adi Guru Granth:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>My son why with your father make contention?</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>He who brought you to birth and maturity</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Sin it is with him to contend. (I-Pause)</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Wealth that you are so proud of, with none lasts.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>In an instant poisonous Maya - pleasures desert and then come regrets</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Contemplate you the Lord who is your Master </em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Nanak, servant of God thus instructs you </em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Should you listen to it, will your agony be ended.53</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Prithichand paid no heed to his father's advice and continued enmity with his younger brother Guru Arjun. It is presumed that Pirthichand persuaded Sulhi Khan, a Mughal official, to lead an attack on Guru Arjun but his plan was foiled as his horse a alongwith its rider fell in the burning brick kiln and both were killed.54 This was very serious crisis for Guru Arjan who referred this incident at a few places in his verse in the Adi Guru Granth.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">At first I was counseled to sent a letter, secondly I was advised to send two men to mediate.55</span></span> </p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">At another places, Guru Arjun writes:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>God preserved me from Sulhi, (Sulhi Khan's attack) Sulhi by no means succeeded Sulhi died unclean</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>God drew forth His axe and smote off his head and in a moment he became ashed</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>He was consumed over meditating evil. he who created him thrust him into the fire.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Son, friend, wife, nothing remains with him now, his brethren and relations have all abandoned him.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Said Nanak, I am sacrifice to that God who fulfilled the words of His servant.56</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">In similar strain is the hymn of Guru Arjun on page 1138 <em>'His slave, the Lord hugs to his bossom. The slanderer. he throws in the fire</em>.57</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">GURU ARJUN AND AKBAR MUGHAL EMPEROR</span></span></strong></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Guru Arjun writes:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>The memoranda58 against me has proved false.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>And the slanderers have come to grievous loss.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">He whose support is Govind, the supporter of earth, Him the Yama touches not.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>He who utters falsehood in true court, he, the blind one, strikes his head and writhes his hands (in remorse). </em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Then all ailments afflict, they who sin. For Lord Himself is the Judge of them.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>We are bound by our own actions and our riches forsake us when life departs.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Nanak sought the refuge of the Lord's True Court. And so his Honour who saved by Lord, the Lord.59</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">In the hymn quoted above, Guru Arjun the fifth Guru (1581-1606) refers to the complaint made against him to the Emperor Akbar, some Pandits and Qazis had enmity towards the Guru on account of his compilation of the Adi Guru Granth. They complained to the Emperor that the Guru had compiled a book in which Mohammedan, prophets and the Hindu incarnations and gods were spoken of with contempt. It was the year 1598 when the Emperor was in the Punjab. Upon this the Emperor ordered that the Guru and the Adi Guru Granth should be produced before him. The Guru sent Baba Budha and Bhai Gurdas with the copy of the Adi Guru Granth60 which was being compiled in 1598 (compilation completed in 1604 AD).</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The first hymn which caught the Emperor's eye was Guru Arjun's own composition in Persian language:61</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>From earth and light God made the world</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>They sky, earth, trees and water are God's creation</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>O man whatever the eye can behold is perishable</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>The world is eater of carrion, neglectful of God and greedy of mammon</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Like an ogre on a beast, it eateth forbidden food</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Restrainst thy hearts, or the omnipotent will take and punish thee in hell.</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>When Azrail shall seize thee of what avail</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Shall patrons, brothers, courts and possessions and mansions</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>The pure God knoweth thy condition</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Slave Nanak utter thy prayer to the holy man to guide thee.62</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The Emperor found nothing objectionable. The slanderer of the Guru represented that it was specially selected for the Emperor's hearing. Now the Emperor himself turned the pages and pointing to a particular spot asked Bhai Gurdas to read. The hymn which begins with the following lines was read:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>'Thou fastenest a stone to thy neck,</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>And sees not God who dwelleth in the heart.63</em></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Akbar expressed deep appreciation for the book. In the <em>Khulastut Twarikh</em>, Sujan Rai Bhandari of Batala states that while returning from Lahore Akbar stayed on the bank of river Beas and saw Guru Arjun, the successor of Baba Nanak and heard his verses.64 The Emperor also remitted a portion of the years revenue of the Zamindars whose hardships were brought to his notice by the Guru.65</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Abul Fazal in the <em>Akbarnamah</em> states that on the thirteen of the month of Azur (Jamald-ul-Sani) of forty third year of Akbar's reign (24 November 1598) Akbar with gorgeous military retinue crossed the Beas and saw Guru Arjun. People reverenced the successor Guru as spiritual leaders and solicited their benedictions.66</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: center"><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">~~~</span></span></p> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: center"><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">REFERENCES</span></span></p> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Adi Guru Granth, p. 595 <span style="color: black"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">mnu hwlI ikrswxI krxI srmu pwxI qnu Kyqu ] nwmu bIju sMqoKu suhwgw rKu grIbI vysu ]</span></span></span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Ibid, p. 360 :<span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'"> Kurwswn Ksmwnw kIAw ihMdusqwnu frwieAw ]</span></span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">A Short History of Muslim Rule in India Ishari Prasad, Allahabad, 1965, p. 271-73.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Memoirs of Zahirruddin Babar, translation by Leyden and William Erikine, revised Lucas King Oxford University, Press, 1921, Vol. I, p. 219</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Ibid., p. 148</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The Adi Guru Granth, p. 360 </span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">AwpY dosu n dyeI krqw jmu kir muglu cVwieAw ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">eyqI mwr peI krlwxy qYN kI drdu n AwieAw ]1] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">krqw qUM sBnw kw soeI ] jy skqw skqy kau mwry qw min rosu n hoeI ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">skqw sIhu mwry pY vgY KsmY sw pursweI ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">rqn ivgwiV ivgoey kuqI muieAw swr n kweI ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Memoirs of Babar, op.cit., p. 98</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">History of Punjab, Syed Mohammed, Latif, p. 123</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Memoirs of Babar, op.cit., Vol.II, p. 149</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The Adi Guru Granth, p. 417</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">ijn isir sohin ptIAw mWgI pwie sMDUru ] sy isr kwqI muMnIAin@ gl ivic AwvY DUiV ] mhlw</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">AMdir hodIAw huix bhix n imlin@ hdUir ]1]……</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniLipi'">ieku lKu lhin@ bihTIAw lKu lhin@ KVIAw ] grI Cuhwry KWdIAw mwxin@ syjVIAw ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniLipi'">iqn@ gil islkw pweIAw </span><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniLipi'">qutin@ moqsrIAw ]3] Dnu jobnu duie vYrI hoey ijn@I rKy rMgu lwie ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniLipi'">dUqw no PurmwieAw lY cly piq gvwie ] jy iqsu BwvY dy vifAweI jy BwvY dyie sjwie ]4] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniLipi'">Ago dy jy cyqIAY qW kwiequ imlY sjwie ] swhW suriq gvweIAw rMig qmwsY cwie ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniLipi'">bwbrvwxI iPir geI kuieru n rotI Kwie ]5] ieknw vKq KuAweIAih iekn@w pUjw jwie ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Ibid., p. 417 : <span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">khw su Kyl qbylw GoVy khw ByrI shnweI ] khw su qygbMd gwfyriV khw su lwl kvweI ]</span></span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Ibid., p. 722</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">pwp kI jM\ lY kwblhu DwieAw jorI mMgY dwnu vy lwlo ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">srmu Drmu duie Cip Kloey kUVu iPrY prDwnu vy lwlo ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">kwjIAw bwmxw kI gl QkI Agdu pVY sYqwnu vy lwlo ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">muslmwnIAw pVih kqybw kst mih krih Kudwie vy lwlo ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">jwiq snwqI hoir ihdvwxIAw eyih BI lyKY lwie vy lwlo ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">KUn ky soihly gwvIAih nwnk rqu kw kuMgU pwie vy lwlo ]1] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">swihb ky gux nwnku gwvY mws purI ivic AwKu msolw ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Ibid., p. 418</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">iek ihMdvwxI Avr qurkwxI BitAwxI TkurwxI ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">iekn@w pyrx isr Kur pwty iekn@w vwsu mswxI ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">ijn@ ky bMky GrI n AwieAw iqn@ ikau rYix ivhwxI ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Ibid., p. 1412</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">lwhOr shru jhru khru svw phru ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Memoirs of Babar, op., p. 151</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">History of Punjab, Syed Mohammad Latif, op. cit., p. 123</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Adi Guru Granth, p. 418</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">mugl pTwxw BeI lVweI rx mih qyg vgweI ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">En@I qupk qwix clweI En@I hsiq icVweI ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Memoirs of Babar, op. cit., p. 182-183</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Ibid., p. 183</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Ibid., p. 211</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Adi Guru Granth, p. 723</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">Awvin ATqrY jwin sqwnvY horu BI auTsI mrd kw cylw ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The Crescent in India, S R Sharma, p. 279</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Asa Di Var As source of History, Journal of Sikh Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Vol. No. 17, 1990-2</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Adi Guru Granth, p. 471</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">gaU ibrwhmx kau kru lwvhu gobir qrxu n jweI ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Some aspect of Religion and Political Life in India during 13th century, Introduction by Mohammad Habib (K A Nizami), Delhi 1961, p. XX</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Even under the Muslim rulers the Khatris had been appointed to high administrative posts. Glossary of Tribes and Castes, by H A Rose, Vol. II, p. 506</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Lanepool, Medieval India, p. 104, History of Punjab, Vol. III, edited FAuja Singh, Punjabi University, Patiala, 1972, p. 258</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Cambridge History of India, Vol. III, p. 108</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Adi Guru Granth Sahib, p. 768-69</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">lbu pwpu duie rwjw mhqw kUVu hoAw iskdwru ] </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">kwmu nybu sid puCIAY bih bih kry bIcwru ] </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">AMDI rXiq igAwn ivhUxI Bwih Bry murdwru ]</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">All Janamsakhis of Guru Nanak agree that Guru Nanak got employment in the Modi Khana of Daulat Khan Lodhi Sultanpur, the headquarter of his Jagir. For more details vide Janamsakhi Parampara, Kirpal Singh, Pbi University, Patiala 1969, p. 13-14.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Agrarian system of Moslem India, W H Moreland, Allahabad, 1929, p. 68.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Janamsakhi Guru Nanak Meharban, Ed Kirpal Singh, Amritsar, 1961, p. 76</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Adi Guru Granth, p. 991</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">koeI AwKY BUqnw ko khY byqwlw ] koeI AwKY AwdmI nwnku vycwrw ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Guru Granth Sahib, p. 967</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">puqRI kaulu n pwilE kir pIrhu kMn@ murtIAY ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">idil KotY AwkI iPrin@ bMn@ Bwru aucwiein@ CtIAY ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">ijin AwKI soeI kry ijin kIqI iqnY QtIAY ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">kauxu hwry ikin auvtIAY ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Adi Guru Granth, p. 967</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">Pyir vswieAw PyruAwix siqguir KwfUru ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Ibid., p. 967</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">blvMf KIvI nyk jn ijsu bhuqI Cwau pqRwlI ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">lµgir dauliq vMfIAY rsu AMimRqu KIir iGAwlI ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">gurisKw ky muK aujly mnmuK QIey prwlI ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">pey kbUlu KsMm nwil jW Gwl mrdI GwlI ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">mwqw KIvI shu soie ijin goie auTwlI</span> <span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Adi Guru Granth, p. 1116-17</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">nwvx purb ABIc gur siqgur drs BieAw ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">qIrQ audmu siqgurU kIAw sB lok auDrx ArQw ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">mwrig pMiQ cly gur siqgur sMig isKw ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">pRQm Awey kulKyiq gur siqgur purbu hoAw ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">jogI idgMbr sMinAwsI Ktu drsn kir gey gosit FoAw ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">pRQm Awey kulKyiq gur siqgur purbu hoAw ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Adi Guru Granth, p. 1116</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">duqIAw jmun gey guir hir hir jpnu kIAw ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">jwgwqI imly dy Byt gur ipCY lµGwie dIAw ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><em>Ain-i-Akbari</em>, translated by the Blackman, Delhi, 1965, p. 292. The following sums are levied as river toll. For every boat, Rs 1 per kos at the rate of 1000 mans, provided the boat and the men belong to one and the same owner. But if the boat belongs to another man and every thing in the boat to the man who has hired it, the tax is R 1 for every 2½ kos. At ferry places an elephant has to pay 10 d(dam) for crossing, a laden cart 4 d, empty 2 d, a laden camel 1 d, empty camels, horses, cattle with their things 1 d, other beast of burden pay 1/10 d. Twenty people pay 1 D for crossing, but they are often taken gratis. The rule is that one half or one third of the tolls thus collected go to the state (and the other half goes to the boatman).</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Adi Guru Granth, p. 1116</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">jwgwqI imly dy Byt gur ipCY lµGwie dIAw ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Ibid., </span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">sB mohI dyiK drsnu gur sMq iknY AwFu n dwmu lieAw ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">AwFu dwmu ikCu pieAw n bolk jwgwqIAw mohx muMdix peI ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Macauliffe Sikh Religion, Vol. II, p. 114.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Dr Gopal Singh, translation Guru Granth Sahib, Vol. IV, p. 1068.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Gurbachan Singh Talib, Translation Guru Granth Sahib, Vol. IV, p. 2271, footnote 2.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Shabdarth, SGPC, Amritsar, Vol. IV, p. 1116, footnote.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Punjab Past and Present, Punjabi University, Patiala, Oct 1979, p. 344</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">L. D. Swami Kannu Pillay, An Indian Ephemeries Vol I, p. 8-9</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">M A Macauliffe, Sikh Religion, Vol. II, p. 112</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The Adi Guru Granth Sahib Steek (Farid Koti Tika), Patiala, 1970, Vol. II, p. 2287</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">And Indian Ephemeris Vol. V, p. 308-347</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The Punjab Past and Present, Punjab University., Patiala, Oct 1974, p. 399</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Adi Guru Granth, p. 923-24</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">siqguru purKu ij boilAw gurisKw mMin leI rjwie jIau ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">mohrI puqu snmuKu hoieAw rwmdwsY pYrI pwie jIau ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">sB pvY pYrI siqgurU kyrI ijQY guru Awpu riKAw ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">koeI kir bKIlI invY nwhI iPir siqgurU Awix invwieAw ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">hir gurih Bwxw dIeI vifAweI Duir iliKAw lyKu rjwie jIau ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">khY suMdru suxhu sMqhu sBu jgqu pYrI pwie jIau ]6]1]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Adi Guru Granth Sahib, p. 1200 </span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">kwhy pUq Jgrq hau sMig bwp ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">ijn ky jxy bfIry qum hau iqn isau Jgrq pwp ]1] rhwau ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">ijsu Dn kw qum grbu krq hau so Dnu iksih n Awp ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">iKn mih Coif jwie ibiKAw rsu qau lwgY pCuqwp ]1] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">jo qumry pRB hoqy suAwmI hir iqn ky jwphu jwp ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">aupdysu krq nwnk jn qum kau jau sunhu qau jwie sMqwp ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Bhai Khan Singh Nabha, Mahankosh (Punjabi) under Sulhi Khan and Kotha Guru.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Adi Guru Granth, p. 371</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">pRQmy mqw ij pqRI clwvau ] duqIey mqw duie mwnuK phucwvau ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Ibid., p. 825</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">sulhI qy nwrwiex rwKu ] sulhI kw hwQu khI n phucY sulhI hoie mUAw nwpwku ]1]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">mMdw icqvq icqvq picAw ijin ricAw iqin dInw Dwku ]1] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">puqR mIq Dnu ikCU n rihE su Coif gieAw sB BweI swku ]</span></span></span>[/FONT]</p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Ibid., p. 1138</span></span>[/FONT]</li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">Apxy dws kau kMiT lgwvY ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">inMdk kau Agin mih pwvY ]1]</span></span></span>[/FONT]</p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10px">The actual word in Gurbani is <em>Mehzarnama</em> which according to Steingrass, Persian English Dictionary means document attested by witnesses. It was a type of summon which was issued on the complaint of people. Here complaint was made by Brahman Mullans, against the Guru.</span>[/FONT]</li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left">[/FONT]</p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Adi Guru Granth, p. 119</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">mhjru JUTw kIqonu Awip ] pwpI kau lwgw sMqwpu ]1]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">ijsih shweI goibdu myrw ] iqsu kau jmu nhI AwvY nyrw ]1] rhwau ] </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">swcI drgh bolY kUVu ] isru hwQ pCoVY AMDw mUVu ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Twarikh Guru Khalsa, Language Deptt. Patiala, p. 406-7, Macauliffe Sikh Religion, Vol. III, p. 81-82-83. </span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Ibid</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Adi Guru Granth, p. 723</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Kwk nUr krdM Awlm dunIAwie ] </span></span></strong></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left"> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Asmwn ijmI drKq Awb pYdwieis Kudwie ]1]</span></span></strong></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Ibid., p. 738-39</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-family: 'GurbaniAkharHeavy'">Gr mih Twkuru ndir n AwvY ]</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p> <ul style="text-align: left"> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Khulasatut, Twarikh, Sujan Rai (Punjabi) Punjabi University, Patiala, 1972, p. 436.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Ibid</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Akbar Namah, Abul Fazal, Vol. III, Lucknow 1883, p. 514, quoted in Makhaz-e-Twarikh Sikhs SGPC, Amritsar, p. 191.</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left"> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><a href="http://www.sikhphilosophy.net/#_ftnref1" target="_blank">*</a> #1288, Sector 15-C, Chandigarh</span></span></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Admin, post: 120295, member: 1"] [LEFT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [CENTER][LEFT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]This paper was presented in International Sikh Conferences 2004[/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT][/CENTER][LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [CENTER][LEFT][B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Adi Guru Granth as Source Of History And Sikh History[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][/LEFT][/CENTER][LEFT][/LEFT] [CENTER][LEFT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]By Kirpal Singh, Chandigar[URL="http://www.sikhphilosophy.net/#_ftn1"][/URL]h *[/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT][/CENTER][LEFT][/LEFT] [CENTER][LEFT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT][/CENTER][LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Adi Guru Granth, as a source of history and Sikh history, is a new and very significant topic on which no work has been done so far. It is significant as it provides fresh information which is not available any where else. For instance details of the invasions of Babar, the founder of Mughal Empire in India are available in several sources including Tazik-i-Babar. What happened to the people as a result of the invasions has only been given by Guru Nanak in hymns in the [I]Adi Guru Granth[/I]. Similarly, it is not generally known that the milch cattle of the Hindus were taxed. This information is only available in [I]Asa Di Var[/I] wherein it has been stated that the cow was taxed. Besides direct information one can collect historical information from various similes and metaphors used in the [I]Adi Guru Granth[/I]. While explaining the spiritual intricacies, similes and metaphors depicting various aspects of life have been given, for instance Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism writes:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Make thy mind ploughman, thy action cultivation vocation[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Modesty the water and thy body the field[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]In the field sow name of God, make content the leveling plank[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]And maintain humility as fence of the field.1[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]At places prayers have been made to God to save mankind from political affliction like Babar's invasions or tyranny of corrupt officials, etc. All such similes and metaphors and references to political or administrative incidents collectively make an important source of history convening five hundred years from Sheikh Farid (d. 1265 AD) to Guru Tegh Bahadur (d. 1675 AD) life span of all the contributors of the Adi Guru Granth. It throw a flood of light on socio-politico-religion life of the people. An attempt was made on similar lines in my book [I]The Adi Guru Granth As Source of History[/I] published in 1998 (book out of print). This paper is, however, confined to the aspects only political history and Sikh History[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Adi Guru Granth has thirty six contributors including the Sikh Gurus. Its contributors belonged to the different strata of society – so called high caste, and low caste cobber, washerman etc. They belong to different religious traditions and different parts of India. For instance Kabir and Ravidas belongs to Uttar Pardesh, Nam Dev and Tarlochan to Maharashtra, Jaidev to Bengal, Dhanna to Rajasthan, Baba Farid, a Muslim saint to Punjab etc, Long before the dawn of modern civilization based on science and technology, the Sikh scripture taught the lessons of coexistence and toleration which are so essential not only in religious sphere but also in the strife torn national and international spheres.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Adi Guru Granth is a priceless source of history as it provides information which is not available anywhere else. The histories in general and [I]Taziki-i-Babari[/I] in particular have been given the details of Babar's invasions. But it was reserved for Guru Nanak, 'the people's prophet' as T L Visavni, calls him to record the brutalities of Babar's soldiers on the people. The people's sufferings on account of Babar's invasion have been described in four hymns of Guru Nanak named 'Babar Vani in the [I]Adi Guru Granth[/I].[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]In the '[I]Babar Vani[/I]', Guru Nanak has referred to almost all the invasions of Babar but in different way. He was eye-witness of the third invasion which has been described in detail. Guru Nanak's account of Babar's invasions is as follows: Guru Nanak writes:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]God brought Khurasan under His protection[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]and brought terror to Hindustan.2[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Zahiruddin Mohammad Babar was born on 24th February 1483 AD. Though young in years Baber formed the resolve of conquering Samarkand which he occupied. Forced by circumstances he left the city, which was captured by Uzbegs. A gain he was able to occupy Samarkand and was defeated in the battle of Archian in June 1503 AD and the city was lost and he had to wander in exile for sometime. Soon he retired toward Kabul and established himself there. Here he took the title of 'Padshah' which had not yet been adopted by any Timurd. With the help of Ismail, the founder of Safvi line of the kings of Persia he captured Bokhara occupied Samarkand in October 1500 AD. Again he was defeated by the Uzbegs in 1512 AD and the Persian force sent in his aid was also routed.3Kabul. He was now convinced of impossibility of gaining success in the west and therefore made up his mind to try his luck in east. Guru Nanak has rightly started: [/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2] Baber was reduced to great straits in despair he returned to [/SIZE] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]God has protected Khurasan and brought terror to Hindustan.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]According to Encyclopaedia of Britannica 'Khurrasan' means ' land of rising sun'. In the sixteenth century Khurasan was the name of territory north of which was Khiva (previously in Russia), a plains of Iran and Sistan in the south, Guz and Gurgaon in the West and Hindustan in the East. At present it is the name of the province of eastern Iran.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]In his memoirs Babar writes about Khurasan, the people of Hindus call every country beyond their own Khurasan in the same manneras Arabs term all except Arabia Ajem. On the road between Hindustan and Khurasan there are two great marts – the one Kabul and the other Kandhar. This country lies between Hindustan and Khursaan.4 Babar informs us that Kandhar was formerly regarded as the boundary between Hindustan and Khurasan.5[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]FIRST INVASION OF BABAR – 1519 AD.[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Guru Nanak writes :[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]But creator Lord takes not the blame upon Himself and so he has made the Mughals Angels of Death.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]If the powerful duel with the powerful I grieve not but if a ravenous lion fails upon a flock of sheep then the master must answer.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]The jewel of my motherland has been laid waste by, But none shall cherish their memory 'when they are gone'.6[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The first invasion of Babar like his third or fourth invasion caused a considerable misery for the inhabitants of India. The people were mercilessly killed and tortured by the Mughal soldiers as has been testified by Guru Nanak. Babar himself has admitted in his memoirs that his soldiers committed excesses over the people. He writes : "I sent for the headmen and choudiaries of Bahreh, and agreed with them for the sum of four hundred thousand Shahrukhis (according to Prof Lucas King it was about 20, 000 sterling) as the ransom of their property, and collectors were appointed to receive the amount … (next day). Having learned that the troops had exercised some severities towards the inhabitants of Bahreh, and were using them all, I sent out a party, who having seized a few of the soldiers that have been quietly of excesses, I put some of them to death and slit the noses of some others, and made them be led towards the camp in that condition.7 Entered in dates of Feb 21 and 22, 1519. Mohammad Latif writes :[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]'Having subdued the countries as the Chenab, he advanced at the head of his army to chastise the Ghakkars. The fort of Birhala was invested and Ghakkars were defeated in a sally by Dost Beg, the Mughal general. Babar at the same time cutting off their retreat in person, they were compelled to fly to the mountains and a considerable number of them were killed in flight.8[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]THIRD INVASION OF BABAR 1520 –21[/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]In his third invasion 1521 AD Babar did not inflict any punishment on the inhabitants of Sialkot because they submitted but the inhabitants of Syedpur modern Eminabad (distt. Gujranwala Pakistan) made themselves liable to punishment by not submitting to Babar's forces. This has been described in his memoirs in the following lines :[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]'(Babar) advanced to Sialkot the inhabitants of which submitted and saved their possessions but the inhabitants of Syedpur who resisted were put to sword, their wives and children carried into captivity and all their property plundered'.9[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Guru Nanak being the eye witness of the scene was greatly touched and he has vividly described the excesses of Babar's soldiers on the natives in the following lines. This is the only account available of cruelties committed by the Babar's soldiers :[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]They who wore beautiful tresses and partings of whose hair were dyed with vermillion have their locks now shorn with scissors and dust is throne upon their heads.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]They dwelt in their private chambers, now they cannot find seat in public.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]They had hundreds of thousands waiting on their sitting and hundreds of thousands waiting on them standing.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Eating conconuts and dates they sported on their couches, but chains are on their necks and broken are their strings of pearls. [/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]The wealth and beauty which afforded them pleasure have now become their enemies. The order was given to the soldiers to take and dishonour them.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]They had lost all thought of God in joys, in spectacles and in pleasures, when Babar's rule was proclaimed no Pathan prince ate his food. Some lost their fine times of prayers, other their hours of worship.10[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Babar's invasion greatly upset the existing condition. In another verse Guru Nanak says :[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Where are those sports, those stables and those horses? Where those bugles and clarions? Where are those who buckled on their swords and were mighty in battles. Where those scarlet uniforms.11[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Guru Nanak being the eyewitness of the scene at Syedpur, modern Eminabad, district Gujranwala (Pakistan) was greatly touched and he has vividly described the excesses of Babar's soldiers on the natives. Guru Nanak writes:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Babar with the wedding party of sin from Kabul rushed down[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]And forcibly demanded surrender of Indian womanhood[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Then went modesty and righteousness into hiding [/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]And falsehood was strutting about in glory[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Set aside were Qazis and Brahmins, and Satan went about solemining marriage[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Muslims women reciting the Quran, in their affliction called on Khuda[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Other women of low caste and of the Hindus in this suffering may also be put in the same account[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Said Nanank to sing are paeans of blood[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]And springled in blood for saffron[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Nanak sings the glories of Lord in the land of corpses and mentions this thought.12[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]At another place, Guru Nanak writes:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Dishonoured were women of the Hindus, Muslims Bhattis and Thakurs[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Of some were the gowns torn from head to foot [/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Some in cremation yards found resting places[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Those whose gallant menfolk returned not home [/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]In what agony were their nights passed.13[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]FOURTH INVASION OF BABAR – 1524[/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Guru Nanak writes:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]For three hours forty-five minutes, wrath and tyranny ravaged the city of Lahore.14[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]It has been recorded in the Baber's memoirs :[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]He (Babar) marched by the country of Gakhars whom he reduced to obedience. Behar Khan Lodhi, Mubarak Khan Lodhi and some other Afghan Amirs who were still in the interest of Ibrahim or who disliked the arrival of a foreign enemy collected a large body of Afghans and gave him a battle as he approached Lahore. The Afghans were defeated and the conquerors were elated with their success and enraged at the obstinacy of Lahore.15 [/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Mohammad Latif writes:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Babar made his triumphant entry into the city of Lahore and after fashion common to his tribe set fire to houses. After remaining here for four days he marched against Depalpur.16[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]FIRST BATTLE OF PANIPAT 20 APRIL, 1526[/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Guru Nanak says:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]There regard a battle between the Mughals and Pathans, and the sword was wielded in the battlefield. They the Mughals arrived and fired their guns and they the Pathans attacked with their elephants.17[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Zahiruddin Babar writes in his memoirs:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]'It was settled that as Panipat was a considerable city, it would cover one of our flanks by its buildings and houses, while we might fortify our front by turas or covered defences and cannon and that the matchlockmen and infantry should be placed in rear of guns and turas.17 With this resolution we moved and in two marches on Thursday, 30th of the last jamada reached Panipat. Babar writes: 'The army of the enemy opposed to us was estimated at one hundred thousands men, the elephants of the Emperor and his officers were said to amount to nearly a thousands.[/I]19[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]After the battle of Panipat, elephants were offered to Babar. he has described elephant 'One the two sides of his trunk, in his upper jaw he has two tusks, it is by applying these teeth, and exerting all his force that he overturns walls and tears up trees, and when he fights or performs any operation, that requires great exertion he makes use of these tusks.'20[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT] [/LEFT] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]FLIGHT OF HIMAYUN AND RISE OF SHER SHAH SURI[/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Guru Nanak writes : [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]'In seventy eight they (the Mughals) came and in ninety seven depart, [/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Another hero shall day arise[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Nanak utters the word of the truth, the truth times call for.'21[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The different annotators of the Adi Guru Granth agree that these lines signify and state that the Mughals came in India in the Bikrmi year of one thousand five hundred and seventy eight viz 1521 AD and departed in the year Bikrami year one thousand five hundred and ninety seven which is equal to 1540 AD. Since the date has been recorded in verse one thousand five hundred has not been mentioned in both the cases. It is taken to be understood. It implies that Guru Nanak made prophecy about the rise of Sher Shah Suri before his death in 1539 AD. This is not improbable, it appears that Guru Nanak was the keen observer of the political developments of his time. He was the contemporary of Himayun and Sher Shah Suri and witnessed the weak rule of the former and the strong will of the latter for nine years after the death of Babar (1530). Guru Nanak's calculation about Mughals and his prophecy about Sher Shah came to be true. It has been stated in [I]The Crescent in India[/I] by S R Sharma that Sher Shah Suri was "most capable unscrupulous ambitions man in the whole of Afghan party"22[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The animals of Hindus like cow, goats, buffaloes were taxed by government, the fact has also been mentioned in the [I]Medieval Indian History[/I] by Lanepool. But Guru Nanak has confirmed it in [I]Asa Di Var[/I].23 He says, "You tax cow". Similarly Jaziya on Brahmin had been reimposed. Guru Nanak mentioned both, he says, "You tax cow and Brahmin".[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]COW TAX AND JAZIA ON BRAHMINS[/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]"[I]You impose tax on cow and tax (jazia) on Brahmins, the cow dung will not save you[/I]"24[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Turkish or Afghan rulers were 'unable to establish their power in the rural areas. Here Hindu chief known as Rais, Rana or Rewat who had their armies ruled.25 Guru Nanak refers to the Hindus officials26 who had to collect taxes on behalf of the government. Lanepool writes that the Hindus had to pay duties on buffaloes, goats and other milch cattle. The tax was levied equally on the rich and poor.27[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Before Sultan Feroz Tughlaq (1352-1384 AD) Brahmins were exempted from payment of jazia. But Feroz Tughlak imposed this tax on the ground that they were the leaders of the Hindus and they could not be exempted from such a tax. He acted as a tool in the hands of bigoted ulemas and did not care to listen the public entreaties. There was a storm of protest against this decision. The Brahmins surrounded his palace and loudly protested. They threaten to burn themselves alive. But Sultan did not care to listen the public entreaties. There were storm of protest against this decision. The Brahmins surrounded his palace and loudly protested. They threatened to burn themselves alive. But Sultan did not care and did not yield.27 Jaziya was ultimately abolished by Akbar, the Mughal emperor.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]CORRUPT REVENUE ADMINISTRATION[/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The corruption was rampant in the revenue administration of the Sultans. This has been mentioned almost everywhere but to what extent that corruption was that has been stated by Guru Nanak in [I]Asa Di Var[/I]. Guru Nanak says :[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Sin is the king, greed the minister, falsehood the officials (shiqdars) to carry out command.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]And lust the deputy to take counsel with all three-hold conclave to chalk out plans [/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]The blind subjects out of ignorance pay homage like dead men.29[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Guru Nanak (1469–1539AD) had very closely watched the revenue administration of his times as he worked in the Modikhana (storehouse) of Daulat Khan Lodhi at Sultanpur (Distt. Kapurthala) during the reign of Sikandar Lodhi (1488-1517 AD).30 In those days a revenue was collected in kind as there was acute shortage of currency and grain was very cheap.31 In the Modikhana 'Landlords, [I]chaudharis[/I], [I]Qanungos[/I] (a revenue official) and people in general32 The officials were given land grants instead of salaries and petty employee grain instead of wages. In this way Guru Nanak came in contact with the various types of people and different rings of society and has described the corruption rampant there.[/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2] used to …… deposit the grain which was distributed to employees, soldiers and different types of people.[/SIZE] [/LEFT] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT] [/LEFT] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]GURU GRANTH AS SOURCE OF SIKH HISTORY[/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Like all prophets, Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism was greatly misunderstood as he himself writes:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Some brand me as ghost[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Some call me man, Nanak is simple humble man.33[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]In several hymns preserved in the Guru Granth Guru Nanak has dialogues with leaders of various denominations like [I]Sidhas, Pandits, Pirs, Mullan, Qazis[/I] There dialogues have been also mentioned by Bhai Gurdas Bhalla who was the first and perhaps the fittest to record the traditions of Guru Nanak. He was nephew of Guru Amardas, the third Sikh and the contemporary of Baba Budha who had seen and served Guru Nanak and had played a leading role in the early Sikh history. The dialogues of Guru Nanak are first rate source of information for constructing the life of the Guru. Any account based on these dialogues cannot be rejected wholly as 'unreliable'. Rather such accounts constitute an important sources of information for constructing the life of Guru Nanak. For more details on this subject I would refer to my recently published book entitled 'Janamsakhi Tradition: An Analytical Study' (available from M/s Singh Brothers, Bazar Mai Sewan, Amritsar).[/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2] etc.[/SIZE] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Guru Nanak in the last phase of his life tested his sons and nominated his successor Bhai Lehna. This has been recorded by Satta Balwanda Var in the [I]Adi Guru Granth[/I]:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [I]The Master's sons obeyed not his decree [/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]And from the Preceptor turned their faces away[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]With hearts dishonest, in disobedience they went along[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Carrying on head trussed loads of pride[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]As Guru Nanak decreed, did Guru Angad act;[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]By thus, acting was he on the throne installed [/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Who lost, who won ?34[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]After his nomination as successor of Guru Nanak Guru Angad shifted to Khadur Sahib (Distt. Amritsar) as it has been stated there in the same Var. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]The holy preceptor Phero's son then in Khadur took abode.35[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Khivi, wife of Guru Angad has been described a noble lady who used to manage the common kitchen meant for Sikhs. The condition of the food served there has been testified to be excellent. Satta Balwand in their Var in the Ramkali raga record:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Saith Balwand the bard: Khivi, noble soul [/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Was like tree with shade of thick leaves[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]In her kitchen was distributed rich fare[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Khir enriched with ghee, tasting like amrita elixir[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]The faces of the Masters disciples became radiant[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]The egoists, shrunk like straw [/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Guru Angad, acting heroically with the Master, found approval[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Mother Khivi's wedded lord was he who carried earth's burden.36[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT] [/LEFT] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]THE VISIT OF GURU AMARDAS TO KURUKSHETRA AND HARDWAR[/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]In the Adi Guru Granth, Jethaji who subsequently became the fourth Guru viz Guru Ram Das has recorded the account of Guru Armar Das's visit to Kurukshetra and Hardwar as he accompanied the guru there. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]In the hymn such words have been used that help to decipher the date of guru's visit to Kurukshetra and Hardwar.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]A sight of the true Guru was our bathing during the Abhijit……[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]The filth of evil inclinations was cleansed and the darkness of ignorance was dispelled [/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]The ignorance of those who saw the guru was dispelled and light beamed on their hearts [/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]The pain of transmigrantion vanished in a moment;[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]and men obtained God, the imperishable Lord.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]God the creator himself made this auspicious[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]time, when the true Guru went to the fair at Kurukshetra[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]A sight of the true Guru was our bathing during Abhijit.37[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]After Kurukshetra the visit to River Jamuna has been described:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]The Guru then proceeded to the Jamuna[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Where he caused the people to repeat Guru's name[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]The tax collected met the Guru with offering and allowed his followers to cross over[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]All those in the Guru's train who meditated on God were exempted from toll[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Death, the tax gatherer, approached not those who walk in the true way to the Guru's instruction[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Everybody took Guru's name and by doing it all the pilgrims were excused tax: [/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]The Guru then proceeded to the Jamuna where he caused people to repeat God's name.[/I]38[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]After attending the solar eclipse festival of bathing and addressing a number of different types of pilgrims Guru Amar Dass proceeded to Hardwar (Mayapur). There was no place of pilgrimage on the river Jamuna on his way from Kurukshetra to Hardwar. Nor there is any mention of the place of pilgrimage there. So the Guru had not to pay pilgrimage tax while crossing the Jamuna river. The mention of tax in the sacred hymns refers to the river toll which was those days as it has been mentioned in [I]Ain-i-Akbari.39[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Impressed by the Guru's august personality, the tax collector under the circumstances exempted the Guru and his Sikhs from payment of river toll. Guru Ram Das has, therefore, rightly stated, 'the tax gatherer met the Guru with offerings and allowed his followers to cross over.40 Since the river toll was paid in Dams, Guru Ram Das has used the word Dam twice in the hymn.41[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]After that he (Guru Amar Das) went to the Ganges and there was marvelous scene.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]All were entranced on seeing the saintly Guru, there too no one took half a dam from him.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]No one paid half a dam or put any money into the toll box, the toll collector's mouth were sealed. They said 'brethern what shall we do? Of whom shall we ask? Everyone is escaping under the cover of the Guru.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]The tax collectors by their skill and cleverness saw it was best to close their boxes and go away.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]After that the Guru went to the Ganges and there was a marvelous scene.42[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]In the hymn cited there is a mention of tax gatherer or toll collector. Dr Gopal Singh43 and Prof Gurbachan Singh Talib in their respective translations have stated that it was a pilgrimage tax which was abolished by Akbar and Mughal Emperor in 1562 AD.44 Prof Teja Singh also refers to the pilgrimage tax.45 Dr Balbir Singh while discussing the various dates of Guru Amar Das's visit to Kurukshetra calls this toll as pilgrimage tax.46 But this does not appear to be the pilgrimage tax. Had it been the pilgrimage tax it would have been levied at Kurukshetra where [I]Abhijit Solar[/I] eclipse fair was held. It was a very rare occasion and must have attracted thousands of pilgrims. The pilgrims at solar eclipse fairs were taxed during Aurangzeb's time. Bernier mentions that pilgrimage tax was reimposed by Aurangzeb, the Mughal Emperor, and lakhs of rupees were collected by the state on the occasion of eclipse of sun.45 There is no mention of any tax at Kurukshetra solar eclipse fair. This is one of the most important factors to be considered. There is mention of toll tax at the river Jamuna. No place of pilgrimage has been mentioned there. Evidently on the river Jamuna there could not be levied pilgrimage tax for crossing the river. Therefore it is river toll. It is significant to note that rivers toll tax has been mentioned in [I]Ain-i-Akbari[/I] as quoted above. Similarly there were river toll collectors at river Ganges. In the hymn itself only two rivers are mentioned. Jamuna and Ganges. At both the places tax collectors were so suppressed by the holy personality of the Guru that they greeted the Guru with offerings. Guru Ram Das reports '[I]All were entranced on seeing the saintly Guru and no one took even half dam[/I]'.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]THE DATE OF GURU'S VISIT TO KARUKSHETRA[/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [I]A sight of the true Guru was our bathing during Abhijit.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The system of quoting dates of [I]nakshatras[/I] is very old and had prevailed in India There are twenty seven [I]nakshatras[/I] or lunar mansions through which the moon passes in her monthly journey through the stars. Moon is supposed to spend an equal amount of time in each of 27 [I]nakshatras[/I] and as the total period of moon's journey through the stars occupies 27.33166 days, it follows that the means duration of each [I]nakshatras[/I] is 1 day and nearly 18 minutes.47 in order to make up this deficiency occasionally that is, seven times in 19 years, a lunar month is repeated twice in course of the same year. M A Macauliffe explains the word [I]Abhijit[/I] in a footnote in the following words: "The lunar month, though generally considered twenty eight days is really only twenty seven days, odd hours, minutes and seconds. Abhijit was intercalated between the 21st and 22nd asterisms to adjust the difference.48[/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2] since the Vedic times.[/SIZE] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] According to [I]Tika Faridkot[/I] of the Adi Guru Granth the interpretation and meanings of the above quoted lines are :[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]"At Kurukshetar it was the occasion of Amavas with Abhijit Nachhatar which is called Abhich and bathing festival of solar eclipse when at that time the congregation of three worlds had the holy sight of Guru Amar Das, the worthy of worship.49[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] In this way the scriptural text provides following astronomical data for determining the date of the Guru's visit to Kurukshetra :[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]1. It was a solar eclipse which is always on Amavas.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]2. It was Abhijit Nakshatra[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Guru Amar Das, the third Sikh Guru became Guru on 29th March 1552 and died on 1st September 1574 AD.42 During this period of about twenty two years there were solar eclipse on the following days:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]1. January 14, 1553 2. June 18, 1555[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]3. November 14, 1555 4. May 9, 1556[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]5. November 2, 1556 6. October 22, 1557[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]7. April 18, 1558 8. February 26, 1560[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]9. August 21, 1560 10. Feb. 14, 1561[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]11. August 10, 1561 12. Dec. 15, 1563[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]13. June 8, 1564 14. April 9, 1567[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]15. Sept. 21, 1568 16. Feb 5, 1570[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]17. July 21, 1571 18. January 15, 1572[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]19. July 9, 1572. 50 [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]According to Dr Balbir Singh, "the conjunction of the [I]Abhijit[/I] Nakshatras in respect of these 19 eclipses occurred twice only. First it was on January 14, 1553 AD and secondly on January 15, 1572AD.51 How Dr Balbir Singh was able to find out these two dates and on what basis is not clear. However, it is learnt that Dr Balbir Singh took lot of pains to consult the experts at various places like Hardwar etc. Dr Balbir Singh has concluded that Jan 14, 1553 is the date of Guru's visit to Kurukshetra on account of following reasons :[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] Dr Balbir Singh writes, "In the same hymn of Guru Granth Sahib there is mention of the collectors who were posted to collect dues from the pilgrims. This was the imposition under the central ruling authority on the Hindu sacred places… As is well known the pilgrim tax was remitted by Akbar in AD 1563. This imperial declaration which is dated incident by virtue of which pilgrim tax was abolished helps to resolve the dilemma of the choice between the two alternatives. The date of the visit of Guru Amar Das to Kurukshetra is thus pin pointed to Jan 14, 1553.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] On careful reading of the hymn in the Guru Granth Sahib it becomes clear that the tax collectors were not at Kurukshetra, a place of pilgrimage of Hindus where solar eclipse fair was held. The tax-collectors were on the banks of the river Jamuna and the Ganga. Hence they were not collecting the pilgrim's tax as stated by Dr Balbir Singh they were collecting river toll tax which has been clearly mentioned in the [I]Ain-i-Akbari[/I] vide Blockmann's translation of page 292 quoted already. It will, therefore, be wrong to pin point the date of Guru's visit to the time of pilgrim's tax. Hence the second date viz. Jan. 15, 1572 appears to be more probable for following reasons:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]1. In the first year of his ascending [I]gaddi [/I]Guru Amar Dass retired to Basarke (District Amritsar) and secluded himself there. This was done to avoid the dispute with Dattu the son of Guru Angad who wanted to be the Guru in succession to his father. With great difficulty he was persuaded to come back to Goindwal by Baba Budha. Under the circumstances Guru Amar Dass could not leave Goindwal for going on pilgrimage during the very first year of his Guruship.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]2. In the hymn it has been stated that Guru Amar Das had very impressive gathering with him while he was visiting Kurukshetra and Hardwar. His august and mature personality greatly impressed the tall collectors even. He explained the principles of Sikhism to different Hindu denominations viz. Jogis, Saniasis, Jangams, Bodhis, Sarewarhs, and Bairagis. The was more probable in the later age.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]3. The historical circumstances and the recorded Sikh traditions about Guru's life point to the fact that Guru undertook his pilgrimage in the later life. Hence Jan. 15, 1572 AD appears to be probable date.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]GURU RAM DAS[/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]How Guru Ram Das, the fourth Guru was made the Guru has been described by Sundar, the great grand son of Guru Amar Das, the third Sikh Guru in a verse in Adi Guru Granth, Sunder was grandson of Mohri, (son of Anand).[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]As had the holy Guru guided, his disciples to his will bowed[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Came forward his son Mohri, and touched Ram Das's feet;[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]All touched the Guru's feet, on whom had the holy master his own light conferred[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Any that out of envy refrained from bowing [/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]In the end by the Master's commandments their obeisance offered[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]By the Divine will was this greatness conferred [/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]As writ since Primal Times by the Lord predestined[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Saith Sundar, listen all you devoted to the Master[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]The whole word at Ram Das's feet made obeisance.52[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [RIGHT][LEFT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Guru Granth Sahib, p. 923-24)[/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT][/RIGHT][LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]It is significant to note that Baba Mohan, the eldest son of Guru Amar Das was conspicuous by absence on the occasion of succession ceremony of Guru Ram Das.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Guru Ram DAs, the fourth Sikh Guru had three sons – Prithichand, Mahadev and Arjan. The youngest son who became Guru Arjun was considered fittest to succeed. On this issue the eldest son Pirthichand fell out with his father who admonished him not to run after wealth and remember the name of God. He writes in a hymn in the Adi Guru Granth:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]My son why with your father make contention?[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]He who brought you to birth and maturity[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Sin it is with him to contend. (I-Pause)[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Wealth that you are so proud of, with none lasts.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]In an instant poisonous Maya - pleasures desert and then come regrets[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Contemplate you the Lord who is your Master [/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Nanak, servant of God thus instructs you [/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Should you listen to it, will your agony be ended.53[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Prithichand paid no heed to his father's advice and continued enmity with his younger brother Guru Arjun. It is presumed that Pirthichand persuaded Sulhi Khan, a Mughal official, to lead an attack on Guru Arjun but his plan was foiled as his horse a alongwith its rider fell in the burning brick kiln and both were killed.54 This was very serious crisis for Guru Arjan who referred this incident at a few places in his verse in the Adi Guru Granth.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]At first I was counseled to sent a letter, secondly I was advised to send two men to mediate.55[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]At another places, Guru Arjun writes:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]God preserved me from Sulhi, (Sulhi Khan's attack) Sulhi by no means succeeded Sulhi died unclean[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]God drew forth His axe and smote off his head and in a moment he became ashed[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]He was consumed over meditating evil. he who created him thrust him into the fire.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Son, friend, wife, nothing remains with him now, his brethren and relations have all abandoned him.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Said Nanak, I am sacrifice to that God who fulfilled the words of His servant.56[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]In similar strain is the hymn of Guru Arjun on page 1138 [I]'His slave, the Lord hugs to his bossom. The slanderer. he throws in the fire[/I].57[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]GURU ARJUN AND AKBAR MUGHAL EMPEROR[/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Guru Arjun writes:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]The memoranda58 against me has proved false.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]And the slanderers have come to grievous loss.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]He whose support is Govind, the supporter of earth, Him the Yama touches not.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]He who utters falsehood in true court, he, the blind one, strikes his head and writhes his hands (in remorse). [/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Then all ailments afflict, they who sin. For Lord Himself is the Judge of them.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]We are bound by our own actions and our riches forsake us when life departs.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Nanak sought the refuge of the Lord's True Court. And so his Honour who saved by Lord, the Lord.59[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]In the hymn quoted above, Guru Arjun the fifth Guru (1581-1606) refers to the complaint made against him to the Emperor Akbar, some Pandits and Qazis had enmity towards the Guru on account of his compilation of the Adi Guru Granth. They complained to the Emperor that the Guru had compiled a book in which Mohammedan, prophets and the Hindu incarnations and gods were spoken of with contempt. It was the year 1598 when the Emperor was in the Punjab. Upon this the Emperor ordered that the Guru and the Adi Guru Granth should be produced before him. The Guru sent Baba Budha and Bhai Gurdas with the copy of the Adi Guru Granth60 which was being compiled in 1598 (compilation completed in 1604 AD).[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The first hymn which caught the Emperor's eye was Guru Arjun's own composition in Persian language:61[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]From earth and light God made the world[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]They sky, earth, trees and water are God's creation[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]O man whatever the eye can behold is perishable[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]The world is eater of carrion, neglectful of God and greedy of mammon[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Like an ogre on a beast, it eateth forbidden food[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Restrainst thy hearts, or the omnipotent will take and punish thee in hell.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]When Azrail shall seize thee of what avail[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Shall patrons, brothers, courts and possessions and mansions[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]The pure God knoweth thy condition[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Slave Nanak utter thy prayer to the holy man to guide thee.62[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Emperor found nothing objectionable. The slanderer of the Guru represented that it was specially selected for the Emperor's hearing. Now the Emperor himself turned the pages and pointing to a particular spot asked Bhai Gurdas to read. The hymn which begins with the following lines was read:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]'Thou fastenest a stone to thy neck,[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]And sees not God who dwelleth in the heart.63[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Akbar expressed deep appreciation for the book. In the [I]Khulastut Twarikh[/I], Sujan Rai Bhandari of Batala states that while returning from Lahore Akbar stayed on the bank of river Beas and saw Guru Arjun, the successor of Baba Nanak and heard his verses.64 The Emperor also remitted a portion of the years revenue of the Zamindars whose hardships were brought to his notice by the Guru.65[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Abul Fazal in the [I]Akbarnamah[/I] states that on the thirteen of the month of Azur (Jamald-ul-Sani) of forty third year of Akbar's reign (24 November 1598) Akbar with gorgeous military retinue crossed the Beas and saw Guru Arjun. People reverenced the successor Guru as spiritual leaders and solicited their benedictions.66[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [CENTER][LEFT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]~~~[/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT][/CENTER][LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [CENTER][LEFT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]REFERENCES[/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT][/CENTER][LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][COLOR=black][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy] [/FONT][/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Adi Guru Granth, p. 595 [COLOR=black][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]mnu hwlI ikrswxI krxI srmu pwxI qnu Kyqu ] nwmu bIju sMqoKu suhwgw rKu grIbI vysu ][/FONT][/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Ibid, p. 360 :[FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy] Kurwswn Ksmwnw kIAw ihMdusqwnu frwieAw ][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]A Short History of Muslim Rule in India Ishari Prasad, Allahabad, 1965, p. 271-73.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Memoirs of Zahirruddin Babar, translation by Leyden and William Erikine, revised Lucas King Oxford University, Press, 1921, Vol. I, p. 219[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Ibid., p. 148[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Adi Guru Granth, p. 360 [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]AwpY dosu n dyeI krqw jmu kir muglu cVwieAw ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]eyqI mwr peI krlwxy qYN kI drdu n AwieAw ]1] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]krqw qUM sBnw kw soeI ] jy skqw skqy kau mwry qw min rosu n hoeI ][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]skqw sIhu mwry pY vgY KsmY sw pursweI ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]rqn ivgwiV ivgoey kuqI muieAw swr n kweI ][/FONT][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Memoirs of Babar, op.cit., p. 98[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]History of Punjab, Syed Mohammed, Latif, p. 123[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Memoirs of Babar, op.cit., Vol.II, p. 149[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Adi Guru Granth, p. 417[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]ijn isir sohin ptIAw mWgI pwie sMDUru ] sy isr kwqI muMnIAin@ gl ivic AwvY DUiV ] mhlw[/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]AMdir hodIAw huix bhix n imlin@ hdUir ]1]……[/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniLipi]ieku lKu lhin@ bihTIAw lKu lhin@ KVIAw ] grI Cuhwry KWdIAw mwxin@ syjVIAw ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniLipi]iqn@ gil islkw pweIAw [/FONT][FONT=GurbaniLipi]qutin@ moqsrIAw ]3] Dnu jobnu duie vYrI hoey ijn@I rKy rMgu lwie ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniLipi]dUqw no PurmwieAw lY cly piq gvwie ] jy iqsu BwvY dy vifAweI jy BwvY dyie sjwie ]4] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniLipi]Ago dy jy cyqIAY qW kwiequ imlY sjwie ] swhW suriq gvweIAw rMig qmwsY cwie ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniLipi]bwbrvwxI iPir geI kuieru n rotI Kwie ]5] ieknw vKq KuAweIAih iekn@w pUjw jwie ][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniLipi] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Ibid., p. 417 : [FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]khw su Kyl qbylw GoVy khw ByrI shnweI ] khw su qygbMd gwfyriV khw su lwl kvweI ][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Ibid., p. 722[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]pwp kI jM\ lY kwblhu DwieAw jorI mMgY dwnu vy lwlo ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]srmu Drmu duie Cip Kloey kUVu iPrY prDwnu vy lwlo ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]kwjIAw bwmxw kI gl QkI Agdu pVY sYqwnu vy lwlo ][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]muslmwnIAw pVih kqybw kst mih krih Kudwie vy lwlo ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]jwiq snwqI hoir ihdvwxIAw eyih BI lyKY lwie vy lwlo ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]KUn ky soihly gwvIAih nwnk rqu kw kuMgU pwie vy lwlo ]1] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]swihb ky gux nwnku gwvY mws purI ivic AwKu msolw ][/FONT][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Ibid., p. 418[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]iek ihMdvwxI Avr qurkwxI BitAwxI TkurwxI ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]iekn@w pyrx isr Kur pwty iekn@w vwsu mswxI ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]ijn@ ky bMky GrI n AwieAw iqn@ ikau rYix ivhwxI ][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Ibid., p. 1412[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]lwhOr shru jhru khru svw phru ][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Memoirs of Babar, op., p. 151[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]History of Punjab, Syed Mohammad Latif, op. cit., p. 123[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Adi Guru Granth, p. 418[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]mugl pTwxw BeI lVweI rx mih qyg vgweI ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]En@I qupk qwix clweI En@I hsiq icVweI ][/FONT][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Memoirs of Babar, op. cit., p. 182-183[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Ibid., p. 183[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Ibid., p. 211[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Adi Guru Granth, p. 723[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]Awvin ATqrY jwin sqwnvY horu BI auTsI mrd kw cylw ][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Crescent in India, S R Sharma, p. 279[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Asa Di Var As source of History, Journal of Sikh Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Vol. No. 17, 1990-2[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Adi Guru Granth, p. 471[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]gaU ibrwhmx kau kru lwvhu gobir qrxu n jweI ][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Some aspect of Religion and Political Life in India during 13th century, Introduction by Mohammad Habib (K A Nizami), Delhi 1961, p. XX[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Even under the Muslim rulers the Khatris had been appointed to high administrative posts. Glossary of Tribes and Castes, by H A Rose, Vol. II, p. 506[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Lanepool, Medieval India, p. 104, History of Punjab, Vol. III, edited FAuja Singh, Punjabi University, Patiala, 1972, p. 258[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Cambridge History of India, Vol. III, p. 108[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Adi Guru Granth Sahib, p. 768-69[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]lbu pwpu duie rwjw mhqw kUVu hoAw iskdwru ] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]kwmu nybu sid puCIAY bih bih kry bIcwru ] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]AMDI rXiq igAwn ivhUxI Bwih Bry murdwru ][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]All Janamsakhis of Guru Nanak agree that Guru Nanak got employment in the Modi Khana of Daulat Khan Lodhi Sultanpur, the headquarter of his Jagir. For more details vide Janamsakhi Parampara, Kirpal Singh, Pbi University, Patiala 1969, p. 13-14.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Agrarian system of Moslem India, W H Moreland, Allahabad, 1929, p. 68.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Janamsakhi Guru Nanak Meharban, Ed Kirpal Singh, Amritsar, 1961, p. 76[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Adi Guru Granth, p. 991[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]koeI AwKY BUqnw ko khY byqwlw ] koeI AwKY AwdmI nwnku vycwrw ][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Guru Granth Sahib, p. 967[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]puqRI kaulu n pwilE kir pIrhu kMn@ murtIAY ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]idil KotY AwkI iPrin@ bMn@ Bwru aucwiein@ CtIAY ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]ijin AwKI soeI kry ijin kIqI iqnY QtIAY ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]kauxu hwry ikin auvtIAY ][/FONT][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Adi Guru Granth, p. 967[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]Pyir vswieAw PyruAwix siqguir KwfUru ][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Ibid., p. 967[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]blvMf KIvI nyk jn ijsu bhuqI Cwau pqRwlI ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]lµgir dauliq vMfIAY rsu AMimRqu KIir iGAwlI ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]gurisKw ky muK aujly mnmuK QIey prwlI ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]pey kbUlu KsMm nwil jW Gwl mrdI GwlI ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]mwqw KIvI shu soie ijin goie auTwlI[/FONT][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy] [/FONT][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]][/FONT][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Adi Guru Granth, p. 1116-17[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]nwvx purb ABIc gur siqgur drs BieAw ][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]qIrQ audmu siqgurU kIAw sB lok auDrx ArQw ][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]mwrig pMiQ cly gur siqgur sMig isKw ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]pRQm Awey kulKyiq gur siqgur purbu hoAw ][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]jogI idgMbr sMinAwsI Ktu drsn kir gey gosit FoAw ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]pRQm Awey kulKyiq gur siqgur purbu hoAw ][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Adi Guru Granth, p. 1116[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]duqIAw jmun gey guir hir hir jpnu kIAw ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]jwgwqI imly dy Byt gur ipCY lµGwie dIAw ][/FONT][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Ain-i-Akbari[/I], translated by the Blackman, Delhi, 1965, p. 292. The following sums are levied as river toll. For every boat, Rs 1 per kos at the rate of 1000 mans, provided the boat and the men belong to one and the same owner. But if the boat belongs to another man and every thing in the boat to the man who has hired it, the tax is R 1 for every 2½ kos. At ferry places an elephant has to pay 10 d(dam) for crossing, a laden cart 4 d, empty 2 d, a laden camel 1 d, empty camels, horses, cattle with their things 1 d, other beast of burden pay 1/10 d. Twenty people pay 1 D for crossing, but they are often taken gratis. The rule is that one half or one third of the tolls thus collected go to the state (and the other half goes to the boatman).[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Adi Guru Granth, p. 1116[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]jwgwqI imly dy Byt gur ipCY lµGwie dIAw ][/FONT][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Ibid., [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]sB mohI dyiK drsnu gur sMq iknY AwFu n dwmu lieAw ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]AwFu dwmu ikCu pieAw n bolk jwgwqIAw mohx muMdix peI ][/FONT][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Macauliffe Sikh Religion, Vol. II, p. 114.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Dr Gopal Singh, translation Guru Granth Sahib, Vol. IV, p. 1068.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Gurbachan Singh Talib, Translation Guru Granth Sahib, Vol. IV, p. 2271, footnote 2.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Shabdarth, SGPC, Amritsar, Vol. IV, p. 1116, footnote.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Punjab Past and Present, Punjabi University, Patiala, Oct 1979, p. 344[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]L. D. Swami Kannu Pillay, An Indian Ephemeries Vol I, p. 8-9[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]M A Macauliffe, Sikh Religion, Vol. II, p. 112[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Adi Guru Granth Sahib Steek (Farid Koti Tika), Patiala, 1970, Vol. II, p. 2287[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]And Indian Ephemeris Vol. V, p. 308-347[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Punjab Past and Present, Punjab University., Patiala, Oct 1974, p. 399[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Adi Guru Granth, p. 923-24[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]siqguru purKu ij boilAw gurisKw mMin leI rjwie jIau ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]mohrI puqu snmuKu hoieAw rwmdwsY pYrI pwie jIau ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]sB pvY pYrI siqgurU kyrI ijQY guru Awpu riKAw ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]koeI kir bKIlI invY nwhI iPir siqgurU Awix invwieAw ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]hir gurih Bwxw dIeI vifAweI Duir iliKAw lyKu rjwie jIau ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]khY suMdru suxhu sMqhu sBu jgqu pYrI pwie jIau ]6]1][/FONT][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Adi Guru Granth Sahib, p. 1200 [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]kwhy pUq Jgrq hau sMig bwp ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]ijn ky jxy bfIry qum hau iqn isau Jgrq pwp ]1] rhwau ][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]ijsu Dn kw qum grbu krq hau so Dnu iksih n Awp ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]iKn mih Coif jwie ibiKAw rsu qau lwgY pCuqwp ]1] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]jo qumry pRB hoqy suAwmI hir iqn ky jwphu jwp ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]aupdysu krq nwnk jn qum kau jau sunhu qau jwie sMqwp ][/FONT][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Bhai Khan Singh Nabha, Mahankosh (Punjabi) under Sulhi Khan and Kotha Guru.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Adi Guru Granth, p. 371[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]pRQmy mqw ij pqRI clwvau ] duqIey mqw duie mwnuK phucwvau ][/FONT][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Ibid., p. 825[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]sulhI qy nwrwiex rwKu ] sulhI kw hwQu khI n phucY sulhI hoie mUAw nwpwku ]1][/FONT][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]mMdw icqvq icqvq picAw ijin ricAw iqin dInw Dwku ]1] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]puqR mIq Dnu ikCU n rihE su Coif gieAw sB BweI swku ][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Ibid., p. 1138[/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2][/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]Apxy dws kau kMiT lgwvY ][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]inMdk kau Agin mih pwvY ]1][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2]The actual word in Gurbani is [I]Mehzarnama[/I] which according to Steingrass, Persian English Dictionary means document attested by witnesses. It was a type of summon which was issued on the complaint of people. Here complaint was made by Brahman Mullans, against the Guru.[FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Adi Guru Granth, p. 119[FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]mhjru JUTw kIqonu Awip ] pwpI kau lwgw sMqwpu ]1][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]ijsih shweI goibdu myrw ] iqsu kau jmu nhI AwvY nyrw ]1] rhwau ] [/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]swcI drgh bolY kUVu ] isru hwQ pCoVY AMDw mUVu ][/FONT][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Twarikh Guru Khalsa, Language Deptt. Patiala, p. 406-7, Macauliffe Sikh Religion, Vol. III, p. 81-82-83. [/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Ibid[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Adi Guru Granth, p. 723[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [/LEFT] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Kwk nUr krdM Awlm dunIAwie ] [/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT] [/LEFT] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Asmwn ijmI drKq Awb pYdwieis Kudwie ]1][/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Ibid., p. 738-39[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy]Gr mih Twkuru ndir n AwvY ][/FONT][FONT=GurbaniAkharHeavy][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Khulasatut, Twarikh, Sujan Rai (Punjabi) Punjabi University, Patiala, 1972, p. 436.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Ibid[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Akbar Namah, Abul Fazal, Vol. III, Lucknow 1883, p. 514, quoted in Makhaz-e-Twarikh Sikhs SGPC, Amritsar, p. 191.[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [/LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][URL="http://www.sikhphilosophy.net/#_ftnref1"]*[/URL] #1288, Sector 15-C, Chandigarh[/SIZE][/FONT] [/QUOTE]
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Sikh History & Heritage
The Adi Guru Granth As Source Of History And Sikh History
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