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Gurbani (14-53)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
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Bara Maha (133-136)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
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Gurbani (537-556)
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Gurbani (557-564)
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Gurbani (660-685)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
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ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
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Chhant (763-785)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
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Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
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Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
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Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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SPN Philosophers To Descend On Earth For A Discourse With " Aristotle "
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<blockquote data-quote="hps62" data-source="post: 24189" data-attributes="member: 1976"><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><strong><u>Time for SPN Philosophers to descend on earth for a discourse with </u></strong>“<strong><u>Super – civilization” philosopher’s :- welcome to Aristotle’s world.</u></strong></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">It is now well accepted that Sikh religion has been born. How ever it needs Philosopher (thinkers) for its growth from the stage of society /village / town /state / to that of a civilization and then a universal being. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">We may have to take a double promotion bypassing the classical concept of nation to enter the realm of a civilization. We could alternatively go thru the stage of nation in form of a Multinational race / transnational citizens of which we already are there enough evidence. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The Christian religion came into being with Lord Jesus Christ. They produced a stream of philosopher listed below to make the currant Western civilization to be called hence forth a <strong><u>super – civilization” (Encompassing many different Civilizations )</u> </strong>which spawns across this the world . </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">I would define boundary of this “<strong><u>super – civilization</u>” </strong>as across many universe’s because your world as we know exists beyond your sensory realms and is as big as your idea or imagination. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">If there is some thing beyond imagination will be certainly interesting point to discuss. (</span></span><em><span style="color: blue"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">SPN sewadar opinion</span></span></em><em><span style="font-family: 'Arial'"> if such a phenomenon exists?)</span></em></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">They West have backed up this claim to a “<strong><u>super – civilization”</u> </strong>amply with their science and technology.</span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">It is time that we produce Sikhs philosophers have intellectual debating with the “<strong><u>super – civilization” philosopher</u> </strong>so as to enrich and encourage growth of our philosophy and culture.</span></span></p><p> </p><p> </p><p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“<strong><u>Super – civilization” philosopher</u></strong></span></p> <ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/albert-camus.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Albert Camus</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/albert-einstein.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Albert Einstein</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/alexius-von-meinong.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Alexius von Meinong</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/alfred-jules-ayer.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Alfred Jules Ayer</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/alfred-north-whitehead.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Alfred North Whitehead</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/antisthenes.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Antisthenes</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/antoine-laurent-lavoisier.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/archimedes.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Archimedes</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/aristotle.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Aristotle</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/arnold-geulincx.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Arnold Geulincx</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/arnold-toynbee.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Arnold Toynbee</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/arthur-schopenhauer.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Arthur Schopenhauer</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/auguste-comte.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Auguste Comte</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/ayn-rand.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Ayn Rand</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/baruch-spinoza.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Baruch Spinoza</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/benedetto-croce.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Benedetto Croce</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/bertrand-russell.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Bertrand Russell</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/blaise-pascal.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Blaise Pascal</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/boethius.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Boethius</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/carl-friedrich-gauss.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Carl Friedrich Gauss</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/carl-gustav-hempel.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Carl Gustav Hempel</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/carl-gustav-jung.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Carl Gustav Jung</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/charles-bonnet.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Charles Bonnet</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/charles-darwin.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Charles Darwin</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/charles-sanders-peirce.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Charles Sanders Peirce</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/cicero.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Cicero</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/comte-de-buffon.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Comte de Buffon</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/confucius.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Confucius</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/dante-alighieri.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Dante Alighieri</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/david-hartley.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">David Hartley</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/david-hume.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">David Hume</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/democritus.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Democritus</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/desiderius-erasmus.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Desiderius Erasmus</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/dimitri-ivanovich-mendeleev.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/diogenes-of-sinope.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Diogenes of Sinope</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/donald-davidson.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Donald Davidson</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/edmund-husserl.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Edmund Husserl</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/edward-sapir.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Edward Sapir</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/empedocles.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Empedocles</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/epictetus.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Epictetus</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/epicurus-of-samos.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Epicurus of Samos</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/erich-fromm.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Erich Fromm</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/ernst-mach.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Ernst Mach</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/erwin-schrodinger.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Erwin Schrodinger</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/euclid.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Euclid</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/francis-bacon.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Francis Bacon</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/francis-herbert-bradley.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Francis Herbert Bradley</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/franz-brentano.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Franz Brentano</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/friedrich-nietzsche.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Friedrich Nietzsche</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/friedrich-schleiermacher.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Friedrich Schleiermacher</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/gabriel-marcel.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Gabriel Marcel</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/galileo-galilei.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Galileo Galilei</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/george-berkeley.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">George Berkeley</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/george-edward-moore.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">George Edward Moore</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/george-fox.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">George Fox</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/george-henry-lewes.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">George Henry Lewes</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/george-santayana.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">George Santayana</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/giambattista-vico.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Giambattista Vico</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/gilbert-ryle.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Gilbert Ryle</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/gottlob-frege.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Gottlob Frege</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/gregor-johann-mendel.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Gregor Johann Mendel</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/hans-georg-gadamer.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Hans-Georg Gadamer</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/henri-bergson.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Henri Bergson</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/henry-david-thoreau.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Henry David Thoreau</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/henry-more.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Henry More</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/heraclitus-of-ephesus.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Heraclitus of Ephesus</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/hilary-putnam.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Hilary Putnam</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/hippocrates.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Hippocrates</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/immanuel-kant.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Immanuel Kant</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/isaac-newton.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Isaac Newton</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/james-clerk-maxwell.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">James Clerk Maxwell</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/jean-jacques-rousseau.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/jean-nicod.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Jean Nicod</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/jean-paul-sartre.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Jean-Paul Sartre</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/johannes-kepler.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Johannes Kepler</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/john-calvin.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">John Calvin</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/john-henry-newman.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">John Henry Newman</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/john-langshaw-austin.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">John Langshaw Austin</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/jonathan-edwards.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Jonathan Edwards</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/jose-ortega-y-gasset.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Jose Ortega Y Gasset</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/jules-henri-poincare.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Jules Henri Poincare</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/karl-jaspers.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Karl Jaspers</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/karl-popper.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Karl Popper</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/karl-rahner.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Karl Rahner</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/leucippus.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Leucippus</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/lucretius.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Lucretius</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/ludwig-wittgenstein.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Ludwig Wittgenstein</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/marcus-aurelius.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Marcus Aurelius</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/marie-antoine-condorcet.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Marie Antoine Condorcet</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/martin-buber.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Martin Buber</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/martin-heidegger.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Martin Heidegger</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/martin-luther.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Martin Luther</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/mary-wollstonecraft.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Mary Wollstonecraft</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/max-planck.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Max Planck</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/meister-eckhart.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Meister Eckhart</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/melissus-of-samos.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Melissus of Samos</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/michael-dummett.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Michael Dummett</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/michel-de-montaigne.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Michel de Montaigne</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/miguel-de-unamuno-y-jugo.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Miguel de Unamuno Y Jugo</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/moritz-schlick.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Moritz Schlick</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/moses-maimonides.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Moses Maimonides</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/nelson-goodman.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Nelson Goodman</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/nicholas-copernicus.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Nicholas Copernicus</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/nicolas-malebranche.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Nicolas Malebranche</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/niels-bohr.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Niels Bohr</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/origen.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Origen</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/parmenides-of-elea.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Parmenides of Elea</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/paul-tillich.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Paul Tillich</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/peter-abelard.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Peter Abelard</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/peter-frederick-strawson.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Peter Frederick Strawson</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/pierre-bayle.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Pierre Bayle</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/pierre-gassendi.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Pierre Gassendi</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/pierre-maurice-duhem.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Pierre-Maurice Duhem</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/pierre-teilhard-de-chardin.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/plato.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Plato</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/plotinus.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Plotinus</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/protagoras.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Protagoras</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/ptolemy.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Ptolemy</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/pythagoras-of-samos.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Pythagoras of Samos</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/ralph-barton-perry.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Ralph Barton Perry</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/ralph-cudworth.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Ralph Cudworth</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/ralph-waldo-emerson.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Ralph Waldo Emerson</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/reinhold-niebuhr.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Reinhold Niebuhr</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/rene-descartes.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Rene Descartes</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/richard-avenarius.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Richard Avenarius</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/richard-von-mises.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Richard von Mises</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/robin-george-collingwood.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Robin George Collingwood</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/roy-wood-sellars.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Roy Wood Sellars</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/rudolf-carnap.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Rudolf Carnap</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/rudolf-steiner.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Rudolf Steiner</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/rudolph-hermann-lotze.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Rudolph Hermann Lotze</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/saint-anselm-of-canterbury.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Saint Anselm of Canterbury</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/saint-augustine.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Saint Augustine</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/saint-bernard-of-clairvaux.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Saint Bernard of Clairvaux</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/saint-bonaventure.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Saint Bonaventure</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/saint-john-of-the-cross.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Saint John of the Cross</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/saint-teresa-of-avila.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Saint Teresa of Avila</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/saul-kripke.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Saul Kripke</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/sextus-empiricus.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Sextus Empiricus</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/sigmund-freud.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Sigmund Freud</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/simone-de-beauvoir.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Simone de Beauvoir</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/simone-weil.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Simone Weil</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/socrates.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Socrates</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/soren-aabye-kierkegaard.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Soren Aabye Kierkegaard</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/thomas-aquinas.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Thomas Aquinas</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/thomas-henry-huxley.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Thomas Henry Huxley</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/thomas-jefferson.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Thomas Jefferson</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/thomas-more.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Thomas More</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/thomas-paine.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Thomas Paine</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/thomas-reid.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Thomas Reid</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/thomas-samuel-kuhn.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Thomas Samuel Kuhn</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/voltaire.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Voltaire</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/werner-heisenberg.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Werner Heisenberg</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/wilhelm-dilthey.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Wilhelm Dilthey</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/willard-van-orman-quine.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Willard Van Orman Quine</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/william-blake.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">William Blake</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/william-godwin.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">William Godwin</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/william-james.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">William James</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/william-of-ockham.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">William of Ockham</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/zeno-of-citium.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Zeno of Citium</span></span></span></a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/zeno-of-elea.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff">Zeno of Elea</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> .</span></span></li> </ul><p></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">I wish to discuss this intellectual discoursing in <strong>two ways.</strong></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><strong>Firstly</strong>: - We shall try to make a Punjabi translation of his philosophy (this may require invention of new words.). One will need help of linguist from Punjabi. I have earmarked the words which will need Punjabi equivalence.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><strong>Secondly</strong>: - SPN sewadar can then debate with “<strong><u>super – civilization” philosopher’s philosophy</u></strong> and either agree or disagree to reach at a higher truth.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><strong>Thirdly</strong>: - We shall attempt to give alternative answer to there philosophy mooring.</span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p style="text-align: center"><strong><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">SPN sewadar welcome to the world of Aristotle philosophy: A tour in form of interplanetary Journey.</span></u></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><strong><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Aristotle Photo ( not being able to copy )</span></u></strong></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Brief introduction to Aristotle. </span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Aristotle was born in 384 BCE. At Stagirus, a Greek colony and seaport on the coast of Thrace. His father Nichomachus was court physician to King Amyntas of Macedonia, and from this began Aristotle's long association with the Macedonian Court, which considerably influenced his life. He studied under Plato, attending his lectures for a period of twenty years. Given his intelligence he was to be the natural heir to his chair. However his divergence from Plato's teaching was too great to make him inherit the chair of Plato. He married twice Pythias and Herpyllis. </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">He subsequently went to tutor Alexander (later world conqueror Alexander the Great) whose invasion halted at the frontiers of Punjab.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">How ever he returned to Athens, after death of Plato. He found the Platonic school flourishing under Xenocrates, and Platonism the dominant philosophy of Athens. He is said to have given two kinds of lectures: the more detailed discussions in the morning for an inner circle of advanced students, and the popular discourses in the evening for the general body of lovers of knowledge. At the sudden death of Alexander in 323 BCE. The pro-Macedonian government in Athens was overthrown, and a general reaction occurred against anything Macedonian. A charge of impiety was trumped up against him. To escape prosecution he fled to Chalcis in Euboea so that (Aristotle says) "The Athenians might not have another opportunity of sinning against philosophy as they had already done in the person of Socrates." In the first year of his residence at Chalcis he complained of a stomach illness and died in 322 BCE.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p><p style="text-align: center"><strong><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">The beauty of spirit of two golden words “ Curiosity and wonder ”</span></u></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><strong><u>by </u></strong>“<strong><u>super – civilization” philosopher</u></strong></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Philosophy: - (pursuit of curiosity and wonder)</span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">For Aristotle, philosophy arose historically after basic necessities were secured. <strong><u>It grew out of a feeling of curiosity and wonder, to which religious myth gave only provisional satisfaction. </u></strong>(</span></span><em><span style="color: blue"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">SPN sewadar opinion if curiosity and wonder is a stronger force than religious myth in generating knowledge and seeking the unknown</span></span></em><em><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">?)</span></em></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The earliest speculators were philosophers of nature. The Pythagoreans succeeded these with mathematical abstractions. The level of pure thought was reached partly in the Eleatic philosophers Socrates. Socrates' contribution was the expression of general conceptions in the form of definitions, which he arrived at by induction and analogy. </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Philosophically, the works of Aristotle reflect his gradual departure from the teachings of Plato and his adoption of a new approach<em><u>. Unlike Plato, who delighted in abstract thought about a supra-sensible realm of forms, Aristotle was intensely concrete and practical, relying heavily upon sensory observation as a starting-point for philosophical reflection.</u></em> (</span></span><em><span style="color: blue"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">SPN sewadar opinion which is better abstract thought or sensory observation? Is there any perception beyond this</span></span></em><em><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">?</span></em><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">)</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> .</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Interested in every area of human knowledge about the world, Aristotle aimed to unify all of them in a coherent system of thought by developing a common methodology that would serve equally well as the procedure for learning about any discipline.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><strong><span style="color: blue">Logic </span></strong><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: blue">(science of reasoning) </span><em><span style="color: red">(Punjabi word</span></em></span><em><span style="color: red">)</span></em><span style="color: red">:-</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="color: red"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">PLANET -1: History:</span></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Aristotle's logic, especially his theory of the syllogism, has had an unparalleled influence on the history of Western thought. It did not always hold this position: in the Hellenistic period, Stoic logic, and in particular the work of Chrysippus, was much more celebrated. However, in later antiquity, following the work of Aristotelian Commentators, Aristotle's logic became dominant, and Aristotelian logic was what was transmitted to the Arabic and the Latin medieval traditions, while the works of Chrysippus have not survived.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">This unique historical position has not always contributed to the understanding of Aristotle's logical works. Kant thought that Aristotle had discovered everything there was to know about logic, and the historian of logic Prantl drew the corollary that any logician after Aristotle who said anything new was confused, stupid, or perverse. During the rise of modern formal logic following Frege and Peirce, adherents of Traditional Logic (seen as the descendant of Aristotelian logic) and the new mathematical logic tended to see one another as rivals, with incompatible notions of logic. More recent scholarship has often applied the very techniques of mathematical logic to Aristotle's theories, revealing (in the opinion of many) a number of similarities of approach and interest between Aristotle and modern logicians. </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">The ancient commentators grouped together several of Aristotle's treatises under the title <em>Organon</em> ("Instrument") and regarded them as comprising his logical works: </span></span></p> <ol style="text-align: center"> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><em>Categories</em> </span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><em>On Interpretation</em> </span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><em>Prior Analytics</em> </span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><em>Posterior Analytics</em> </span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><em>Topics</em> </span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><em>On Sophistical Refutations</em> </span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">In the title <em>Organon</em> reflects a much later controversy about whether logic is a part of philosophy (as the Stoics maintained) or merely a tool used by philosophy (as the later Peripatetics thought); calling the logical works (</span></span><em><span style="color: blue"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">SPN sewadar opinion</span></span></em><em><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">)</span></em></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="color: red"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">PLANET -2 : Introduction</span></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Aristotle's logical works contain the earliest formal study of logic that we have. It is therefore all the more remarkable that together they comprise a highly developed logical theory, one that was able to command immense respect for many centuries: Kant, who was ten times more distant from Aristotle than we are from him, even held that nothing significant had been added to Aristotle's views in the intervening two millennia. </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">In the last century, Aristotle's reputation as a logician has undergone two remarkable reversals. The rise of modern formal logic following the work of Frege and Russell brought with it recognition of the many serious limitations of Aristotle's logic; today, very few would try to maintain that it is adequate as a basis for understanding science, mathematics, or even everyday reasoning. At the same time, scholars trained in modern formal techniques have come to view Aristotle with new respect, not so much for the correctness of his results as for the remarkable similarity in spirit between much of his work and modern logic. As Jonathan Lear has put it, "Aristotle shares with modern logicians a fundamental interest in metatheory": his primary goal is not to offer a practical guide to argumentation but to study the properties of inferential systems themselves.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">For Aristotle logic and reasoning was the chief preparatory instrument of scientific investigation. The heart of Aristotle's logic is the syllogism, </span><strong><em><span style="color: red">(Punjabi word)</span></em></strong><span style="font-size: 12px"> the classic example of which is as follows: All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal. The syllogistic form of logical argumentation dominated logic for 2,000 years.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">For Aristotle, then, logic is the instrument </span><strong><em><span style="color: red">( Punjabi word )</span></em></strong><span style="font-size: 12px"> (the "Organon") by means of which we come to know anything. He proposed as formal rules for correct reasoning the basic principles of the categorical logic that was universally accepted by Western philosophers until the nineteenth century. This system of thought regards assertions of the <em><u>subject-predicate</u></em> </span><strong><em><span style="color: red">(Punjabi words)</span></em></strong><span style="font-size: 12px"> (<em>subject=</em>person or thing that is being discussed, studied or dealt with ; <em>predicate= </em>part of sentence containing a verb and stating some thing about subject) form as the primary expressions of truth, in which features or properties are shown to <em><u>inhere</u></em> </span><strong><em><span style="color: red">( Punjabi word )</span></em></strong><span style="font-size: 12px"> ( exits as an essential or permanent part ) in individual substances. In every discipline of human knowledge, then, we seek to establish the things of some sort have features of a certain kind.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Aristotle further supposed that this logical scheme accurately represents the true nature of reality. <strong><em>Thought, language, and reality are all isomorphic (<span style="color: blue">SPN sewadar ponder</span>)</em></strong>, so careful consideration of what we say can help us to understand the way things really are. Beginning with simple descriptions of particular things, we can eventually assemble our information </span><strong><em><span style="color: red">(Punjabi word)</span></em></strong><span style="font-size: 12px"> in order to achieve a comprehensive </span><strong><em><span style="color: red">(Punjabi word)</span></em></strong><span style="font-size: 12px"> view of the world.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">To continue</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Luv</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Hps62<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite1" alt=":)" title="Smile :)" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":)" /> <img src="/images/smilies/whatsapp/wah.png" class="smilie" loading="lazy" alt=":wah:" title="Wah :wah:" data-shortname=":wah:" /> </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="hps62, post: 24189, member: 1976"] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][B][U]Time for SPN Philosophers to descend on earth for a discourse with [/U][/B]“[B][U]Super – civilization” philosopher’s :- welcome to Aristotle’s world.[/U][/B][/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]It is now well accepted that Sikh religion has been born. How ever it needs Philosopher (thinkers) for its growth from the stage of society /village / town /state / to that of a civilization and then a universal being. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]We may have to take a double promotion bypassing the classical concept of nation to enter the realm of a civilization. We could alternatively go thru the stage of nation in form of a Multinational race / transnational citizens of which we already are there enough evidence. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The Christian religion came into being with Lord Jesus Christ. They produced a stream of philosopher listed below to make the currant Western civilization to be called hence forth a [B][U]super – civilization” (Encompassing many different Civilizations )[/U] [/B]which spawns across this the world . [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]I would define boundary of this “[B][U]super – civilization[/U]” [/B]as across many universe’s because your world as we know exists beyond your sensory realms and is as big as your idea or imagination. [/SIZE][/FONT] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]If there is some thing beyond imagination will be certainly interesting point to discuss. ([/FONT][/SIZE][I][COLOR=blue][FONT=Arial]SPN sewadar opinion[/FONT][/COLOR][/I][I][FONT=Arial] if such a phenomenon exists?)[/FONT][/I] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]They West have backed up this claim to a “[B][U]super – civilization”[/U] [/B]amply with their science and technology.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]It is time that we produce Sikhs philosophers have intellectual debating with the “[B][U]super – civilization” philosopher[/U] [/B]so as to enrich and encourage growth of our philosophy and culture.[/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Times New Roman]“[B][U]Super – civilization” philosopher[/U][/B][/FONT][/CENTER] [LIST] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/albert-camus.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Albert Camus[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/albert-einstein.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Albert Einstein[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/alexius-von-meinong.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Alexius von Meinong[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/alfred-jules-ayer.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Alfred Jules Ayer[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/alfred-north-whitehead.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Alfred North Whitehead[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/antisthenes.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Antisthenes[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/antoine-laurent-lavoisier.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/archimedes.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Archimedes[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/aristotle.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Aristotle[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/arnold-geulincx.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Arnold Geulincx[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/arnold-toynbee.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Arnold Toynbee[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/arthur-schopenhauer.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Arthur Schopenhauer[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/auguste-comte.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Auguste Comte[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/ayn-rand.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Ayn Rand[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/baruch-spinoza.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Baruch Spinoza[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/benedetto-croce.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Benedetto Croce[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/bertrand-russell.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Bertrand Russell[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/blaise-pascal.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Blaise Pascal[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/boethius.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Boethius[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/carl-friedrich-gauss.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Carl Friedrich Gauss[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/carl-gustav-hempel.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Carl Gustav Hempel[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/carl-gustav-jung.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Carl Gustav Jung[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/charles-bonnet.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Charles Bonnet[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/charles-darwin.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Charles Darwin[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/charles-sanders-peirce.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Charles Sanders Peirce[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/cicero.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Cicero[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/comte-de-buffon.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Comte de Buffon[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/confucius.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Confucius[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/dante-alighieri.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Dante Alighieri[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/david-hartley.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]David Hartley[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/david-hume.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]David Hume[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/democritus.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Democritus[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/desiderius-erasmus.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Desiderius Erasmus[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/dimitri-ivanovich-mendeleev.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/diogenes-of-sinope.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Diogenes of Sinope[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/donald-davidson.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Donald Davidson[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/edmund-husserl.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Edmund Husserl[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/edward-sapir.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Edward Sapir[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/empedocles.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Empedocles[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/epictetus.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Epictetus[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/epicurus-of-samos.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Epicurus of Samos[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/erich-fromm.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Erich Fromm[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/ernst-mach.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Ernst Mach[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/erwin-schrodinger.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Erwin Schrodinger[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/euclid.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Euclid[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/francis-bacon.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Francis Bacon[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/francis-herbert-bradley.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Francis Herbert Bradley[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/franz-brentano.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Franz Brentano[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/friedrich-nietzsche.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Friedrich Nietzsche[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/friedrich-schleiermacher.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Friedrich Schleiermacher[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/gabriel-marcel.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Gabriel Marcel[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/galileo-galilei.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Galileo Galilei[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/george-berkeley.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]George Berkeley[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/george-edward-moore.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]George Edward Moore[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/george-fox.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]George Fox[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/george-henry-lewes.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]George Henry Lewes[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/george-santayana.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]George Santayana[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/giambattista-vico.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Giambattista Vico[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/gilbert-ryle.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Gilbert Ryle[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/gottlob-frege.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Gottlob Frege[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/gregor-johann-mendel.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Gregor Johann Mendel[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/hans-georg-gadamer.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Hans-Georg Gadamer[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/henri-bergson.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Henri Bergson[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/henry-david-thoreau.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Henry David Thoreau[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/henry-more.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Henry More[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/heraclitus-of-ephesus.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Heraclitus of Ephesus[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/hilary-putnam.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Hilary Putnam[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/hippocrates.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Hippocrates[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/immanuel-kant.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Immanuel Kant[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/isaac-newton.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Isaac Newton[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/james-clerk-maxwell.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]James Clerk Maxwell[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/jean-jacques-rousseau.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Jean-Jacques Rousseau[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/jean-nicod.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Jean Nicod[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/jean-paul-sartre.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Jean-Paul Sartre[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/johannes-kepler.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Johannes Kepler[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/john-calvin.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]John Calvin[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/john-henry-newman.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]John Henry Newman[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/john-langshaw-austin.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]John Langshaw Austin[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/jonathan-edwards.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Jonathan Edwards[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/jose-ortega-y-gasset.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Jose Ortega Y Gasset[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/jules-henri-poincare.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Jules Henri Poincare[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/karl-jaspers.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Karl Jaspers[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/karl-popper.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Karl Popper[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/karl-rahner.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Karl Rahner[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/leucippus.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Leucippus[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/lucretius.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Lucretius[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/ludwig-wittgenstein.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Ludwig Wittgenstein[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/marcus-aurelius.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Marcus Aurelius[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/marie-antoine-condorcet.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Marie Antoine Condorcet[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/martin-buber.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Martin Buber[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/martin-heidegger.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Martin Heidegger[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/martin-luther.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Martin Luther[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/mary-wollstonecraft.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Mary Wollstonecraft[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/max-planck.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Max Planck[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/meister-eckhart.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Meister Eckhart[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/melissus-of-samos.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Melissus of Samos[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/michael-dummett.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Michael Dummett[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/michel-de-montaigne.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Michel de Montaigne[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/miguel-de-unamuno-y-jugo.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Miguel de Unamuno Y Jugo[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/moritz-schlick.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Moritz Schlick[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/moses-maimonides.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Moses Maimonides[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/nelson-goodman.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Nelson Goodman[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/nicholas-copernicus.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Nicholas Copernicus[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/nicolas-malebranche.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Nicolas Malebranche[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/niels-bohr.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Niels Bohr[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/origen.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Origen[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/parmenides-of-elea.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Parmenides of Elea[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/paul-tillich.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Paul Tillich[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/peter-abelard.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Peter Abelard[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/peter-frederick-strawson.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Peter Frederick Strawson[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/pierre-bayle.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Pierre Bayle[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/pierre-gassendi.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Pierre Gassendi[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/pierre-maurice-duhem.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Pierre-Maurice Duhem[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/pierre-teilhard-de-chardin.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Pierre Teilhard de Chardin[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/plato.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Plato[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/plotinus.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Plotinus[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/protagoras.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Protagoras[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/ptolemy.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Ptolemy[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/pythagoras-of-samos.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Pythagoras of Samos[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/ralph-barton-perry.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Ralph Barton Perry[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/ralph-cudworth.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Ralph Cudworth[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/ralph-waldo-emerson.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Ralph Waldo Emerson[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/reinhold-niebuhr.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Reinhold Niebuhr[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/rene-descartes.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Rene Descartes[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/richard-avenarius.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Richard Avenarius[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/richard-von-mises.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Richard von Mises[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/robin-george-collingwood.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Robin George Collingwood[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/roy-wood-sellars.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Roy Wood Sellars[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/rudolf-carnap.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Rudolf Carnap[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/rudolf-steiner.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Rudolf Steiner[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/rudolph-hermann-lotze.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Rudolph Hermann Lotze[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/saint-anselm-of-canterbury.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Saint Anselm of Canterbury[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/saint-augustine.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Saint Augustine[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/saint-bernard-of-clairvaux.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Saint Bernard of Clairvaux[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/saint-bonaventure.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Saint Bonaventure[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/saint-john-of-the-cross.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Saint John of the Cross[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/saint-teresa-of-avila.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Saint Teresa of Avila[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/saul-kripke.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Saul Kripke[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/sextus-empiricus.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Sextus Empiricus[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/sigmund-freud.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Sigmund Freud[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/simone-de-beauvoir.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Simone de Beauvoir[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/simone-weil.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Simone Weil[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/socrates.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Socrates[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/soren-aabye-kierkegaard.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Soren Aabye Kierkegaard[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/thomas-aquinas.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Thomas Aquinas[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/thomas-henry-huxley.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Thomas Henry Huxley[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/thomas-jefferson.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Thomas Jefferson[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/thomas-more.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Thomas More[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/thomas-paine.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Thomas Paine[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/thomas-reid.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Thomas Reid[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/thomas-samuel-kuhn.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Thomas Samuel Kuhn[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/voltaire.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Voltaire[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/werner-heisenberg.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Werner Heisenberg[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/wilhelm-dilthey.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Wilhelm Dilthey[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/willard-van-orman-quine.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Willard Van Orman Quine[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/william-blake.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]William Blake[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/william-godwin.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]William Godwin[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/william-james.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]William James[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/william-of-ockham.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]William of Ockham[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/zeno-of-citium.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Zeno of Citium[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [*][URL="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/zeno-of-elea.php"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff]Zeno of Elea[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] .[/SIZE][/FONT][/LIST] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]I wish to discuss this intellectual discoursing in [B]two ways.[/B][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][B]Firstly[/B]: - We shall try to make a Punjabi translation of his philosophy (this may require invention of new words.). One will need help of linguist from Punjabi. I have earmarked the words which will need Punjabi equivalence.[/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][B]Secondly[/B]: - SPN sewadar can then debate with “[B][U]super – civilization” philosopher’s philosophy[/U][/B] and either agree or disagree to reach at a higher truth.[/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][B]Thirdly[/B]: - We shall attempt to give alternative answer to there philosophy mooring.[/FONT][/SIZE] [CENTER][B][U][FONT=Times New Roman]SPN sewadar welcome to the world of Aristotle philosophy: A tour in form of interplanetary Journey.[/FONT][/U][/B] [B][U][FONT=Times New Roman][/FONT][/U][/B] [B][U][FONT=Times New Roman][/FONT][/U][/B] [B][U][FONT=Times New Roman][/FONT][/U][/B] [B][U][FONT=Times New Roman][/FONT][/U][/B] [B][U][FONT=Times New Roman][/FONT][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [B][U][FONT=Times New Roman]Aristotle Photo ( not being able to copy )[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Times New Roman] [/FONT][CENTER] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman] [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman] [/FONT][/SIZE] [B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]Brief introduction to Aristotle. [/FONT][/SIZE][/B] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Aristotle was born in 384 BCE. At Stagirus, a Greek colony and seaport on the coast of Thrace. His father Nichomachus was court physician to King Amyntas of Macedonia, and from this began Aristotle's long association with the Macedonian Court, which considerably influenced his life. He studied under Plato, attending his lectures for a period of twenty years. Given his intelligence he was to be the natural heir to his chair. However his divergence from Plato's teaching was too great to make him inherit the chair of Plato. He married twice Pythias and Herpyllis. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]He subsequently went to tutor Alexander (later world conqueror Alexander the Great) whose invasion halted at the frontiers of Punjab.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]How ever he returned to Athens, after death of Plato. He found the Platonic school flourishing under Xenocrates, and Platonism the dominant philosophy of Athens. He is said to have given two kinds of lectures: the more detailed discussions in the morning for an inner circle of advanced students, and the popular discourses in the evening for the general body of lovers of knowledge. At the sudden death of Alexander in 323 BCE. The pro-Macedonian government in Athens was overthrown, and a general reaction occurred against anything Macedonian. A charge of impiety was trumped up against him. To escape prosecution he fled to Chalcis in Euboea so that (Aristotle says) "The Athenians might not have another opportunity of sinning against philosophy as they had already done in the person of Socrates." In the first year of his residence at Chalcis he complained of a stomach illness and died in 322 BCE.[/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][FONT=Times New Roman]The beauty of spirit of two golden words “ Curiosity and wonder ”[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Times New Roman][B][U]by [/U][/B]“[B][U]super – civilization” philosopher[/U][/B][/FONT] [/CENTER] [B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]Philosophy: - (pursuit of curiosity and wonder)[/FONT][/SIZE][/B] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]For Aristotle, philosophy arose historically after basic necessities were secured. [B][U]It grew out of a feeling of curiosity and wonder, to which religious myth gave only provisional satisfaction. [/U][/B]([/FONT][/SIZE][I][COLOR=blue][FONT=Arial]SPN sewadar opinion if curiosity and wonder is a stronger force than religious myth in generating knowledge and seeking the unknown[/FONT][/COLOR][/I][I][FONT=Arial]?)[/FONT][/I] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The earliest speculators were philosophers of nature. The Pythagoreans succeeded these with mathematical abstractions. The level of pure thought was reached partly in the Eleatic philosophers Socrates. Socrates' contribution was the expression of general conceptions in the form of definitions, which he arrived at by induction and analogy. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Philosophically, the works of Aristotle reflect his gradual departure from the teachings of Plato and his adoption of a new approach[I][U]. Unlike Plato, who delighted in abstract thought about a supra-sensible realm of forms, Aristotle was intensely concrete and practical, relying heavily upon sensory observation as a starting-point for philosophical reflection.[/U][/I] ([/SIZE][/FONT][I][COLOR=blue][FONT=Arial]SPN sewadar opinion which is better abstract thought or sensory observation? Is there any perception beyond this[/FONT][/COLOR][/I][I][FONT=Arial]?[/FONT][/I][SIZE=3][FONT=Arial])[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman] .[/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]Interested in every area of human knowledge about the world, Aristotle aimed to unify all of them in a coherent system of thought by developing a common methodology that would serve equally well as the procedure for learning about any discipline.[/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Times New Roman][B][COLOR=blue]Logic [/COLOR][/B][SIZE=3][COLOR=blue](science of reasoning) [/COLOR][I][COLOR=red](Punjabi word[/COLOR][/I][/SIZE][I][COLOR=red])[/COLOR][/I][COLOR=red]:-[/COLOR][/FONT] [B][COLOR=red][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]PLANET -1: History:[/FONT][/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]Aristotle's logic, especially his theory of the syllogism, has had an unparalleled influence on the history of Western thought. It did not always hold this position: in the Hellenistic period, Stoic logic, and in particular the work of Chrysippus, was much more celebrated. However, in later antiquity, following the work of Aristotelian Commentators, Aristotle's logic became dominant, and Aristotelian logic was what was transmitted to the Arabic and the Latin medieval traditions, while the works of Chrysippus have not survived.[/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]This unique historical position has not always contributed to the understanding of Aristotle's logical works. Kant thought that Aristotle had discovered everything there was to know about logic, and the historian of logic Prantl drew the corollary that any logician after Aristotle who said anything new was confused, stupid, or perverse. During the rise of modern formal logic following Frege and Peirce, adherents of Traditional Logic (seen as the descendant of Aristotelian logic) and the new mathematical logic tended to see one another as rivals, with incompatible notions of logic. More recent scholarship has often applied the very techniques of mathematical logic to Aristotle's theories, revealing (in the opinion of many) a number of similarities of approach and interest between Aristotle and modern logicians. [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]The ancient commentators grouped together several of Aristotle's treatises under the title [I]Organon[/I] ("Instrument") and regarded them as comprising his logical works: [/FONT][/SIZE] [LIST=1] [*][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][I]Categories[/I] [/FONT][/SIZE] [*][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][I]On Interpretation[/I] [/FONT][/SIZE] [*][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][I]Prior Analytics[/I] [/FONT][/SIZE] [*][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][I]Posterior Analytics[/I] [/FONT][/SIZE] [*][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][I]Topics[/I] [/FONT][/SIZE] [*][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][I]On Sophistical Refutations[/I] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LIST][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]In the title [I]Organon[/I] reflects a much later controversy about whether logic is a part of philosophy (as the Stoics maintained) or merely a tool used by philosophy (as the later Peripatetics thought); calling the logical works ([/SIZE][/FONT][I][COLOR=blue][FONT=Arial]SPN sewadar opinion[/FONT][/COLOR][/I][I][FONT=Arial])[/FONT][/I] [B][COLOR=red][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]PLANET -2 : Introduction[/FONT][/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]Aristotle's logical works contain the earliest formal study of logic that we have. It is therefore all the more remarkable that together they comprise a highly developed logical theory, one that was able to command immense respect for many centuries: Kant, who was ten times more distant from Aristotle than we are from him, even held that nothing significant had been added to Aristotle's views in the intervening two millennia. [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]In the last century, Aristotle's reputation as a logician has undergone two remarkable reversals. The rise of modern formal logic following the work of Frege and Russell brought with it recognition of the many serious limitations of Aristotle's logic; today, very few would try to maintain that it is adequate as a basis for understanding science, mathematics, or even everyday reasoning. At the same time, scholars trained in modern formal techniques have come to view Aristotle with new respect, not so much for the correctness of his results as for the remarkable similarity in spirit between much of his work and modern logic. As Jonathan Lear has put it, "Aristotle shares with modern logicians a fundamental interest in metatheory": his primary goal is not to offer a practical guide to argumentation but to study the properties of inferential systems themselves.[/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]For Aristotle logic and reasoning was the chief preparatory instrument of scientific investigation. The heart of Aristotle's logic is the syllogism, [/SIZE][B][I][COLOR=red](Punjabi word)[/COLOR][/I][/B][SIZE=3] the classic example of which is as follows: All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal. The syllogistic form of logical argumentation dominated logic for 2,000 years.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]For Aristotle, then, logic is the instrument [/SIZE][B][I][COLOR=red]( Punjabi word )[/COLOR][/I][/B][SIZE=3] (the "Organon") by means of which we come to know anything. He proposed as formal rules for correct reasoning the basic principles of the categorical logic that was universally accepted by Western philosophers until the nineteenth century. This system of thought regards assertions of the [I][U]subject-predicate[/U][/I] [/SIZE][B][I][COLOR=red](Punjabi words)[/COLOR][/I][/B][SIZE=3] ([I]subject=[/I]person or thing that is being discussed, studied or dealt with ; [I]predicate= [/I]part of sentence containing a verb and stating some thing about subject) form as the primary expressions of truth, in which features or properties are shown to [I][U]inhere[/U][/I] [/SIZE][B][I][COLOR=red]( Punjabi word )[/COLOR][/I][/B][SIZE=3] ( exits as an essential or permanent part ) in individual substances. In every discipline of human knowledge, then, we seek to establish the things of some sort have features of a certain kind.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Aristotle further supposed that this logical scheme accurately represents the true nature of reality. [B][I]Thought, language, and reality are all isomorphic ([COLOR=blue]SPN sewadar ponder[/COLOR])[/I][/B], so careful consideration of what we say can help us to understand the way things really are. Beginning with simple descriptions of particular things, we can eventually assemble our information [/SIZE][B][I][COLOR=red](Punjabi word)[/COLOR][/I][/B][SIZE=3] in order to achieve a comprehensive [/SIZE][B][I][COLOR=red](Punjabi word)[/COLOR][/I][/B][SIZE=3] view of the world.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]To continue[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Luv[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Hps62:) :wah: [/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [/QUOTE]
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SPN Philosophers To Descend On Earth For A Discourse With " Aristotle "
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