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Guru Granth Sahib
Composition, Arrangement & Layout
ਜਪੁ | Jup
ਸੋ ਦਰੁ | So Dar
ਸੋਹਿਲਾ | Sohilaa
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਿਰੀਰਾਗੁ | Raag Siree-Raag
Gurbani (14-53)
Ashtpadiyan (53-71)
Gurbani (71-74)
Pahre (74-78)
Chhant (78-81)
Vanjara (81-82)
Vaar Siri Raag (83-91)
Bhagat Bani (91-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
Ashtpadi (109)
Ashtpadiyan (110-129)
Ashtpadi (129-130)
Ashtpadiyan (130-133)
Bara Maha (133-136)
Din Raen (136-137)
Vaar Maajh Ki (137-150)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
Quartets/Couplets (185-220)
Ashtpadiyan (220-234)
Karhalei (234-235)
Ashtpadiyan (235-242)
Chhant (242-249)
Baavan Akhari (250-262)
Sukhmani (262-296)
Thittee (296-300)
Gauree kii Vaar (300-323)
Gurbani (323-330)
Ashtpadiyan (330-340)
Baavan Akhari (340-343)
Thintteen (343-344)
Vaar Kabir (344-345)
Bhagat Bani (345-346)
ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
Chaupaday (348-364)
Panchpadde (364-365)
Kaafee (365-409)
Aasaavaree (409-411)
Ashtpadiyan (411-432)
Patee (432-435)
Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
Bhagat Bani (475-488)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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Scientists Grow A Miniature Human Brain In A Lab
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<blockquote data-quote="findingmyway" data-source="post: 190008" data-attributes="member: 12855"><p>Scientists have long been taunted by the human brain. After all, the very organ that gives us knowledge remains largely unmastered — something President Obama has set to rectify, in part, with an ambitious effort to map the brain. An incredible new development brings us closer to understanding the human mind, however: researchers have successfully grown a "mini brain" in the lab. This lab-cultivated organ represents the first time a three-dimensional brain mass with multiple, distinct regions has been created, and it could offer researchers an invaluable tool for working towards a cure for certain brain diseases.</p><p></p><p></p><p> So why make a brain in the lab? Knowledge of human functions is often based on animal studies, and the theories drawn from those experiments rarely map perfectly with the human body. Jürgen Knoblich, PhD, who led the team responsible for this new development, explains that "transferring the knowledge that we obtain from animal models to our ultimate goal of understanding human disease and the human body is one of the greatest challenges of modern biomedical research." Analysis of living human organs would make the entire process much easier, but there are obvious ethical concerns. Hence the drive to produce organs in the lab — a push that’s already led to functional, human-generated liver, heart, eye, and pituitary gland cells grown in cultures. But as Dr. Knoblich told members of the press, "So far the most complex of all human organs, which is the human brain, has not been susceptible to [these methods]."</p><p></p><p></p><p>The lab-made organ is known as a "mini-brain" for a reason. Researchers say that the brains — which they refer to as "cerebral organoids" — typically grew to no larger than 3 to 4 milimeters in diameter. But for the first nine weeks of development, the organoids "look very similar to the human embryo" and "display discrete regions that resemble different areas of the early developing human brain," says Madeline A. Lancaster, PhD, lead author on the paper outlining the research.</p><p></p><p></p><p> Specifically, the organoids grown in the lab have a dorsal cortex (the largest part of the brain), ventral forebrain, choroid plexus (which generates cerebrospinal fluid), midbrain and hindbrain (which form the brainstem), and even a retina. These regions developed on their own in cultures, and while they each resemble an immature human brain, they aren’t located in the right positions. Jürgen Knoblich likened the lab-grown organoid to a car with its engine on the roof and its transmission in the trunk — it doesn’t completely function or look like a human brain, but the individual parts are accurate.</p><p></p><p></p><p>To grow the brains, researchers took stem cells and placed them in a culture dish in which "most different types of embryonic conditions stop developing" and only those that lead to the creation of the central nervous system remain, says Lancaster. These tissues are then moved to a type of three-dimensional scaffold that spurs more complex development, before being transferred to a "spinning bioreactor" that "constantly agitates the medium and agitates the organoids inside to allow for better nutrient and oxygen exchange."</p><p></p><p></p><p> The method yields accurate brain samples — with active neurons that fire — for up to nine weeks. After that, the organoids develop differently than a human brain would. The researchers do have brains that have been growing for 10 to 12 months, but the bioreactor is no match for a true circulatory system. Since oxygen and nutrients can’t reach the interior of the brain as it grows, development is incorrect.</p><p></p><p></p><p>As such, what the organoids are good for is "to model development of the brain and to study anything that causes defect in the development," Knoblich explains. The team demonstrated this by studying microcephaly, a genetic brain disorder that causes reduced brain size and mental disability. By comparing the growth of a healthy lab-grown brain with one created using stem cells from a patient with the disease, researchers found that the latter formed neurons too early. They suspect that this developmental anomaly is central to the characteristic decreased brain size found in patients with microcephaly.</p><p></p><p></p><p> From here, the team hopes to model more diseases, like schizophrenia and autism, and believes it can use the system to analyze the specific functions of human genes in the brain. Knoblich also added that the organoids "offer the possibility to test drugs directly in a human setting … and get more informed results that are more easily transferrable to cures in patients."</p><p> <q class="right">"The whole is not a brain."</q></p><p> </p><p></p><p>But some of the more outlandish uses of this research will remain purely science fiction, for now. When asked about using such organoids to repair brain damage, Knoblich said "I have to be a bit pessimistic about this, because the ultimate complexity of the brain will not allow any replacement of structures." Additionally, he didn’t express interest in growing larger, more complex brains, explaining that we're extremely far away from human-generated brains with proper wiring and circulatory systems.</p><p></p><p></p><p><a href="http://www.theverge.com/2013/8/28/4668540/scientists-grow-a-miniature-human-brain-in-a-lab" target="_blank">http://www.theverge.com/2013/8/28/4668540/scientists-grow-a-miniature-human-brain-in-a-lab</a></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="findingmyway, post: 190008, member: 12855"] Scientists have long been taunted by the human brain. After all, the very organ that gives us knowledge remains largely unmastered — something President Obama has set to rectify, in part, with an ambitious effort to map the brain. An incredible new development brings us closer to understanding the human mind, however: researchers have successfully grown a "mini brain" in the lab. This lab-cultivated organ represents the first time a three-dimensional brain mass with multiple, distinct regions has been created, and it could offer researchers an invaluable tool for working towards a cure for certain brain diseases. So why make a brain in the lab? Knowledge of human functions is often based on animal studies, and the theories drawn from those experiments rarely map perfectly with the human body. Jürgen Knoblich, PhD, who led the team responsible for this new development, explains that "transferring the knowledge that we obtain from animal models to our ultimate goal of understanding human disease and the human body is one of the greatest challenges of modern biomedical research." Analysis of living human organs would make the entire process much easier, but there are obvious ethical concerns. Hence the drive to produce organs in the lab — a push that’s already led to functional, human-generated liver, heart, eye, and pituitary gland cells grown in cultures. But as Dr. Knoblich told members of the press, "So far the most complex of all human organs, which is the human brain, has not been susceptible to [these methods]." The lab-made organ is known as a "mini-brain" for a reason. Researchers say that the brains — which they refer to as "cerebral organoids" — typically grew to no larger than 3 to 4 milimeters in diameter. But for the first nine weeks of development, the organoids "look very similar to the human embryo" and "display discrete regions that resemble different areas of the early developing human brain," says Madeline A. Lancaster, PhD, lead author on the paper outlining the research. Specifically, the organoids grown in the lab have a dorsal cortex (the largest part of the brain), ventral forebrain, choroid plexus (which generates cerebrospinal fluid), midbrain and hindbrain (which form the brainstem), and even a retina. These regions developed on their own in cultures, and while they each resemble an immature human brain, they aren’t located in the right positions. Jürgen Knoblich likened the lab-grown organoid to a car with its engine on the roof and its transmission in the trunk — it doesn’t completely function or look like a human brain, but the individual parts are accurate. To grow the brains, researchers took stem cells and placed them in a culture dish in which "most different types of embryonic conditions stop developing" and only those that lead to the creation of the central nervous system remain, says Lancaster. These tissues are then moved to a type of three-dimensional scaffold that spurs more complex development, before being transferred to a "spinning bioreactor" that "constantly agitates the medium and agitates the organoids inside to allow for better nutrient and oxygen exchange." The method yields accurate brain samples — with active neurons that fire — for up to nine weeks. After that, the organoids develop differently than a human brain would. The researchers do have brains that have been growing for 10 to 12 months, but the bioreactor is no match for a true circulatory system. Since oxygen and nutrients can’t reach the interior of the brain as it grows, development is incorrect. As such, what the organoids are good for is "to model development of the brain and to study anything that causes defect in the development," Knoblich explains. The team demonstrated this by studying microcephaly, a genetic brain disorder that causes reduced brain size and mental disability. By comparing the growth of a healthy lab-grown brain with one created using stem cells from a patient with the disease, researchers found that the latter formed neurons too early. They suspect that this developmental anomaly is central to the characteristic decreased brain size found in patients with microcephaly. From here, the team hopes to model more diseases, like schizophrenia and autism, and believes it can use the system to analyze the specific functions of human genes in the brain. Knoblich also added that the organoids "offer the possibility to test drugs directly in a human setting … and get more informed results that are more easily transferrable to cures in patients." <q class="right">"The whole is not a brain."</q> But some of the more outlandish uses of this research will remain purely science fiction, for now. When asked about using such organoids to repair brain damage, Knoblich said "I have to be a bit pessimistic about this, because the ultimate complexity of the brain will not allow any replacement of structures." Additionally, he didn’t express interest in growing larger, more complex brains, explaining that we're extremely far away from human-generated brains with proper wiring and circulatory systems. [URL]http://www.theverge.com/2013/8/28/4668540/scientists-grow-a-miniature-human-brain-in-a-lab[/URL] [/QUOTE]
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