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Guru Granth Sahib
Composition, Arrangement & Layout
ਜਪੁ | Jup
ਸੋ ਦਰੁ | So Dar
ਸੋਹਿਲਾ | Sohilaa
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਿਰੀਰਾਗੁ | Raag Siree-Raag
Gurbani (14-53)
Ashtpadiyan (53-71)
Gurbani (71-74)
Pahre (74-78)
Chhant (78-81)
Vanjara (81-82)
Vaar Siri Raag (83-91)
Bhagat Bani (91-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
Ashtpadi (109)
Ashtpadiyan (110-129)
Ashtpadi (129-130)
Ashtpadiyan (130-133)
Bara Maha (133-136)
Din Raen (136-137)
Vaar Maajh Ki (137-150)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
Quartets/Couplets (185-220)
Ashtpadiyan (220-234)
Karhalei (234-235)
Ashtpadiyan (235-242)
Chhant (242-249)
Baavan Akhari (250-262)
Sukhmani (262-296)
Thittee (296-300)
Gauree kii Vaar (300-323)
Gurbani (323-330)
Ashtpadiyan (330-340)
Baavan Akhari (340-343)
Thintteen (343-344)
Vaar Kabir (344-345)
Bhagat Bani (345-346)
ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
Chaupaday (348-364)
Panchpadde (364-365)
Kaafee (365-409)
Aasaavaree (409-411)
Ashtpadiyan (411-432)
Patee (432-435)
Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
Bhagat Bani (475-488)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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Scientists Develop Genetically Modified Cows That Produce 'Human' Breast Milk
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<blockquote data-quote="Archived_Member16" data-source="post: 144567" data-attributes="member: 884"><p><span style="color: Navy">4th April 2011</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"><span style="font-size: 18px"><strong>Scientists develop genetically modified cows that produce 'human' breast milk</strong></span></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p> <span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">By David Derbyshire Environment Editor</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">Last updated at 12:56 PM on 4th April 2011</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">Babies could be fed on ‘human’ milk produced by cows in the wake of the latest developments in genetic modification.</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">Scientists have bred 300 cattle that have been given human genes to make their milk contain the same nutrients and fat content as breast milk.</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">They believe the product could offer mothers an alternative to conventional infant formula.</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p> <span style="color: Navy"><img src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/04/03/article-0-02827C1800000578-156_468x336.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"><span style="color: Red">Field of scientific development: Could dairy cows in the UK be producing human milk in the future?</span></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">But the move was condemned last night by campaigners who questioned its safety. </span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">Human milk differs from cows’ milk in several important ways. It contains high quantities of nutrients beneficial to a baby’s growth and immune system.</span></p><p> <span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">Cows’ milk is much harder for a baby to digest, has less fat and fewer carbohydrates and contains no antibodies that protect against disease.</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">Prof Ning Li, who led the research at the China Agricultural University, said the milk they produce would be as safe as ordinary cows’ milk.</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">Mother knows best: Developers say the new milk could help mothers who cannot breastfeed their babies and do not want to use formula </span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">‘The milk tastes stronger than normal milk,’ he said. ‘Within ten years, people will be able to pick up these human-milk-like products at the supermarket.’ </span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">But Patti Rundall, of Baby Milk Action, said: ‘We need to have rules in place to safeguard human health.</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">‘There could be incredible risks with these products that we don’t know about. Cows’ milk is never going to be like breast milk. It’s never going to be a living product like breast milk.</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">‘Breast milk is species specific – there is no element of risk.’</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">Writing in the respected journal Public Library of Science One, Prof Li’s team said they used cloning technology to introduce human genes into the DNA of Holstein dairy cows.</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">One variety of the GM cows produced milk containing lysozyme – an antimicrobial protein found in breast milk that protects babies from infection. They also created cows that produced human lactoferrin, a protein which boosts the immune system.</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">A third human milk protein called alpha-lactalbumin was also expressed in the milk. Prof Li claims his team has boosted the milk’s fat content by a fifth and changed the levels of solids to make it close to the composition of human milk.</span></p><p> <span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">But campaigners said the creation of GM cattle was bad for animal welfare. In two experiments by the Chinese in which 42 GM calves were born, just 26 survived. Ten died soon after birth and six died within six months.</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">A spokesman for the Royal Society for the Protection of Animals said: ‘Offspring of cloned animals often suffer health and welfare problems, so this would be a grave concern. Why do we need this milk – what is it giving us that we haven’t already got?’</span></p><p> <span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">Helen Wallace, of watchdog GeneWatch UK, said: ‘There is a question about whether milk from these cows is going to be safe for humans, and it is really hard to tell that unless you do large clinical trials.’</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">China’s rules on GM food are more relaxed than those in Europe. The GM milk would not be allowed on sale in Britain unless it was approved by the European Union and passed stringent safety tests.</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">Some British scientists said the research could be of huge benefit.</span></p><p> <span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">Prof Keith Campbell, a biologist at Nottingham University and a member of the team that cloned Dolly the sheep in 1996, said GM animals were not a threat to health unless scientists deliberately gave them a gene that made their milk toxic.</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">‘Genetically modified food, if done correctly, can provide huge benefit for consumers in terms of producing better products,’ he said.</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">The modified milk could help boost sales of dairy products in Asia, where more than nine in ten people are lactose intolerant and cannot consume cows’ milk without suffering stomach upsets and cramps.</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy">Prof Li’s team were working with the Beijing GenProtein Biotechnology Company.</span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"><strong></strong></span></p><p><span style="color: Navy"><strong>source: </strong><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1372836/Scientists-develop-genetically-modified-cow-produces-human-breast-milk.html" target="_blank">http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1372836/Scientists-develop-genetically-modified-cow-produces-human-breast-milk.html</a></span></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Archived_Member16, post: 144567, member: 884"] [COLOR="Navy"]4th April 2011 [SIZE="5"][B]Scientists develop genetically modified cows that produce 'human' breast milk[/B][/SIZE] By David Derbyshire Environment Editor Last updated at 12:56 PM on 4th April 2011 Babies could be fed on ‘human’ milk produced by cows in the wake of the latest developments in genetic modification. Scientists have bred 300 cattle that have been given human genes to make their milk contain the same nutrients and fat content as breast milk. They believe the product could offer mothers an alternative to conventional infant formula. [IMG]http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/04/03/article-0-02827C1800000578-156_468x336.jpg[/IMG] [COLOR="Red"]Field of scientific development: Could dairy cows in the UK be producing human milk in the future?[/COLOR] But the move was condemned last night by campaigners who questioned its safety. Human milk differs from cows’ milk in several important ways. It contains high quantities of nutrients beneficial to a baby’s growth and immune system. Cows’ milk is much harder for a baby to digest, has less fat and fewer carbohydrates and contains no antibodies that protect against disease. Prof Ning Li, who led the research at the China Agricultural University, said the milk they produce would be as safe as ordinary cows’ milk. Mother knows best: Developers say the new milk could help mothers who cannot breastfeed their babies and do not want to use formula ‘The milk tastes stronger than normal milk,’ he said. ‘Within ten years, people will be able to pick up these human-milk-like products at the supermarket.’ But Patti Rundall, of Baby Milk Action, said: ‘We need to have rules in place to safeguard human health. ‘There could be incredible risks with these products that we don’t know about. Cows’ milk is never going to be like breast milk. It’s never going to be a living product like breast milk. ‘Breast milk is species specific – there is no element of risk.’ Writing in the respected journal Public Library of Science One, Prof Li’s team said they used cloning technology to introduce human genes into the DNA of Holstein dairy cows. One variety of the GM cows produced milk containing lysozyme – an antimicrobial protein found in breast milk that protects babies from infection. They also created cows that produced human lactoferrin, a protein which boosts the immune system. A third human milk protein called alpha-lactalbumin was also expressed in the milk. Prof Li claims his team has boosted the milk’s fat content by a fifth and changed the levels of solids to make it close to the composition of human milk. But campaigners said the creation of GM cattle was bad for animal welfare. In two experiments by the Chinese in which 42 GM calves were born, just 26 survived. Ten died soon after birth and six died within six months. A spokesman for the Royal Society for the Protection of Animals said: ‘Offspring of cloned animals often suffer health and welfare problems, so this would be a grave concern. Why do we need this milk – what is it giving us that we haven’t already got?’ Helen Wallace, of watchdog GeneWatch UK, said: ‘There is a question about whether milk from these cows is going to be safe for humans, and it is really hard to tell that unless you do large clinical trials.’ China’s rules on GM food are more relaxed than those in Europe. The GM milk would not be allowed on sale in Britain unless it was approved by the European Union and passed stringent safety tests. Some British scientists said the research could be of huge benefit. Prof Keith Campbell, a biologist at Nottingham University and a member of the team that cloned Dolly the sheep in 1996, said GM animals were not a threat to health unless scientists deliberately gave them a gene that made their milk toxic. ‘Genetically modified food, if done correctly, can provide huge benefit for consumers in terms of producing better products,’ he said. The modified milk could help boost sales of dairy products in Asia, where more than nine in ten people are lactose intolerant and cannot consume cows’ milk without suffering stomach upsets and cramps. Prof Li’s team were working with the Beijing GenProtein Biotechnology Company. [B] source: [/B][url]http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1372836/Scientists-develop-genetically-modified-cow-produces-human-breast-milk.html[/url][/COLOR] [/QUOTE]
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Scientists Develop Genetically Modified Cows That Produce 'Human' Breast Milk
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