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Guru Granth Sahib
Composition, Arrangement & Layout
ਜਪੁ | Jup
ਸੋ ਦਰੁ | So Dar
ਸੋਹਿਲਾ | Sohilaa
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਿਰੀਰਾਗੁ | Raag Siree-Raag
Gurbani (14-53)
Ashtpadiyan (53-71)
Gurbani (71-74)
Pahre (74-78)
Chhant (78-81)
Vanjara (81-82)
Vaar Siri Raag (83-91)
Bhagat Bani (91-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
Ashtpadi (109)
Ashtpadiyan (110-129)
Ashtpadi (129-130)
Ashtpadiyan (130-133)
Bara Maha (133-136)
Din Raen (136-137)
Vaar Maajh Ki (137-150)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
Quartets/Couplets (185-220)
Ashtpadiyan (220-234)
Karhalei (234-235)
Ashtpadiyan (235-242)
Chhant (242-249)
Baavan Akhari (250-262)
Sukhmani (262-296)
Thittee (296-300)
Gauree kii Vaar (300-323)
Gurbani (323-330)
Ashtpadiyan (330-340)
Baavan Akhari (340-343)
Thintteen (343-344)
Vaar Kabir (344-345)
Bhagat Bani (345-346)
ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
Chaupaday (348-364)
Panchpadde (364-365)
Kaafee (365-409)
Aasaavaree (409-411)
Ashtpadiyan (411-432)
Patee (432-435)
Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
Bhagat Bani (475-488)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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<blockquote data-quote="Archived_member15" data-source="post: 165320" data-attributes="member: 17438"><p>Also of note is the religious policy of the first Catholic Christian Emperor of Rome, Saint Constantine the Great. He was noted for his remarkable tolerance and defence of pagan religions, and indeed freedom of religion. In fact his Edict of Milan is the first time in history where people were given complete religious freedom to choose a religion of their choice. <em>However </em>he did not tolerate dissent or diversity of opinion within the Catholic Church. This led to conflict with his own Church, since Bishops disputed that he did not have a right to interfere in Church matters. </p><p> </p><p>He allowed any Christian to convert from Catholicism to another religion, and vice-versa, however if you chose to be Catholic then he wanted you to be Catholic <em>in his way. Of course, nobody was killed under his reign for heresy, although conflicts did arise in which he used his Army to crush rebels. But one does wish that he had been as tolerant of diversity in his own religion as he was of other religions. But it highlights nonetheless, that where Catholicism is properly practised, you get complete tolerance and liberty for citizens of different faiths. </em></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>You can read some quotes from his edicts and writings now: </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">"...Each one may have the free opportunity to worship as he pleases; this regulation is made we that we may not seem to detract from any dignity or any religion...It is one thing acting with free will to enter into contest for immortality, another to compel others to do so by force through the fear of punishment. No one should greatly trouble another, rather, everyone should follow what his soul prefers..." </span></p><p> </p><p> </p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 12px">- Saint Constantine the Great (c.<span style="color: black">272</span></span><span style="color: black"><span style="font-size: 12px"> –</span><span style="font-size: 12px"> 337), first Catholic ruler of Roman Empire </span></span></strong></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><span style="color: black"><span style="font-size: 12px">"...Amongst those things that are profitable to mankind in general, the reverence paid to the Divinity merited our first and chief attention, and that it was proper that the Christians and all others should have liberty to follow that mode of religion which to each of them appeared best; so that that God might be benign and propitious to us, and to every one under our government. And therefore we judged it a salutary measure, and one highly consonant to right reason, that no man should be denied leave of attaching himself to the rites of the Christians, or to whatever other religion his mind directs him, that thus the supreme Divinity, to whose worship we freely devote ourselves, might continue to vouchsafe His favour and beneficence to us. And accordingly we give you to know that, without regard to any provisos in our former orders to you concerning the Christians, all who choose that religion are to be permitted, freely and absolutely, to remain in it, and not to be disturbed any ways, or molested. And we thought fit to be thus special in the things committed to your charge, that you might understand that the indulgence which we have granted in matters of religion to the Christians is ample and unconditional; and perceive at the same time that the open and free exercise of their respective religions is granted to all others, as well as to the Christians. For it befits the well-ordered state and the tranquillity of our times that each individual be allowed, according to his own choice, to worship the Divinity; and we mean not to derogate aught from the honour due to any religion or its votaries..." </span></span></p><p> </p><p> </p><p><span style="color: black"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>- Saint Constantine the Great (c.<span style="color: black">272</span></strong><span style="color: black"><strong> –</strong><strong> 337), first Catholic ruler of Roman Empire</strong> </span></span></span></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Rodney Stark, a Protetant historian, speaks of Constantione's religious policy in a recent 2011 book: </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">"...Although Constantine played a central role in repressing all Christian dissent, he was remarkably tolerant of paganism throughout his reign. Constantine neither outlawed paganism nor did he condone persecution of non-Christians. In fact, although Constantine subsidized and gave official standing to the Catholic Church, he continued also funding pagan temples...More significant even than his toleration of pagan temples, Constantine continued to appoint pagans to the very highest positions, including those of consul and prefect. In addition, pagan philosophers played a prominent role in his court and depictions of the sun god appeared on his coins. Indeed Constantine directed his most ferocious rhetoric not against pagans, but against Christian dissidents...Historians cite the persistence of pagan elements in his reign as examples of his commitment to religious harmony. Of critical importance are two edicts issued by Constantine soon after he defeated LIcinius to reunite the empire. Both stressed peaceful pluralism. The <em>Edict to the Palestinians </em>is notable for the pluralism of its language. In it, Constantine repeatedly referred to God, but never mentioned Christ, using phrases common to Christians and pagans alike which is consistent with the search for a common denominator that was the hallmark of his religious policy. But, it is the <em>Edict to the Eastern Provincials </em>that fully expresses Constantine's commitment to accomodation and his rejection of coercive forms of conversion. He began with a prayer, invoking "<em>the most mighty God</em>" on behalf of "<em>the common benefit of the world and all mankind, I long for your people to be at peace and to remain free from strife</em>". He went on: "<em>Let those who delight in error alike with those who believe partake of the advantages of peace and quiet...Let no one disturb another, let each man hold fast to that which his soul wishes, let him make full use of this</em>". He continued, "<em>What each man has adopted as his persuasion, let him do no harm with this to another...For it is one thing to undertake the contest for immortality voluntarily, another to compel it with punishment</em>". Finally, Constantine condemned "<em>the violent opposition to wicked error...immoderately embedded in some souls, to the detriment to our common salvation</em>". Thus, in both word and deed Constantine supported pluralism, even while making his own commitment to Christianity explicit. In fact, during Constantine's reign, "<em>friendships between Christian bishops and pagan grandees</em>" were well known, and the many examples of the peaceful intermingling of pagan and Christian thought may be thought of as proof of the success of Constantine's policy of consensus and pluralism..."</span></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>"...Constantine fostered an atmosphere of religious liberty ... Since it favored all religions equally, the edict expressed a policy of religious liberty, not toleration...All should try to share the benefits of their religious understanding with others, but no one should force his or her truth upon another.</strong> … (for according to Constantine)..."<em><strong>it is one thing acting with free will to enter into contest for immortality, another to compel others to do so by force through the fear of punishment. No one should greatly trouble another, rather, everyone should follow what his soul prefers</strong></em>...This edict is a paradigmatic statement of concord. … Since Constantine hopes that common fellowship and the persuasion "of those who believe" will lead everyone freely to choose (what he called) the straight path, he indicates his wish that religious unity will ultimately evolve..." </span></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-size: 12px">Elizabeth DePalma Digeser, in <em>The making of a Christian Empire: Lactantius & Rome</em></span></li> </ul><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>In principle he (Constantine) treated religion as a matter of choice and conscience, an arena free of state meddling...<em>Liberis mentibus</em> — "With Free minds" — all are to worship their Gods.</strong> It is a remarkable policy, an unexpected one, since it would have been natural for a ruler after his conversion to a new religion to shift all the previous relations. … Most of the apologists who defended the Church in the early centuries advocated freedom of religion...the latin rhetor Lactantius developed a theological arguement for religious freedom. Lactantius was close enough to Constantine later to serve as tutor to the emperor's sons, and his influence is evident in many ways in Constantine's own writings...He (Lactantius) asked those who believed in compulsion of religion: "What good can you do, then, if you defile the body but cannot break the will?" It is a surprisingly modern statement, arguing, that religious freedom is the "first freedom", rooted in the very nature of religious life as an exercise of free will...Under Constantine's policy of concord, the Church was flooded with new converts, not through coercion but by force of Imperial example...Eventually, Christian Emperors abandoned Constantinian religious policy...Constantine favoured the Church but gave serious attention to protecting the rights of non-Christians.</span></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-size: 12px">Peter J. Leithart, in <em>Defending Constantine : The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom</em> (2010)</span></li> </ul><p>One historian writes: </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><strong>"...Constantine achieved true religious freedom for pagans and Christians. He did this while cooperating with the Christian church to produce a Roman republic with ethical standards and moral development.</strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Constantine outlawed an ancient version of "no fault divorce," which led to the abandonment of women, gladiatorial games, which littered arenas with bodies, and the exposure of children, which usually resulted in infanticide. He also passed laws that would provide welfare for poor people who couldn't afford to raise a new baby. He reformed the justice system by eliminating the buying and selling of judgeships, and allowed those who couldn't afford an attorney to appeal to an ecclesiastical court.</strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>It appears that the true <em>pax Romana</em> did not occur under Caesar Augustus but under Constantine, and that we often look positively barbaric next to the first Christian Emperor..."</strong></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Archived_member15, post: 165320, member: 17438"] Also of note is the religious policy of the first Catholic Christian Emperor of Rome, Saint Constantine the Great. He was noted for his remarkable tolerance and defence of pagan religions, and indeed freedom of religion. In fact his Edict of Milan is the first time in history where people were given complete religious freedom to choose a religion of their choice. [I]However [/I]he did not tolerate dissent or diversity of opinion within the Catholic Church. This led to conflict with his own Church, since Bishops disputed that he did not have a right to interfere in Church matters. He allowed any Christian to convert from Catholicism to another religion, and vice-versa, however if you chose to be Catholic then he wanted you to be Catholic [I]in his way. Of course, nobody was killed under his reign for heresy, although conflicts did arise in which he used his Army to crush rebels. But one does wish that he had been as tolerant of diversity in his own religion as he was of other religions. But it highlights nonetheless, that where Catholicism is properly practised, you get complete tolerance and liberty for citizens of different faiths. [/I] You can read some quotes from his edicts and writings now: [SIZE=3]"...Each one may have the free opportunity to worship as he pleases; this regulation is made we that we may not seem to detract from any dignity or any religion...It is one thing acting with free will to enter into contest for immortality, another to compel others to do so by force through the fear of punishment. No one should greatly trouble another, rather, everyone should follow what his soul prefers..." [/SIZE] [B][SIZE=3]- Saint Constantine the Great (c.[COLOR=black]272[/COLOR][/SIZE][COLOR=black][SIZE=3] –[/SIZE][SIZE=3] 337), first Catholic ruler of Roman Empire [/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=black][SIZE=3]"...Amongst those things that are profitable to mankind in general, the reverence paid to the Divinity merited our first and chief attention, and that it was proper that the Christians and all others should have liberty to follow that mode of religion which to each of them appeared best; so that that God might be benign and propitious to us, and to every one under our government. And therefore we judged it a salutary measure, and one highly consonant to right reason, that no man should be denied leave of attaching himself to the rites of the Christians, or to whatever other religion his mind directs him, that thus the supreme Divinity, to whose worship we freely devote ourselves, might continue to vouchsafe His favour and beneficence to us. And accordingly we give you to know that, without regard to any provisos in our former orders to you concerning the Christians, all who choose that religion are to be permitted, freely and absolutely, to remain in it, and not to be disturbed any ways, or molested. And we thought fit to be thus special in the things committed to your charge, that you might understand that the indulgence which we have granted in matters of religion to the Christians is ample and unconditional; and perceive at the same time that the open and free exercise of their respective religions is granted to all others, as well as to the Christians. For it befits the well-ordered state and the tranquillity of our times that each individual be allowed, according to his own choice, to worship the Divinity; and we mean not to derogate aught from the honour due to any religion or its votaries..." [/SIZE][/COLOR] [COLOR=black][SIZE=3][B]- Saint Constantine the Great (c.[COLOR=black]272[/COLOR][/B][COLOR=black][B] –[/B][B] 337), first Catholic ruler of Roman Empire[/B] [/COLOR][/SIZE][/COLOR] Rodney Stark, a Protetant historian, speaks of Constantione's religious policy in a recent 2011 book: [SIZE=3]"...Although Constantine played a central role in repressing all Christian dissent, he was remarkably tolerant of paganism throughout his reign. Constantine neither outlawed paganism nor did he condone persecution of non-Christians. In fact, although Constantine subsidized and gave official standing to the Catholic Church, he continued also funding pagan temples...More significant even than his toleration of pagan temples, Constantine continued to appoint pagans to the very highest positions, including those of consul and prefect. In addition, pagan philosophers played a prominent role in his court and depictions of the sun god appeared on his coins. Indeed Constantine directed his most ferocious rhetoric not against pagans, but against Christian dissidents...Historians cite the persistence of pagan elements in his reign as examples of his commitment to religious harmony. Of critical importance are two edicts issued by Constantine soon after he defeated LIcinius to reunite the empire. Both stressed peaceful pluralism. The [I]Edict to the Palestinians [/I]is notable for the pluralism of its language. In it, Constantine repeatedly referred to God, but never mentioned Christ, using phrases common to Christians and pagans alike which is consistent with the search for a common denominator that was the hallmark of his religious policy. But, it is the [I]Edict to the Eastern Provincials [/I]that fully expresses Constantine's commitment to accomodation and his rejection of coercive forms of conversion. He began with a prayer, invoking "[I]the most mighty God[/I]" on behalf of "[I]the common benefit of the world and all mankind, I long for your people to be at peace and to remain free from strife[/I]". He went on: "[I]Let those who delight in error alike with those who believe partake of the advantages of peace and quiet...Let no one disturb another, let each man hold fast to that which his soul wishes, let him make full use of this[/I]". He continued, "[I]What each man has adopted as his persuasion, let him do no harm with this to another...For it is one thing to undertake the contest for immortality voluntarily, another to compel it with punishment[/I]". Finally, Constantine condemned "[I]the violent opposition to wicked error...immoderately embedded in some souls, to the detriment to our common salvation[/I]". Thus, in both word and deed Constantine supported pluralism, even while making his own commitment to Christianity explicit. In fact, during Constantine's reign, "[I]friendships between Christian bishops and pagan grandees[/I]" were well known, and the many examples of the peaceful intermingling of pagan and Christian thought may be thought of as proof of the success of Constantine's policy of consensus and pluralism..."[/SIZE] [SIZE=3][B]"...Constantine fostered an atmosphere of religious liberty ... Since it favored all religions equally, the edict expressed a policy of religious liberty, not toleration...All should try to share the benefits of their religious understanding with others, but no one should force his or her truth upon another.[/B] … (for according to Constantine)..."[I][B]it is one thing acting with free will to enter into contest for immortality, another to compel others to do so by force through the fear of punishment. No one should greatly trouble another, rather, everyone should follow what his soul prefers[/B][/I]...This edict is a paradigmatic statement of concord. … Since Constantine hopes that common fellowship and the persuasion "of those who believe" will lead everyone freely to choose (what he called) the straight path, he indicates his wish that religious unity will ultimately evolve..." [/SIZE] [LIST] [*][SIZE=3]Elizabeth DePalma Digeser, in [I]The making of a Christian Empire: Lactantius & Rome[/I][/SIZE] [/LIST][SIZE=3][B]In principle he (Constantine) treated religion as a matter of choice and conscience, an arena free of state meddling...[I]Liberis mentibus[/I] — "With Free minds" — all are to worship their Gods.[/B] It is a remarkable policy, an unexpected one, since it would have been natural for a ruler after his conversion to a new religion to shift all the previous relations. … Most of the apologists who defended the Church in the early centuries advocated freedom of religion...the latin rhetor Lactantius developed a theological arguement for religious freedom. Lactantius was close enough to Constantine later to serve as tutor to the emperor's sons, and his influence is evident in many ways in Constantine's own writings...He (Lactantius) asked those who believed in compulsion of religion: "What good can you do, then, if you defile the body but cannot break the will?" It is a surprisingly modern statement, arguing, that religious freedom is the "first freedom", rooted in the very nature of religious life as an exercise of free will...Under Constantine's policy of concord, the Church was flooded with new converts, not through coercion but by force of Imperial example...Eventually, Christian Emperors abandoned Constantinian religious policy...Constantine favoured the Church but gave serious attention to protecting the rights of non-Christians.[/SIZE] [LIST] [*][SIZE=3]Peter J. Leithart, in [I]Defending Constantine : The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom[/I] (2010)[/SIZE] [/LIST] One historian writes: [B]"...Constantine achieved true religious freedom for pagans and Christians. He did this while cooperating with the Christian church to produce a Roman republic with ethical standards and moral development. Constantine outlawed an ancient version of "no fault divorce," which led to the abandonment of women, gladiatorial games, which littered arenas with bodies, and the exposure of children, which usually resulted in infanticide. He also passed laws that would provide welfare for poor people who couldn't afford to raise a new baby. He reformed the justice system by eliminating the buying and selling of judgeships, and allowed those who couldn't afford an attorney to appeal to an ecclesiastical court. It appears that the true [I]pax Romana[/I] did not occur under Caesar Augustus but under Constantine, and that we often look positively barbaric next to the first Christian Emperor..."[/B] [/QUOTE]
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