☀️ JOIN SPN MOBILE
Forums
New posts
Guru Granth Sahib
Composition, Arrangement & Layout
ਜਪੁ | Jup
ਸੋ ਦਰੁ | So Dar
ਸੋਹਿਲਾ | Sohilaa
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਿਰੀਰਾਗੁ | Raag Siree-Raag
Gurbani (14-53)
Ashtpadiyan (53-71)
Gurbani (71-74)
Pahre (74-78)
Chhant (78-81)
Vanjara (81-82)
Vaar Siri Raag (83-91)
Bhagat Bani (91-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
Ashtpadi (109)
Ashtpadiyan (110-129)
Ashtpadi (129-130)
Ashtpadiyan (130-133)
Bara Maha (133-136)
Din Raen (136-137)
Vaar Maajh Ki (137-150)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
Quartets/Couplets (185-220)
Ashtpadiyan (220-234)
Karhalei (234-235)
Ashtpadiyan (235-242)
Chhant (242-249)
Baavan Akhari (250-262)
Sukhmani (262-296)
Thittee (296-300)
Gauree kii Vaar (300-323)
Gurbani (323-330)
Ashtpadiyan (330-340)
Baavan Akhari (340-343)
Thintteen (343-344)
Vaar Kabir (344-345)
Bhagat Bani (345-346)
ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
Chaupaday (348-364)
Panchpadde (364-365)
Kaafee (365-409)
Aasaavaree (409-411)
Ashtpadiyan (411-432)
Patee (432-435)
Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
Bhagat Bani (475-488)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
What's new
New posts
New media
New media comments
New resources
Latest activity
Videos
New media
New comments
Library
Latest reviews
Donate
Log in
Register
What's new
New posts
Menu
Log in
Register
Install the app
Install
Welcome to all New Sikh Philosophy Network Forums!
Explore Sikh Sikhi Sikhism...
Sign up
Log in
Discussions
Sikh Sikhi Sikhism
Origin Of Universe As Per SGGS - A Comparative Study With Other Religions And Science
JavaScript is disabled. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding.
You are using an out of date browser. It may not display this or other websites correctly.
You should upgrade or use an
alternative browser
.
Reply to thread
Message
<blockquote data-quote="Dalvinder Singh Grewal" data-source="post: 118216" data-attributes="member: 22683"><p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 18px"><strong>Origin of Universe - Recorded in Sri Guru Granth Sahib Compared with Other Religions and Science</strong></span></span> </p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'AmrLipi'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>auqpiq prlau sbdy hovY ] sbdy hI iPir Epiq hovY ](m 3,117-8)</strong></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>(The universe originates from the Word (sabd) and assimilates with the Word. It again originates from the Word.).</strong></span></span> </p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The concepts ‘known universe’, ‘observable universe’, or ‘visible universe’ are often used to describe the part of the universe that we can see or otherwise observe. But there is much more than whatever we observe. The limits of the boundaries of universe have not been fathomed, hence is called limitless. The Universe here is referred to as the entire creation and existence, visible and invisible; material and living; approachable and unapproachable for the beings. </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The universe has always been a wonder for the man. The more he looks deep, the more he is in wonder. When mothers point their fingers to the sky at night, tell their children about the universe in sky; the Big Bear, the satellites, the planets, the young minds gaze in amazement at the immenseness of the world around. As they grow, they become eager to know the numbers of these stars, their spread. They want to know, ‘Who created these?’ ‘How were these created?’ ‘When were these created?’ ‘What all do these contain?’ etc. Mothers do not have right answers to such questions. No one has! Some guess; others philosophize.</span></span> </p><p></p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Philosophers like Aristotle philosophisized at the God’s wonder world; the phenomena of the moon and those of the sun and the stars, and about the origin of the universe.1 </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Derek Parfit, a contemporary philosopher, declared that "No question is more sublime than why there is a Universe: why there is anything rather than nothing."2 Philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz philosophized that ‘the existence of a metaphysically necessary being which carries within itself the sufficient reason for its own existence and which constitutes the sufficient reason for the existence of everything else in the world’. Bertrand Russell in his BBC radio debate with Frederick Copleston thought it to be beyond any philosophy. He simply said "The universe is just there, and that's all." 3</span></span> </p><p></p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Scientists too, have been trying to fathom limits of the boundaries. Most of the recent Nobel prizes in physics including in 2006, have been won on measurement tools of the distances to the ****hest stars in the universe. But so far no verifiable records exist to reply ‘wh’ questions about this universe. There is nothing to confirm if it originated itself or someone else created it. No account gives the length, breadth, depth or height of the universe. No one has seen the ends of The Universe. None knows time of creation. No one even correctly knows whether the universe is expanding or contracting. Yet there is so much written about ‘wh’s of the universe because we are inquisitive and we want to know the truth about the universe of which we are part and parcel. Similarly no one can definitely state about life whether it came from egg, earth, water, air or from elsewhere. Yet there are numerous sciences and philosophies which base their theories and experiments on the life in The Universe. Similarly no one knows how the life in the universe was originated or came into existence. </span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">A lot has been written or imagined about the life on other planets. The new generation is crazy about the ‘life in other worlds.’ Books have been written imagining fighting and cooperating with beings from the other planets. A number of films have shown imaginary worlds with different beings. </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Thus to know about origin and the originator of the universe and life and to find answers to other related questions, there is always a craze among the children, young and the aged, throughout the ages. Various legends, anecdotes, stories and theories have been attributed to the origin of The Universe. </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">According to David, world religions are subdivided into a total of 270 large religious groups, and even many thousands of smaller ones. Among these various faith groups, there are probably at least 500 different creation stories to draw from -- all different.</span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">From the beginning of the times, the man, has tried to solve the mystery of the creation of the universe. Countless they have been those myths and the legends that, in the diverse cultures, they have arisen as faithful.</span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">During my research on tribes of Arunachal Pradesh in India, I found Adis, the most populated tribe in the state, believing in Sun-Moon God (<em>Abo-Tani</em>) who created the universe and its people. There are 110 tribes spread over the entire state. Most of them believe in different Creators.</span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Hindu Scriptures</strong></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">According to Indian tradition the Hindu religion itself has various stories about the origin in their scriptures. Not long ago, the earth was stated to be seated on bull’s horns, or on the back of a tortoise or a whale. <em> Maha-Bhagwat</em> (<em>Devipuran</em>) records the following: ‘In the beginning, this universe was without any sun, moon, stars, day-night, fire, directions, word, touch or any other form of energy.4 <em> Shatpath Brahma</em> describes, “<em>Prajapati</em> said ‘<em>bhoo</em>’; lo there was the earth: he then said ‘<em>bhuvah</em>’; lo there was the sky.”5 <em>Matsya Puran, Harivansh Puran, Vishnu Puran</em> etc., have many such mythologies. <em>Bhagvat Gita, Sankhya Shastra, Yog Shastra, Nayaya Shastra</em> and <em>Vaisheshik Shastra</em> discuss these legends and stories in some detail. </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">According to <em> Shaivism</em>, the universe and its beings originated from the Unmanifest. The Unmanifest is the Supreme Substance or Essence (<em>Mula Bhuta or Para Vastu</em>)6 There are three factors or entities: generation, generated and the generator; (<em>Janman, Janaka</em>, and <em>Janya</em>). The generator is the substrate or the cause of the generation while the effect is the substance, the generated one. The substance is under continuous change (<em>Vikrita</em>) modification or transformation. The Unmanifest is the creator, the Great Principle (<em>Maha Tattva</em>) which has the three basic qualities (<em>Gunas</em><strong>)</strong>, Virtue, passion, and darkness (<em>Sattva, Rajas</em> and <em>Tamas</em>) in the Internal-organs (the seat of thought and feeling, mind, the thinking faculty, the heart, the conscience, the soul).7 He generates three kinds of <em>Ahamkara</em>, colored by <em>Sattva, Rajas</em>, and <em> Tamas</em>. Nature or matter (<em>Prakriti</em>) is the originally created substance which in the process of continuous transformation (<em>Vikrita</em>) becomes changed product (<em>Vikrti</em>). Therefore, the changed product (<em>Vikriti)</em> is the reflection (<em>pratibimba</em>) of the nature, the original product (<em>Maha Tattva</em> or Vikrti). Nature generates eight products:1. Intution (<em>Mahat or Buddhi</em>) 2. Ego (<em>Ahamkara)</em>, 3. Mind (<em>Manas</em>), 4. Ether (<em>Akasa</em>), 5. Air (<em>Vayu</em>), 6 Fire (<em>Tejas</em>), 7. Water (<em>Apas)</em>, and 8. Earth (<em>Kshiti</em>). </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The transformed nature of matter (<em>Vikrti</em>) and the eight elements that are its progeny are the primary and secondary causes of the universe. (In <em> Tantra Sastra</em>, all powers are of equal importance, while in <em>Vaidic Sastras, Purusa</em> is the spirit and <em>Prakriti</em> is the matter.) The nine centers of powers or Conscious Powers (Chakras) are the eight Lotuses (<em>Padmas</em>) 1. <em>Sahasrara </em> (seat of universal power), 2. Sound (<em>Nada</em>), 3. Light (<em>Bindu</em>), 4. <em>Ajna 5. Visuddha, 6. Anahata, 7. Manipura, 8. Svadhisthana, and 9. Muladhara</em>. </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Lotus (<em>Sahasrara Padma</em>) is the seat of universal power which generated sound (<em>Nada</em>) and light (<em>Bindu</em>). From sound energy (<em>Nada Shakti</em>), the universe of beings and matter emanated. The lower six chakras contain fifty petals with 50 Sanskrit letters inscribed on them, attesting to the fact that the universe originated from Sound. The first three centers form the basis of <em>Saiva Siddhanta</em> philosophy. They are the Conscious Centers, the brain and the know-how behind creation, having the Will (<em>Iccha</em>) to create; they represent the knowledge (<em>Gyan</em>) aspect of the Creator. The 4th, 5th, and 6th centers represent the action based on knowledge and creativity (<em>Kriya)</em> power of the Creator. The 7th, 8th, and 9th are the dilute human versions of Siva-Sakti's Knowledge (<em>Gyan</em>), Will (<em>Iccha</em>) and Creativity (<em>Kriya</em>). </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The three qualities of the insentient and the sentient, <em>Sattva, Rajas</em> and <em>Tamas</em> assume an ontological status in <em>Brahma, Vishnu</em>, and <em>Rudra</em> under the aegis of <em>Mahesvara</em> for creation, sustenance, and dissolution of the universe. <em>Mahesvara</em> pervades them all, and in their roles, they are called <em>Alinga, Linga</em>, and <em>Lingalinga</em>. He is <em>Pradhana</em> (primordial unmanifested matter), <em>Bija </em> (the seed), and Yoni (the womb). <em>Prakrti,</em> the unmanifest matter, wakes up to become manifest and fecund upon the glance of the Lord <em> Mahesvara.</em> This potentially nubile and fecund <em>Aja</em> (the unborn Prakrti) of red, white and black complexion (<em>Rajas, Sattva</em> and <em>Tamas</em>) enjoys the advances of Purusa when it comes of age and gives birth to this universe and beings. This gestation goes through several stages. The <em>gunas</em> of <em>Aja</em> undergo agitation and <em> Mahat</em> springs forth. This creative cascade, starting from <em>Mahat</em>, in a downstream fashion, results in ego (<em>ahamkara</em>) with three colors or <em>gunas: Sattvika</em> (white) <em>ahankar, Rajasic</em> (red) <em> ahamkara,</em> and <em>Tamasic</em> (black) <em>ahamkara.</em> The <em>Sattvika ahamkara</em> gives rise to the mind and the presiding deities of the senses; the <em>Rajasic ahamkara</em> gives rise to the sensory and motor organs; the <em>Tamasika ahamkara</em> gives rise to the subtle elements like sound, touch, color and vision, taste, and odor. </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The five subtle elements, upon combination, starting from sound give rise to gross elements with cumulative qualities. </span></span></p><p> <p style="text-align: left"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Element––––––––––></strong></span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Resulting product–––></strong></span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Cumulative & Special Quality</strong></span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Sound––––––-></span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Ether–>All-pervasive</span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Sound</span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Ether –––––––></span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Air––––––––––></span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Sound and touch</span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Air and Ether–––></span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Fire–––––––––-></span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Sound, touch, and color or form</span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Air and Fire–––-></span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Water––––––––-></span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Sound, touch, color, and taste</span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Water and Fire––></span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Earth–––––––––></span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Sound, touch, colour, taste, and odour</span></span> </p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Christian Scriptures</strong></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Christian Scripture ‘Bible’ narrates the origin of the universe and life in Genesis chapters 1 and 2. According to it God created the universe in the first four days and the living creatures on fifth and sixth day, man having been created on the first day itself </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‘In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth, ’the earth was without form and void’; ‘darkness was upon the face of the deep’; ‘the spirit of God moved upon the face of waters’. ‘God said, let there be light and there was light.’ ‘God divided the light from the darkness.’ God called the light Day, and the darkness He called night.’ ‘The evening and morning were the first day.’’ Second day, God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament. From the waters which were above the firmament. God called the firmament Heaven. Waters under the heaven gathered together unto one place, and the dry land appeared.’ ‘God called the dry land the earth and the gathering together of the waters called the Seas’ ‘The grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit were created on third day’. ‘Seasons and stars were created on fourth day.’ 8</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Many religious persons, including many scientists and philosophers, hold that God created the universe and the various processes driving physical and biological evolution and that these processes then resulted in the creation of galaxies, our solar system, planets, atmosphere and life on Earth. This belief, which sometimes is termed "theistic evolution," is not in disagreement with scientific explanations of evolution. Indeed, it reflects the remarkable and inspiring character of the physical universe revealed by cosmology, paleontology, molecular biology, and many other scientific disciplines and theories. </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The advocates of "creation science" hold a variety of viewpoints. Some claim that earth and the universe are relatively young, perhaps only 6,000 to 10,000 years old. These individuals often believe that the present physical form of earth can be explained by "catastrophism," including a worldwide flood, and that all living things (including humans) were created miraculously, essentially in the shapes and forms we now find them and observe. Other advocates of creation science are willing to accept that earth, the planets, and the stars may have existed from unknown times. But they argue that the various types of organisms, and especially humans, could only have come about with supernatural intervention, because they show "intelligent design." </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Charles Darwin propagated the theory of evolution as against this theory of creation. The term "evolution" usually refers to the biological evolution of living things. But the processes by which planets, stars, galaxies, and the universe form and change over time are also types of "evolution." In all of these cases there is change over time, although the processes involved are quite different.9 The two theories are compared below:</span></span></p><p> <p style="text-align: left"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Creation Theory</strong></span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">G</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">enesis1-2 gives the same</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> order of formation of the earth as later proposed by noted astronomer (astrophysicist) Hugh Ross </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">1. Creation of the physical universe (space, time, matter, energy, galaxies, stars, planets, etc.)</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> 2. Transformation of the earth’s atmosphere from opaque to translucent. </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> 3. Formation of a stable water cycle. </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> 4. Origination of continent(s) and ocean(s).</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> 5. Creation of plants on the continent(s). </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> 6. Transformation of the atmosphere from translucent to transparent (Sun, Moon, and stars become visible).</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">7. Creation of small sea animals.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">8. Creation of sea mammals.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">9. Creation of birds.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">10. Conversion of land mammals (wild mammals, mammals that can be domesticated, and rodents).</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">11. Creation of mankind.</span></span> </p> <p style="text-align: left"></p> <p style="text-align: left"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">In Genesis chapters 6 through 8—what can be referred to as “The Flood”, to save themselves, Noah and his family built a covered boat called an “ark.” It was a large, boxy craft that resembled a covered barge. </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Evolution Theory</strong></span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Charles Darwin studied wildlife while on a voyage and he noticed the variation in the appearance of the individual animals. He guessed that this variation, given enough time, would allow these animals to change to the point that they looked different. This process of changing an organism’s appearance through a series of small and continuous changes is correctly called “microevolution” After a series of micro-evolutionary changes, a frog may be larger or changed in color, but it is still a frog—not a fish or a lizard.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">According to modern scientists we came into existence by a two step process: First, 10 plus billion years of accidental, random atomic collisions effected in the formation of some simple form of life. Scientists call this development of living organisms from nonliving matter “<strong>abiogenesis</strong>.”</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Second, they use Darwin’s theory, stating that this simple life evolved over the next 3 plus billion years into the plants, animals, and humans we see around us today—using the long term effects of continuous micro-evolutionary changes. Scientists call this process of developing new life forms “macroevolution” Both of these processes complete together are what the public at large and specially the scientific community think that the “theory of evolution” is</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Therefore, abiogenesis combined with macroevolution is what we are call the “theory of evolution”..</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"> </p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">There are no valid scientific data or calculations to substantiate the belief that earth was created just a few thousand years ago. Independent scientific methods and techniques consistently give an age for earth and the solar system of about 5 billion years, and an age for our galaxy and the universe that is two to three times greater. These inferences make the origin of the universe as a whole intelligible, lend coherence to many different branches of science, and form the core conclusions of a remarkable collection of knowledge about the origins and behavior of the physical world. Nor is there any evidence that the entire geological record, with its orderly succession of fossils, is the effect of a single universal flood that occurred a few thousand years ago, lasted a little longer than a year, and covered the highest mountains to a depth of several meters. On the contrary, inter-tidal and terrestrial deposits demonstrate that at no recorded time in the past has the entire planet been under water. Moreover, a universal flood of sufficient magnitude to form the sedimentary rocks seen today, which together are many kilometers thick, would require a volume of water far greater than has ever existed on and in earth, at least since the formation of the first known solid crust about 4 billion years ago. The belief that earth's sediments, with their fossils, were deposited in an orderly sequence in a year's time defies all geological observations and physical principles concerning sedimentation rates and possible quantities of suspended solid matter. </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Scientists and philosophers who promote evolutionary thought usually come from one of three scientific fields. The first field is called <strong>paleontology</strong>. A paleontologist is a scientist who (1) examines fossils, (2) proposes the “family tree of life” they come from, (3) estimates the time frame in which they lived (based on the geologic rock layers they were found in), and (4) speculates on their evolutionary paths. The other two fields in this area are <strong>geology</strong> (the study of “rocks”) and <strong>biology</strong> (the study animals and plants). The scientists in these areas are closely related and often work together.</span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The work that involves studying the evolutionary development of groups of organisms (plants and animals) is called <strong>phylogeny</strong> and can be done by any of these people. There are other related fields such as anthropology and even astronomy that provide knowledge relevant to our discussion of creation and evolution. These are simply the scientific fields that supply most of the facts related to this topic. Many of them, especially scientists in the related fields of astronomy and astrophysics, are realizing that the Bible’s creation account is a good explanation of “how we got here.” Still, although many astronomers accept a “Creator,” many still interpret the Bible so loosely that they believe that the universe (and the earth) is billions of years old. </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Muslim Scriptures</strong></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">According to Quran, God said <em>kun </em>(be it so) and the entire world came into existence. It also confirms the story of Bible saying, ”We created sky and earth along with all other things created within six days but we never felt tired.” (Surat Kaf, Ayt 38) The angels were created from light, demons were created from fire and the human were created from earth. Following other verses in Quran have the references to the origin of the universe:</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">"He (The God) is the Originator of the heavens and the earth." (The Qur'an, 6:101) "And it is We who have constructed the heaven with might, and verily, it is We who are steadily expanding it." (The Qur'an, 51:47)"Do not the Unbelievers see that the heavens and the earth were joined together (as one unit of creation), before We clove them asunder, and We made from water every living thing. Will they not then believe?" (The Qur'an, 21:30)</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">"It is He Who created the night and the day, and the sun and the moon. They swim along, each in an orbit. “(The Qur'an, 21:33)"And the sun runs to its resting place. That is the decree of the Almighty, the All-Knowing. "He has created the Heavens and the Earth for Truth. He wraps the night up in the day, and wraps the day up in the night." (The Qur'an, 39:5) </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">We made the sky a preserved and protected roof yet still they turn away from Our Signs." (The Qur'an, 21:32)"It is He Who created everything on the earth for you and then directed His attention up to heaven and arranged it into seven regular heavens. He has knowledge of all things." (The Qur'an, 2:29). "Then He turned to heaven when it was smoke. In two days He determined them as seven heavens and revealed, in every heaven, its own mandate." (The Qur'an, 41:12)"We placed firmly embedded mountains on the earth, so it would not move under them…" (The Qur'an, 21:31). Have We not made the earth as a bed and the mountains its pegs?" (The Qur'an, 78:6-7) "And We send the fecundating winds, then cause water to descend from the sky, therewith providing you with water in abundance." (The Qur'an, 15:22)</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">"He has let loose the two seas, converging together, with a barrier between them they do not break through." (The Qur'an, 55:19-20)"Or (the unbelievers' state) are like the darkness of a fathomless sea which is covered by waves above which are waves above which are clouds, layers of darkness, one upon the other. If he puts out his hand, he can scarcely see it. Those God gives no light to, they have no light." (The Qur'an, 24:40)</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">"It is He who sends down water in due measure from the sky by which We bring a dead land back to life. That is how you too will be raised (from the dead)." (The Qur'an, 43:11)</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">"It is God Who sends the winds which stir up clouds which He spreads about the sky however He wills. He forms them into dark clumps and you see the rain come pouring out from the middle of them. When He makes it fall on those of His slaves He wills, they rejoice" (The Qur'an, 30:48)</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">"Have you not seen how God drives along the clouds, then joins them together, then makes them into a stack, and then you see the rain come out of it? And He sends down from the sky mountain masses (of clouds) with cold hail in them, striking with it anyone He wills and averting it from anyone He wills. The brightness of His lightning almost blinds the sight." (The Qur'an, 24:43)</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">"You will see the mountains you reckoned to be solid going past like clouds." (The Qur'an, 27:88)"…And We sent down iron in which there lies great force and which has many uses for mankind...." (The Qur'an, 57:25). "Glory be to Him Who created all the pairs: from what the earth produces and from themselves and from things unknown to them." (The Qur'an, 36:36) By Heaven with its cyclical systems." (The Qur'an, 86:11).Qur’an thus records that universe including earth, sky, seas, water, clouds, mountains, winds, light, day, night, dark all, were created by the God. Creation process and time of origin are not found recorded.Iranian, Yunanians Chinese and Semetic religions have different legends and stories to tell. Budhism, Jainism, and Deism too describe origin of the universe differently.</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Many esoteric and occult teachings involve highly elaborate cosmologies which constitute a "map" of the Universe and of states of existences and consciousness according to the worldview of that particular doctrine. Such cosmologies cover many of the same concerns also addressed by religious and philosophical cosmology, such as the origin, purpose, and destiny of the Universe and of consciousness and the nature of existence. Common themes addressed in esoteric cosmology are emanation, involution, evolution, epigenesis, planes of existence, hierarchies of spiritual beings, cosmic cycles (e.g., cosmic year, Yuga), Yogic or spiritual disciplines, and references to altered states of consciousness. Examples of esoteric cosmologies can be found in Gnosticism, </span></span><a href="http://www.haryana-online.com/Culture/tantra.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><em>Tantra</em></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> (especially <em>Kashmir Shaivism</em>), <em> Kabbalah, Sufism, Surat Shabda </em></span></span><a href="http://www.haryana-online.com/Culture/yoga.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><em>Yoga</em></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">, Theosophy, Anthroposophy, the Fourth Way teaching of Gurdjieff and Ouspensky, the teachings of Patrizia Norelli-Bachelet, Gnostic circle and in The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception. These propagate universe to be a thought process than of any material existence.</span></span></p><p> <strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>The Scientists Version</strong></span></span></strong></p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The Greek philosophers Aristarchus, Aristotle and Ptolemy announced different theories about universe. In particular, the geocentric Ptolemaic system was the accepted theory to explain the motion of the heavens until Nicolaus Copernicus, and subsequently Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei proposed a heliocentric system in the 16th century. With Isaac Newton and the 1687 publication of Principia Mathematica, the problem of the motion of the heavens was finally solved. Newton provided a physical mechanism for Kepler's laws and his law of universal gravitation allowed the anomalies in previous systems, caused by gravitational interaction between the planets, to be resolved. A fundamental difference between Newton's cosmology and those preceding it was the Copernican principle that the bodies on earth obey the same physical laws as all the celestial bodies. </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Modern scientific cosmology may be considered to begin in 1915 with Albert Einstein's publication of his general theory of relativity and the growing ability of astronomers to study very distant objects. Prior to this, physicists had taken that the Universe was static and unchanging. However, the general theory of relativity was not amenable to a static Universe. Thus the </span></span><a href="http://www.0rig.in/cosmology/big_bang_theory.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Big Bang theory</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> was proposed by the Belgian priest Georges Lemaître in 1927 and rapidly confirmed by Edwin Hubble's discovery of the red shift in 1929 and later by the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson in 1964.</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Recent observations made by the COBE and WMAP satellites observing this background radiation have effectively, in many scientists eyes, transformed cosmology from a highly speculative science into a predictive science, as these observations matched predictions made by a theory called Cosmic inflation, which is a modification of the standard big bang theory. </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">As the universe expanded, according to current scientific understanding, matter collected into clouds that began to condense and rotate, forming the forerunners of galaxies. Within galaxies, including our own Milky Way galaxy, changes in pressure caused gas and dust to form distinct clouds. In some of these clouds, where there was sufficient mass and the right forces, gravitational attraction caused the cloud to collapse. If the mass of material in the cloud was sufficiently compressed, nuclear reactions began and a star was born.</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Some proportion of stars, including our sun, formed in the middle of a flattened spinning disk of material. In the case of our sun, the gas and dust within this disk collided and aggregated into small grains, and the grains formed into larger bodies called planetesimals ("very small planets"), some of which reached diameters of several hundred kilometers. In successive stages these planetesimals coalesced into the nine planets and their numerous satellites. The rocky planets, including Earth, were near the sun, and the gaseous planets were in more distant orbits. </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">However there have been various other scientific theories which came up regarding origin of universe are summed up below: </span></span></p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> <img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> <strong>Universe</strong> </span></span></p><p> </p><p> </p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> <img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> <img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> </span></span></li> </ul><p></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> <img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> Creation Evolution </span></span></li> </ul><p></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> <img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> <img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> <img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> </span></span></li> </ul><p> </p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> By Superpower Self Creation</span></span></li> </ul><p></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> <img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> <img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> <img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> <img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> <img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> <img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> <img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> </span></span></li> </ul><p></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Tidal Protoplanet Higg’s Boson Lou William’s Super String Big Bang Other</span></span></li> </ul><p></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Theory Theory Theory Theory Theory Theory Theories </span></span></li> </ul><p></p><ol> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Creation Theories</strong>: </span></span></li> </ol><p></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> a) <strong>Superpower Theory</strong>: Some superpower created the universe.</span></span></li> </ul><p></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> b) <strong>Self creation theory:</strong> Matter somehow transformed into universe.</span></span></li> </ul><p></p><ol> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Evolution Theories:</strong></span></span><ol> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Tidal Theory</strong>: Big nebulae (cloud of gaseous matter) revolving around itself formed into sun. A big star moved close to sun whose gravitational force caused tidal waves on sun throwing up powerful sprays of gas</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Protoplanet Theory</strong>: Nebulae collapse formed proto-star. Thermonuclear reactions ignited it ensuring spin around own axis and flattened forming into planets, planetoids including earth. </span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Higg’s Boson Theory</strong>: God particle in space picked up cosmic dust and formed planets. </span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Lou William’s Theory</strong>: Lou Williams and Thorton Page stated that planets and satellites formed out of coalescing of small bodies of icy conglomerate planetesimals made up of matter embedded in ice.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Super String Theory</strong>: Space is full of very minute subatomic particles in vibrating strings which with time developed into plasma which grew bigger till exploded with energy resulting in birth of universe.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Other Theories</strong>: Other theories are more of speculations rather than having been based on any record or facts available. Plato surmised that the universe came out of inanimate matter like a chicken from an egg. Kant guessed that darkness and chaos generated gravity in the inanimate matter. Gravity generated heat and revolutions of matter around itself and the cooled matter formed into universe. R.A. Littleton advanced double star theory. According to it our sun and other star formed double star. Companion star exploded into gas which was captured by gravity of sun. Planets developed from this cloud. Condensation Theory suggests that only one star fragmented and formed into planets after condensation, large part remaining sun.</span></span></li> </ol> </li> </ol><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The ages of the universe, our galaxy, the solar system, and earth has also been estimated using modern scientific methods. The age of the universe can be derived from the observed relationship between the velocities of and the distances separating the galaxies. The velocities of distant galaxies can be measured very accurately, but the measurement of distances is more uncertain. Over the past few decades, measurements of the Hubble expansion have led to estimated ages for the universe of between 7 billion and 20 billion years, with the most recent and best measurements within the range of 10 billion to 15 billion years</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The age of the Milky Way galaxy has been calculated in two ways. One involves studying the observed stages of evolution of different-sized stars in globular clusters. Globular clusters occur in a faint halo surrounding the center of the Galaxy, with each cluster containing from a hundred thousand to a million stars. The very low amounts of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium in these stars indicate that they must have formed initially in the history of the Galaxy, before large amounts of heavy elements were created inside the initial generations of stars and later distributed into the interstellar medium through supernova explosions (the Big Bang itself created primarily hydrogen and helium atoms). Estimates of the ages of the stars in globular clusters fall within the range of 11 billion to 16 billion years. </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">A second method for estimating the age of our galaxy is based on the present abundances of several long-lived radioactive elements in the solar system. Their abundances are set by their rates of production and distribution through exploding supernovas. According to these calculations, the age of our galaxy is between 9 billion and 16 billion years. Thus, both ways of estimating the age of the Milky Way galaxy agree with each other, and they also are consistent with the independently derived estimate for the age of the universe. </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Radioactive elements originating naturally in rocks and minerals also provide a means of estimating the age of the solar system and Earth. Several of these elements decay with half lives between 700 million and more than 100 billion years (the half life of an element is the time it takes for half of the element to transform radioactively into another element). Applying these time-keepers, it is calculated that meteorites, which are fragments of asteroids, formed between 4.53 billion and 4.58 billion years ago (asteroids are small "planetoids" that revolve around the sun and are remnants of the solar nebula that gave rise to the sun and planets). The same radioactive time-keepers applied to the three oldest lunar samples returned to Earth by the Apollo astronauts infer ages between 4.4 billion and 4.5 billion years, providing minimum approximates for the time since the origin of the moon.</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The oldest known rocks on earth occur in northwestern Canada (3.96 billion years), but well-studied rocks equally as old are also found in other parts of the world. In Western Australia, zircon crystals encased within younger rocks have ages as old as 4.3 billion years, making these tiny crystals the oldest materials so far found on earth. The best estimates of earth's age are obtained by calculating the time required for development of the observed lead isotopes in Earth's oldest lead ores. These estimates yield 4.54 billion years as the age of Earth and of meteorites, and hence of the solar system.</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">In <strong>1929 </strong> Edwin Hubble's measurements of the red-shift in the optical spectra of light from distant galaxies,10 </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> which was taken to indicate a universal recessional motion of the light sources in the line of sight, provided a dramatic verification of the Friedman-Lemaitre model. Incredibly, what Hubble had discovered was the isotropic expansion of the universe predicted by Friedman and Lemaitre. It marked a veritable turning point in the history of science. "Of all the great predictions that science has ever made over the centuries," exclaims John Wheeler, "was there ever one greater than this, to predict, and predict correctly, and predict against all expectation a phenomenon so fantastic as the expansion of the universe?"11 </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>In 1923-29</strong> Hubble was able to resolve Cepheids in M31 (the Andromeda galaxy) with the 100" telescope at Mt Wilson. He developed a new distance measure using the brightest star for more distant galaxies. He correlated these measurements with Slipher's nebulae to discover a proportionality between velocity <em>v</em> vand distance <em>d</em>, that is, Hubbles law <em>v</em>=<em>Hd</em>. The constant of proportionality<em> H </em> is called Hubble's constant (it was significantly over-estimated by Hubble himself). </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> </span></span> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>In 1964</strong> working with a horn antenna (7.35cm) at Bell Labs, Penzias & Wilson fortuitously discovered an isotropic radio background, a relic left-over from the primordial fireball. This cosmic microwave background radiation is key evidence for the Hot Big Bang model. The temperature of this blackbody radiation is today measured to be T = 2.73K (that is, a rather cold -270C). </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>In 1986</strong> deep red shift galaxy surveys demonstrated the existence of huge bubbles, filaments and sheets on scales from 25Mpc to over 100Mpc. Subsequent galaxy surveys are providing detailed information about the distribution of large-scale structure. Radio galaxy and quasar surveys indicate homogeneity (or uniformity) is approached on scales of several hundred Mpc (that is, nearly a billion light years). </span></span></p><p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> <img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 10px">APM survey of thousands of galaxies showing their large-scale angular distribution in the sky</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><em>.</em></span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>In April 1992</strong>, the COBE satellite team announced the discovery of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background radiation at the level of one part in 100,000. These are thought to be a snapshot at t=400,000 years of the primodial fluctuations that led to galaxy formation. This map of the sky is also the best evidence for the isotropy (or spherical symmetry) of the Universe. </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>1995-96 </strong> the Hubble Space Telescope was able to resolve Cepheid variable stars in galaxies in the Virgo cluster, ensuring a much better calibration of distance measures. This has allowed more accurate estimates to be made of Hubble's constant <em>H</em>. Early galaxies and quasars have also been observed by the HST raising serious doubts about current structure formation models. </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The model which remained the bane of the researchers in twentieth century is Lemaitre’s Big Bang Model</span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Big Bang Theory</strong>: </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">George Lemaitre of Belgium advanced this theory in 1930, supported by Garag Gamov of Russia IN 1940 basing on an assumption of big bang having occurred 15 to 20 billions years ago which created the universe instantaneously in the millionth part of a second. <em>`The evolution of the world can be compared to a display of fireworks that has just ended; some few red wisps, ashes and smoke. Standing on a cooled cinder, we see the slow fading of the suns, and we try to recall the vanishing brilliance of the origin of the worlds.' Lemaitre.</em></span></span></p><p> </p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The explosion from zero volume at zero time of a corpuscle of energy equivalent to the mass and radiation that now constitute the Universe. It means that everything we now see or know about was once compacted into an unimaginably small blip that instantaneously expanded in a huge explosion that created the very space and time it was expanding into. </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 9px"><img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> </span></span><a href="http://www.ishipress.com/oldstars.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: #0000ff"><img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> </span></span></span></a></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 10px">a & b :The pictures represent the Big Bang, which revealed once again that God created the universe from nothingness. c) Photo from Hubble Space Telescope of the Southern Sky </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The Universe was created by a big bang which occurred about 13 billion years ago. Prior to the big bang, all the matter which exists in the universe as we know it today was compressed into an area perhaps no larger than the head of a pin. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">After the big bang, all matter was scattered into what can be thought of as fine dust, or a cloud or mist. The particles were too small to be detected today. They were what we now call nano-particles; much smaller than even the basic building blocks of electrons, protons and neutrons. Larger structures came later. In the years after the big bang, the universe rapidly expanded. The universe may be thought of as a balloon blowing up. As air is pumped into a balloon, the dots on the surface get further and further apart. Similarly, as the universe grew older and expanded, the objects in it got further and further apart. </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Some objects randomly came together and fused into larger objects. More particles unified and bigger objects formed. About 100,000 years after the Big Bang, the temperature of the Universe had dropped sufficiently for electrons and protons to combine into hydrogen atoms, p + e --> H, which consists of one proton, one neutron and one electron. From this time onwards, radiation was effectively unable to interact with the background gas; it has propagated freely ever since, while constantly emitting energy because its wavelength is stretched by the expansion of the Universe. Originally, the radiation temperature was about 3000 degrees Kelvin, whereas today it has fallen to only 3K. </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">About one second after the Big Bang, matter - in the form of free neutrons and protons - was very hot and dense. As the Universe expanded, the temperature fell and some of these nucleons were synthesized into the light elements: deuterium (D), helium-3, and helium-4. Theoretical calculations for these nuclear processes predict, for example, that about a quarter of the Universe consists of helium-4, a result which is in good agreement with current stellar observations. </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The heavier elements, of which we are partly made, were created later in the interiors of stars and spread widely in supernova explosions. The standard Hot Big Bang model also provides a framework in which to understand the collapse of matter to form galaxies and other large-scale structures observed in the Universe today. At about 10,000 years after the Big Bang, the temperature had fallen to such an extent that the energy density of the Universe began to be dominated by massive particles, rather than the light and other radiation which had predominated earlier. This change in the form of the main matter density meant that the gravitational forces between the massive particles could begin to take effects, so that any small perturbations in their density would grow. Ten billion years later we see the results of this collapse. </span></span></p><p> <a href="http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/cs_home.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Particle cosmology</strong></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> builds a picture of the universe prior to this at temperature regimes which still lie within known physics. For example, high energy particle accelerators at CERN and Fermi lab allow us to test physical models for processes which would occur only 0.00000000001 seconds after the Big Bang. This area of cosmology is more speculative, as it involves at least some extrapolation, and often faces intractable difficulties in calculations. Many cosmologists argue that reasonable extrapolations can be made to times as early as a grand unification phase transition. </span></span></p><p> <a href="http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/qg_qc.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Quantum cosmology</strong></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> considers questions about the origin of the Universe itself. This endeavors to describe quantum processes at the earliest times that we can conceive of a classical space-time, that is, the Planck epoch at </span></span></p><p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">0.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 seconds.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Given that we as yet do not have a fully self-consistent theory of quantum gravity, this area of cosmology is more speculative. </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Despite the self-consistency and remarkable success of the standard Hot Big Bang model in describing the evolution of the universe back to only one hundredth of a second, a number of unanswered questions remain regarding the initial state of the universe. </span></span></p><p> <strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>The Steady State Model</strong></span></span></strong></p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The Big Bang Model was questioned by many scientists. Sir Fred Hoyle, for example, could countenance neither an uncaused nor a supernaturally caused origin of the universe. With respect to the first alternative, he wrote, "This most peculiar situation is taken by many astronomers to represent <em> the origin of the universe.</em> The universe is supposed to have begun at this particular time. From where? The usual answer, surely an unsatisfactory one, is: from nothing!" Equally unsatisfactory in Hoyle's mind was the postulation of a supernatural cause. Noting that some accept happily the universe's absolute beginning, Hoyle complained,</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">To many people this thought process seems highly satisfactory because a 'something' outside physics can then be introduced at t = 0. By a semantic manoeuvre, the word 'something' is then replaced by 'god,' except that the first letter becomes a capital, God, in order to warn us that we must not carry the enquiry any further.12 To Hoyle's credit, he did carry the inquiry further by helping to formulate in 1948 the first competitor to the Standard Model, namely, the Steady State Model of the universe13. According to this theory, the universe is in a state of isotropic cosmic expansion, but as the galaxies recede, new matter is drawn into being <em>ex nihilo</em> in the interstices of space created by the galactic recession.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> <img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Steady State Model. As the galaxies mutually recede, new matter comes into existence to replace them. The universe thus constantly renews itself and so never began to exist.</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">If one extrapolates the expansion of the universe back in time, the density of the universe never increases because the matter and energy simply vanish as the galaxies mutually approach!</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">This theory was developed by Bondi, Gold and Fred Hoyle. According to this theory, "the universe is of infinite age and obeys a perfect Cosmological Postulates such that it appears the same at all instants of time as well as the locations in Space.' (Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 18, p. 1007). The number of galaxies is continuously being created out of empty space which will fill up the gaps caused by those galaxies which have crossed the boundary of observable universe. As a result of it; the overall size and mass of the observable universe remains constant. Thus a steady state of the universe is not disturbed at all. It thus postulates that the universe is not subject to evolutionary process. Its kinematic properties like that of other cosmological models are "isotropic, homogeneous and expanding." (Encyclopedia Britannica Vol.18, p.1007). According to this theory the past cannot be distinguished from the present for they are the same hence the appearance of galaxies will not vary with distance. This however is contradicted by the radio astronomical observations, which have conclusively established that the occurrence of radio galaxies is evidently very different distances. (Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol.18, p.1007). Hence based on "esoteric theories and uncertain data" they conclude that the universe will continue to expand indefinitely (Encyclopedia of Physics p. 142). This will however happen only if the universe is really completely self contained <em> (saibhang</em>) having no boundary of edge it would have neither beginning nor end." </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The Steady State theory never secured a single piece of experimental verification; its appeal was purely metaphysical.14 The discovery of progressively more radio galaxies at ever greater distances undermined the theory by showing that the universe had an evolutionary history. But the decisive refutation of the Steady State Model came with two discoveries which constituted, in addition to the galactic red-shift, the most significant evidence for the Big Bang theory: the cosmogenic nucleo-synthesis of the light elements and the microwave background radiation. As a result, in the words of Ivan King, "The steady-state theory has now been laid to rest, as a result of clear-cut observations of how things have changed with time."15 </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Pulsating Theory: </strong>According to this theory, the universe is supposed to be expanding and contracting alternately i.e., pulsating. At present, the universe is expanding. According to this theory it is possible that at a certain time, the expansion of the universe may be stopped by the gravitational pull and the universe may contract again. After it has been contracted to a certain size, explosion again occurs and the universe will start expanding. The alternate expansion and contraction of the universe give rise to a pulsating universe16. The tragedy of this theory is the methods of verification of facts. The universe is so vast that it is not possible to fathom their behavior by sample observations. Another aspect is the variety in universal creation. No too beings or natural creations are the same. There is difference in each and to take one sample out of any group may not provide exact answer for the other. The second aspect of the universe is the continuous change. No one can measure the speed of change billions of miles away as the most stars are much beyond. Hence to provide computerized solutions is an imaginary solution and not a practical one at his stage. Thus the astronomers can never explain the Origin of the Universe as an observable fact and verifiable reality. Neither a satisfactory mathematical model can be worked out to explain the complex systems of the universe17.</span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Shape of the Universe</strong></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">An important open question is the shape of the Universe. Firstly, whether the Universe is spatially flat, i.e. whether the rules of Euclidean geometry are valid on the largest scales is unknown. Currently, most cosmologists believe that the observable Universe is very nearly spatially flat, with local wrinkles where massive objects distort space-time, just as a lake is (nearly) flat.</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Secondly, whether the Universe is multiply connected, is unknown. The Universe has no spatial boundary according to the standard Big Bang model, but nevertheless may be spatially finite (compact). This can be understood using a two-dimensional analogy: the surface of a sphere has no edge, but nonetheless has a finite area. It is a two-dimensional surface with constant curvature in a third dimension. The 3-sphere is a three-dimensional equivalent in which all three dimensions are constantly curved in a fourth.</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">If the Universe is indeed spatially finite, as described, then traveling in a "straight" line, in any given direction, would theoretically cause one to eventually arrive back at the starting point.</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Strictly speaking, we should call the stars and galaxies "views" of stars and galaxies, since it is possible that the Universe is multiply-connected and sufficiently small (and of an appropriate, perhaps complex, shape) that we can see once or several times around it in various, and perhaps all, directions. (Think of a house of mirrors.) If so, the actual number of physically distinct stars and galaxies would be smaller than currently accounted. Although this possibility has not been ruled out, the results of the latest cosmic microwave background research make this appear very unlikely.</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Fate of the Universe</strong>:</span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Depending on the average density of matter and energy in the Universe, it will either keep on expanding forever or it will be gravitationally slowed down and will eventually collapse back on itself in a "big crunch". Currently the evidence suggests not only that there is insufficient mass/energy to cause a re-collapse, but that the expansion of the Universe seems to be accelerating and will accelerate for the whole of eternity. Other ideas of the fate of our Universe include the Big Rip, the Big Freeze, and Heat Death of the Universe theory.</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Multi-verse</strong> </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">There is some speculation that multiple universes exist in a higher-level multi-verse (also known as a mega-verse), our Universe being one of those universes (lower case). For example, matter that falls into a black hole in our Universe could emerge as a "Big Bang," starting another universe. However, all such ideas are currently un-testable and cannot be regarded as anything more than speculation. The concept of parallel universes is understood only when related to string theory.18</span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Most accepted theory amongst the scientific community now is the big bang theory and the inflationary theory of development.</span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Thus the scientists themselves cannot say with certainty as to how the universe was created and who created it.</span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Size of Universe and observable Universe</strong></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">There is disagreement over whether the Universe is finite or infinite in spatial extent and volume. However, the observable Universe, consisting of all locations that could have affected us since the Big Bang given the finite speed of light, is certainly finite. </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">About the time of origin also there are many guesses, stories and legends. Many Hindu scholars guessed that in 1928, the period of creation of the universe was for 10 billion 9 millions 68 lakhs, 53 thousand and 28 years. According to Christian Scholars the world was created 4004 years before the Christ on 23 October. Below is another guessed geological time line of all the main events in the history of the universe19 based on the study of fossils?</span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>15 Billion Years ago: </strong></span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/macrocos.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Macrocosms</strong></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/field.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Field</span></span></a><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/radiatio.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Radiation</span></span></a><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/particle.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Particles</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">-</span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/electron.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Electron</span></span></a><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/positron.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Positron</span></span></a><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/interact.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Interactions</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">-</span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/higgsfie.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Higgs Fields</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/falsvacu.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">False Vacuum</span></span></a><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/inflatio.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Inflation</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/ssb.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking</span></span></a><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/cosmos.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Cosmos</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/universe.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Universe</span></span></a><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/big_bang.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Big Bang</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/proton.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Proton</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">-</span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/neutron.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Neutron</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/fusion.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Nuclear Fusion</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/alpha.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Alpha Particles</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> -</span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/betaradi.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Beta Radioactivity</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/atom.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Atom</span></span></a><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/cosmicba.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Cosmic- Background Radiation</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">-</span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/gas.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Gas</span></span></a><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/gravity.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Gravity</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/charge.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Electric Charge</span></span></a><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/expansion.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Expansion of the Universe</span></span></a></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>13 Billion Years ago: </strong></span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/orclugal.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Clusters of Galaxies</strong></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>-</strong></span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/galaxy.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Galaxies</strong></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/globstar.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Globular Star Cluster</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/discgala.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Disc of Galaxy</span></span></a></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>12 Billion Years ago: </strong></span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/spirala.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Spiral Arms</strong></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/starbirt.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Birth of a Star</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/openstcl.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Open Star Clusters</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/milkyway.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Milky Way Galaxy</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> - -</span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/binaries.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Binary Stars</span></span></a></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>11 Billion Years ago: </strong></span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/starold.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Red Giant</span></span></a><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/whitdwar.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">White Dwarf Star</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> -</span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/nova.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Nova</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/stardies.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Supernova</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/neutstar.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Neutron Star</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> -</span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/blakhole.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Black Holes</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> -</span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/cos_dust.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Cosmic Dust</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> -</span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/molecule.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Molecules</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/honc1234.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">HONC Atoms</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/water.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Water</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/hydrbond.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Hydrogen- Bond</span></span></a><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/ice.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Ice</span></span></a></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>4.7 Billion Years ago: </strong></span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/sun.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Sun</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/origpla1.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Solar Disc</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/planets.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Planets</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/solarsys.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Solar System</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/earthori.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Earth </span></span></a></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>4.5 Billion Years ago: </strong></span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/earthstr.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Earth Structure</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> -</span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/volcanos.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Volcanoes</span></span></a></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>4 Billion Years ago :</strong></span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/metera.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Meteorite Era</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> -</span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/earlatmo.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Early Atmosphere</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/liquwate.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Liquid Water</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/rain.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Rain</span></span></a><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/weathrok.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Weathering of Rock</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/condrift.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Continental Drift</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> -</span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/sunlight.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Sunlight</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/greenhou.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Greenhouse Effect</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/weather.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Weather</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">- </span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/climate.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Climate</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"> -</span></span><a href="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/iceage.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Ice Ages</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">-</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">According to another theory the vertical time axis is not linear in order to show early events on a reasonable scale. The temperature rises as we go backwards in time towards the Big Bang and physical processes happen more rapidly. Many of the transitions and events may be unfamiliar to newcomers; we shall explain these in subsequent pages. The following diagram illustrates the main events occurring in the history of our Universe.</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The timescales and temperatures indicated on this diagram span an enormous range. A cosmologist has first to get the order of magnitude (or the power of ten) correct. Quantities which are given as 10 to some power 6 (say) is simply 1 followed by 6 zeros, that is, in this case 1,000,000 (one million). Quantities which are given as 10 to some minus power -6 (say) have 1 in the 6th place after the decimal point, that is, 0.000001 (one millionth). At extremely high temperatures we tend to use giga-electron volts (GeV) instead of degrees Kelvin. One GeV is equivalent to about 10,000,000,000,000K. </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">All these theories have been built on guesses as no one has seen the origin, originator or time of origin. This in itself proves that these theories are not scientifically proved; nor are they likely to be proved in near future at least not in our life time.</span></span> </p><p> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Getting at the Truth</strong></span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Scientists depend on observations and experiments based on their five senses. They measure, register, record and draw inferences through deductions and inductions after due analytical reasoning. Their observations are about what they can observe. Their findings too are based on what is observed. About observation of the universe their observations are not fruitful. No body knows the limits of the universe of the limitless God; no one can know it either. Scientists are observing the universe sitting inside it. It is like observing the size of an egg sitting inside it. Any part of the egg will not provide details about its originator, the date of origin or the expanse and the future of the egg. Hence observations by science have their limitations. Scientists too have been looking towards God and religion in this state of darkness as is apparent from the special issue of Newsweek.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 9px"> <img src="https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> </span></span> </p> <p style="text-align: center"></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">This is because the religion adds another dimension i.e., the sixth sense. This is also called perception or intuition. Perception does not need the efforts for measuring, registering, recording and having deductions or inductions to draw inferences. Perception is direct without a medium. Newton’s intuition helped him to work out results from falling apple. Ren Descartes had the intuition about Coordinate Geometry in a dream. Similarly chain reaction was the product of a dream. Intuition compared by other ground realities helped the famous scientific discoveries. Some scientists do not accept God because the God is invisible. On the other hand the religions (except Buddhism) including Sikhism believe in the existence of God. </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Philosophy of Sikhism is based on Sri Guru Granth Sahib originally compiled by Sri Guru Arjan Dev and later given the status of Guru by Guru Gobind Singh after a few additions. <em>Japuji, Aasa di Vaar, Siddh Goshth</em> and <em>Maru Sohile</em> of Guru Nanak and <em>Sukhmani Sahib</em> of Guru Arjan have described about the universe and life in detail while other Gurus and saints have touched upon the subjects at random. Primary material here is obtained from hymns of Guru Nanak and Guru Arjan.</span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">According to Sri Guru Granth Sahib, the One and the only One <strong>God</strong> has created the entire universe.20 The God is the Greatest; His place is the highest. His end cannot be known. No one knows his limit. He is limitless. Only the one who can become greater and higher as Him, can know Him and fathom His limits21,22. His size remains same. It neither increases nor decreases.23 The God is Omnipresent but remains in secrecy. He is everywhere in the form of light. The beings are created by Him. He cannot be seen by any being. No being can say how the universe was created”.24</span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The ‘created’ cannot know how the Creator carried out the creation.25 The greatest wonder is that while the God sees everything that goes on in the universe, the beings do not notice him doing so26. The beings are blinded by <em>maya</em>; hence they cannot see the Creator. As the blinded eyes cannot see Him; a true Guru can provide the divine sight with which one can see the God.27 No one can observe Him with ordinary eyes. He can only be seen through sixth sense. Guru Arjan wrote, “The eyes, which have seen my dear Lord, are different.”28 The God has kept a being in a cave and made him the instrument of air. The air instrument works through nine gates; the tenth gate is kept secret. By keeping one self attached to Guru’s door one can see the tenth gate.29 The sixth sense also called the tenth gate (‘<em>dasam duar’</em>) is different from the nine gates on which the senses are developed (2 eyes, 2 nostrils, 2 ears, one mouth and two outlets). Scientists fail to develop their sixth sense. They study the <em>maya</em> and not the Creator. Their eyes are blind to the world of <em>maya </em>and are lost in self and engrossed in ego. A being has to kill his ego and break the illusion of <em>maya</em>30. Subduing one’s ego, one shall find a lasting peace, and emotional attachment to Maya will be dispelled31. Through the Word <em> (sabd</em>), egotism is conquered and subdued, and the illusion of Maya is dispelled32.</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">But without the Guru, no one finds the God. </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The God is functioning in the entire universe in secrecy. He can be seen only through the Word given by a guide33. The knowledge of the true Word can be given by a true guide.34 Only a true guide (<em>Guru</em>) can provide them the divine sight35 with which they can see Him and His entire universe in correct perspective. Only a true guide can help one to see the God through <em>maya </em> and help identify and finally reach Him. The true Guru only can help one differentiating the truth from the illusion (<em>maya</em>); can help getting detached from <em>maya</em> and attached to the truth, the God. The true guide helps in removing <em>haumai</em> and attachment to <em> maya </em>through Word. The Word not only helps in knowing the universe of <em>maya </em>but also the True God.36 The Guru helps in remembering Him through His Word (Name) and understanding Him. The God gets attracted to them who put efforts to attract Him. Once the <em>nadr(i)</em> of the Lord is set on a being, the being is surely to be emancipated from the transmigration system into which one is subjected. Remember Him always by reciting His name. This is the best method to draw His attention37. Love by remembering God and He will love you. Love begets love. Continuous attention from both sides develops into love and the result of this love is actual assimilation. Once the being totally forgets about self and remembers only God he reaches the ultimate stage (<em>turia awstha</em>), which can be reached through the guidance of the guide.38 </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Getting attached to the God and then assimilating into Him is the only way to find the real peace; the only way to save oneself from the cycle of <em>maya</em> (transmigration). Guru Nanak has described this process of salvation in Japuji Step 38 by giving the simily of a goldsmith’s shop. Citing the body as a goldsmith’s shop, the body be kept clean of all the vices through contenance. Keeping patience the intellect must be sharpened with knowledge from the scriptures. Keeping Lord’s fear in mind, penance must hard enough to attract the attention and love of the Lord. The true word prepared in such a mint, under the direction of Guru, will assimilate the being with the God. The labor will be fruitful once the God’s grace is obtained and the being gets assimilated with Him.39 </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The real research is in researching the cause and the effect. The tragedy is that the scientists are caught in observing the mirage, the <em>maya</em> the creation, and not its Creator. Their observations are of the effect and not the cause; of the action and not the producer. The God is the cause and the <em>maya</em> is the effect. The subject is thus forgotten and the activity is observed. These observations are of transitory things and not of permanent nature. The observed are all changeable. That is why the principles created by science keep on changing and do not stand for long. Knowing the permanent, the True God is the real find; getting attached to Him and to get assimilated into Him is the real achievement; the permanent stability and peace are the wanted results.</span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The time of writing and compilation of the material shows that it was done much before the currency of modern science and scientific theories in vogue now. This shows that Guru Nanak and the other writers of Sri Guru Granth Sahib were much ahead of their times. Their description and theories not only stand the test of the day but also provide guidelines for future scientific research as well. </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The various religious luminaries have had the experiences with God through their sixth sense. The Gurus and the saints whose hymns have been recorded in <em>Sri Guru Granth Sahib</em> had developed this sixth sense. From their hymns we find answers to all the questions about universe, left unanswered and undiscovered so far by the science or for that matter by any other human being. The Gurus and saints had the sixth sense which the scientists normally do not develop. Hence scientists have been unable to reach the Truth so far about the creation.</span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Record of Creation in Sri Guru Granth Sahib</strong></span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">According to Sri Guru Granth Sahib, the universe originates from the Word (sabd) and assimilates with the Word. It again originates from the Word.40. The God and His creation can be understood by the one who is either greater than the God or has become like Him. It is futile to observe an egg sitting in the egg and finding facts about the originator, origin time and the process and outer dimensions of the egg. The calculations by the scientists about the date and process of origin are not true as all the observations made by the scientists are based on <em>maya</em> of the God and not the Truth. It is impossible to observe the past without sixth sense. The First Guru questions, “What was the time, date, month, season when the universe was created?” He puts the question and provides the answer too41, “No pandit (worldly knowledgeable Hindu) has known the time, otherwise it would have been recorded in ancient Hindu scriptures. No Muslim scholar (<em>Qazi</em>) has yet known, this otherwise it would have been recorded in Quran. Neither any ascetic nor anyone else has known the date, month or season when the universe was created. No living person has lived to tell the tale of the origin and no one has yet seen it. No one can measure the spread of universe”.42 </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">“God alone knows when He created the universe”.43 He further says. “In this sphere, there are many types of gases (airs), liquids (waters) and fires (energies). There are several worldly gods transforming beings into numerous forms and colours and clad in diverse attires. There are many earths and mountains….. There are numerous rain gods, moons, suns, constellations and countries”.44 “There is no limit to the creation”.45 “No one can describe the limit of various countries, worlds and universes as there is no end. In every part of light there is a shape of beings”46. “The continents and underworlds are billions; beyond anyone’s count.”47 </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">According to Sri Guru Granth Sahib the One and the only One <strong>God</strong> has created the entire universe.48 .The entire universe originated from Him alone.49 He, The Creator and The Destroyer, creates and destroys the universe within seconds.50 The universe was destroyed and created many times.51 It was created by many ways many times. He himself remains aloof without showing any of His attributes52 The Creator, Preserver and Destroyer are not different. He alone is the Creator or Destroyer.53 Everything originates from Him and assimilates into Him.54 </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">He established and contemplates worldly sphere.55 He creates and recreates, shattering and breaking apart, creating, He shatters again. He builds up what He has demolished and demolishes what He has built.56 <strong> Nothing</strong> is created without Him and there is nothing without Him.57 </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Before creation of the universe there was nothing around; whatever is observable in the universe did not exist earlier.58 There was <strong>utter darkness</strong> all-around.59 He Himself was in deep meditation.60 For thirty six yugas61 He had remained in darkness.<em>62</em> He emerged from this darkness <strong><em>shoonya</em></strong> Himself and gave Himself a name.63 With His emergence spread the <strong>Light </strong>around64. The Light of the Lord spread everywhere.65 When in light, the Lord probably felt lonely and thought of creating the universe as a play for Himself.66 </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">He created the universe and millions of rivers with one sound of His order.67 All the segments and continents in the universe were created one sound of His order alone.68 The light <strong>energy</strong> being at the base and the sound energy being the activating force, the creation of universe was initiated.69 He uttered <strong>sound</strong> to create the universe70. This sound is considered to be His Name or <em> Sabd</em>.71 From the True God came the air and from air came the water. From water He created the universe and in every element of the universe He entered in the form of light.72 He created the universe in many different methods in such a way that everything originates from the God and merges into it.73 He created billions of stars, suns and planets.74 He created billions of countries and earths75 and on them He created water, land and mountains.76 He mixed water, fire and air to create the living beings on earth.77 The entire universe is made of water and water exists everywhere.78 There are billions of universes, skies and Netherlands.79 There are billions of places of worship.80 The word is the place of residence of the God and He stays in it. 81 He creates and cares Himself.82</span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">All the creation is His play.83 This play is all His <em>maya</em> an illusion. Paradise, the earth, the nether regions of the underworld and the globe of the world-all are engrossed in <em>maya.</em>84 The <em>maya</em> has been considered as natural and unnatural. Natural <em> maya</em> is true85 while unnatural <em>maya</em> is not. The universe is like a dream; it will vanish in no time.86 The sky, the nether world and the entire creation are all due to His nature. All winds, waters, fires, earths and dust are all God’s nature. The God provided various sensory perception of seeing, hearing etc., to the beings so that they could feel and see the impact of fear and happiness of Lord’s nature. The knowledge of <em>Vedas, Puranas </em> and<em> Quran </em>and all thinking are the powers of His Nature. Eating, drinking and dressing and loving the humanity are all set by the nature. All species, kinds and colors and all living beings are created by the power of His Nature. All virtues and vices, honor and dis-honor are the natural laws.87 The creation of nature cannot be stated by mere thinking.88 Giving Himself a Name, He created the nature in various colors and types 89 and settled in it happily to enjoy it.90 Everything originated from God’s semen.91 One is amazed at the God who has created the universe and the beings.92.</span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The God Himself directed the evolution of the world of five elements; He created relationship among water, air, fire and sky.93 He created water air, and fire as the creator developer and destroyer.94 He Himself infused the five senses into it.95 Nights, days, weeks and seasons; air, water, fire and nether regions- in the midst of these, He established the earth as a home of Dharma. Upon it; He placed various species of beings; of unlimited and endless names and types.96 There are form upon form of beings and creatures in the water, on the land, in the worlds and the universes.97 He created the bodies by binding the air, water and fire98. </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Creation of five elements</strong></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The creation process started with creation of five elements of the matter. The energy <strong> waves </strong>emerged from the light after dispersion by the sound and expanded cyclically. 99 The cyclic expansion and contraction of this energy created the five elements. 100 <strong>The five elements</strong> are air,</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">fire, water, earth and ether which all were formed as a result of light energy expansion and contraction. The Lord remains in every element in the form of light energy. 101, 102 His existence is in continuity.103 The sequence of creation was air, fire, water, earth, fire and ether104. Every action of creation was <strong>smooth and systematic</strong>.105 The theory of big bang is negated here. The theory of space is also negated stating that the light energy is in existence everywhere in continuity hence the question of space does not arise.</span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Creation of galaxies, stars, planetary systems and earth</strong></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">According to modern science theories, combination and recombination of nuclei, blackbody radiation and local contraction caused cluster formation. Re-ionization, violent relaxation and varialization resulted in galaxy formation. Formation of particles and antiparticles and thereafter particle-anti-particle annihilation caused creation of <strong>Gases</strong> (deuterium, helium). Fragmentation, contraction, ionization and compression of gases caused opaque hydrogen and massive star formation. Deuterium ignition effected creation of <strong> Fire. </strong>Hydrogen fusion and then depletion caused core contraction and <strong>envelop expansion. </strong>Helium fusion further led to carbon, oxygen and silicon fusion (<strong>Air</strong> formation). The lord created air and water from <em>shoonya</em>106 </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Production of <strong>matter</strong> <strong>of earth</strong> e.g., Iron production started through Implosion. Supernova explosions caused stars, planets and satellite formation.107 Their condensation, explosion or fragmentation caused <strong>Earth</strong> formation by planetesimal accretion, planetary differentiation, crust solidification and volatile gas expulsion. This in turn caused <strong> water</strong> condensation and water dissociation. Earth environment occurred through creation and settlement of ozone production process and ultraviolet absorption. The seven seas were created in the process108. </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong>Creation of Life</strong></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">On the earth the life started thereafter.109</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Water, air, fire and earth helped in creation of life110 in the new environment in which the life started in the order of plants, reptiles, animals and then man. The life was created in many ways.111 The four sources of creation were from eggs, from the womb, from the earth and from the sweat. 112, 113 . Eggs, wombs, sweat and earth - these are God's workshops of creation.114 The God thus created the universe as He so willed.115 </span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">If we compare the thought process embodied in Sri Guru Granth Sahib with other religions and scientific processes, we find following basic distinctions: </span></span> </p><p></p><p> </p><ol> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">According to <em> Sri Guru Granth Sahib</em> (SGGS) the universe originated from a single entity and will get assimilated into the same entity; the entity that is the God. No one else created the universe. Science does not ascribe to this while other major religions except Buddhism ascribe to this.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">According to SGGS, the Lord Himself directs the evolution of the world of five elements; He Himself infuses the five senses into it. Shattering and breaking apart, He creates and recreates; creating, He shatters again. He builds up what He has demolished and demolishes what He has built. Nights, days, weeks and seasons; air, water, fire and nether regions- in the midst of these, He established the earth as a home of Dharma, upon it; He placed various species of beings; their names are unlimited and endless. This theory clarifies the point as to who created the big bang or who created the universe. The major religions ascribe to the theory of God as the Creator. </span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">According to SGGS the world which we see is actually the <em>maya</em>. SGGS states that <em> Maya</em> is an illusion. It is the creation and not the creator. It is the effect and not the cause. Until we find out the cause we cannot reach the right conclusion. The scientists study ‘<em>maya</em>’ as it is observable and do not study the real cause. Science thus is unable to find out the real cause.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The illusion of <em> maya</em> according to SGGS can be removed only through <em>sabd. Sabd</em> can be given only by a true Guru who can help reach the ultimate reality, The God. True Guru only can help understand, identify and assimilate with the God; the ultimate destination of the entire universe. This is advocated in Hinduism but not in any other religion. Scientists too do not follow this concept.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">There was utter darkness before the God appeared and started the creation process as per SGGS. Science and other religions except Hinduism do not ascribe to it</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">SGGS describes the cause of creation of the universe as loneliness of the Lord. To avoid loneliness He created a play for Himself. Thus the effect was the emergence of play in the form of universe. Other religions and scientists do not ascribe to this.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">as per sggs the entire universe is ever-changing energy. Scientists and other religious thoughts differ on this.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">as per sggs energy creation is a one time effort. The energy neither increases nor decreases. This is in consonance with science. Other religions do not ascribe to it.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The ever changing energy keeps on taking various forms e.g. liquid, gas or solid. Basic element of all energies remains light. This again is in consonance with science but not ascribed by other religions.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The universe was created from light energy which remains the chief controller of entire change process of the universe in the form of soul. God controls the universe in the form of light/soul. Science and other religions except Hinduism do not ascribe to it.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The sound created by the God was a triggering force for expansion of the light in the form of photons. Hinduism and Islam ascribes to it. No other religion and science ascribe to it.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The universe was created in smooth, gradual process. It negates the big bang theory. </span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The sequence of creation of elements was light-sound-air (gas)-ether- earth- water-fire. This is different from others</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Life too was created by the God. The life was created in many ways; important ones being from eggs, earth, womb and sweat. Science does not entirely agree with it.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Everything in the universe can be considered alive because of its continuous change and taking any form or shape at any time. The man dies, his body is either burnt, buried or eaten by fish/eagles. It changes into further life thereafter. Science does not agree with it.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">as per SGGS there is continuous system. Life comes after death and death after life which is a natural and continuing process. This is in consonance with religions of the east but not with that of West and the science.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><em>shoonya </em> or <em>sunn </em>is not ‘nothing’. It can be called the centre of concentrated energy. Numerals emerge out of it both ways; positive to one side and negative to other. This is also in consonance with latest scientific theories.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">All the universal elements have negatives and positives. The negatives do change into positives and vice versa. This is in consonance with modern theories.</span></span></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">According to SGGS the earth is spherical. Unlike most other religions and some scientists which say that the earth is flat.</span></span></li> </ol><p></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><strong>Bibliography</strong></span></span> </p><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">1. G.S. Bachan, Creation of the Cos-Universe, Amritsar, Guru Nanak Dev University </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">2. Guy Murchie: The Seven Mysteries of Life, Boston: The Houghton Mifflin Company, 1978</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">3. Holy Bible, ‘Genesis’, Gideons International, USA, 1961</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">4. Ian M. Campbell, Energy and the Atmosphere, London: Wiley, 1977</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">5. J. S. Lewis, American Geologist, F. Press, R. Siever, Earth, New York: W. H. Freeman, 1986, </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">6. John Ray: The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Word of Creation, 1701; </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">7. K.L. Gomber & K.I. Gogia, Fundamental Physics New Delhi, 1999, </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">8. Michael Denton, Nature's Destiny</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">9. Paul Davies, Superforce, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">10. Panjabi Vishaw Kosh, Vol. IV, Bhasha Vibhag, Patiala.</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">11. Rich Milne: The Origin of the Universe</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">12. Stephen Hawking: A Brief History Of Time, Bantam Press, London: 1988</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">13. Superforce: The Search for a Grand Unified Theory of Nature, 1984.</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 12px">14. Sri Guru Granth Sahib, Shiromani Gurudwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amrirtsar</span></span></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Dalvinder Singh Grewal, post: 118216, member: 22683"] [CENTER][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=5][B]Origin of Universe - Recorded in Sri Guru Granth Sahib Compared with Other Religions and Science[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [CENTER][FONT=AmrLipi][SIZE=3][B]auqpiq prlau sbdy hovY ] sbdy hI iPir Epiq hovY ](m 3,117-8)[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/CENTER] [CENTER][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B](The universe originates from the Word (sabd) and assimilates with the Word. It again originates from the Word.).[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The concepts ‘known universe’, ‘observable universe’, or ‘visible universe’ are often used to describe the part of the universe that we can see or otherwise observe. But there is much more than whatever we observe. The limits of the boundaries of universe have not been fathomed, hence is called limitless. The Universe here is referred to as the entire creation and existence, visible and invisible; material and living; approachable and unapproachable for the beings. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The universe has always been a wonder for the man. The more he looks deep, the more he is in wonder. When mothers point their fingers to the sky at night, tell their children about the universe in sky; the Big Bear, the satellites, the planets, the young minds gaze in amazement at the immenseness of the world around. As they grow, they become eager to know the numbers of these stars, their spread. They want to know, ‘Who created these?’ ‘How were these created?’ ‘When were these created?’ ‘What all do these contain?’ etc. Mothers do not have right answers to such questions. No one has! Some guess; others philosophize.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Philosophers like Aristotle philosophisized at the God’s wonder world; the phenomena of the moon and those of the sun and the stars, and about the origin of the universe.1 [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Derek Parfit, a contemporary philosopher, declared that "No question is more sublime than why there is a Universe: why there is anything rather than nothing."2 Philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz philosophized that ‘the existence of a metaphysically necessary being which carries within itself the sufficient reason for its own existence and which constitutes the sufficient reason for the existence of everything else in the world’. Bertrand Russell in his BBC radio debate with Frederick Copleston thought it to be beyond any philosophy. He simply said "The universe is just there, and that's all." 3[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Scientists too, have been trying to fathom limits of the boundaries. Most of the recent Nobel prizes in physics including in 2006, have been won on measurement tools of the distances to the ****hest stars in the universe. But so far no verifiable records exist to reply ‘wh’ questions about this universe. There is nothing to confirm if it originated itself or someone else created it. No account gives the length, breadth, depth or height of the universe. No one has seen the ends of The Universe. None knows time of creation. No one even correctly knows whether the universe is expanding or contracting. Yet there is so much written about ‘wh’s of the universe because we are inquisitive and we want to know the truth about the universe of which we are part and parcel. Similarly no one can definitely state about life whether it came from egg, earth, water, air or from elsewhere. Yet there are numerous sciences and philosophies which base their theories and experiments on the life in The Universe. Similarly no one knows how the life in the universe was originated or came into existence. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]A lot has been written or imagined about the life on other planets. The new generation is crazy about the ‘life in other worlds.’ Books have been written imagining fighting and cooperating with beings from the other planets. A number of films have shown imaginary worlds with different beings. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Thus to know about origin and the originator of the universe and life and to find answers to other related questions, there is always a craze among the children, young and the aged, throughout the ages. Various legends, anecdotes, stories and theories have been attributed to the origin of The Universe. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]According to David, world religions are subdivided into a total of 270 large religious groups, and even many thousands of smaller ones. Among these various faith groups, there are probably at least 500 different creation stories to draw from -- all different.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]From the beginning of the times, the man, has tried to solve the mystery of the creation of the universe. Countless they have been those myths and the legends that, in the diverse cultures, they have arisen as faithful.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]During my research on tribes of Arunachal Pradesh in India, I found Adis, the most populated tribe in the state, believing in Sun-Moon God ([I]Abo-Tani[/I]) who created the universe and its people. There are 110 tribes spread over the entire state. Most of them believe in different Creators.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Hindu Scriptures[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]According to Indian tradition the Hindu religion itself has various stories about the origin in their scriptures. Not long ago, the earth was stated to be seated on bull’s horns, or on the back of a tortoise or a whale. [I] Maha-Bhagwat[/I] ([I]Devipuran[/I]) records the following: ‘In the beginning, this universe was without any sun, moon, stars, day-night, fire, directions, word, touch or any other form of energy.4 [I] Shatpath Brahma[/I] describes, “[I]Prajapati[/I] said ‘[I]bhoo[/I]’; lo there was the earth: he then said ‘[I]bhuvah[/I]’; lo there was the sky.”5 [I]Matsya Puran, Harivansh Puran, Vishnu Puran[/I] etc., have many such mythologies. [I]Bhagvat Gita, Sankhya Shastra, Yog Shastra, Nayaya Shastra[/I] and [I]Vaisheshik Shastra[/I] discuss these legends and stories in some detail. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]According to [I] Shaivism[/I], the universe and its beings originated from the Unmanifest. The Unmanifest is the Supreme Substance or Essence ([I]Mula Bhuta or Para Vastu[/I])6 There are three factors or entities: generation, generated and the generator; ([I]Janman, Janaka[/I], and [I]Janya[/I]). The generator is the substrate or the cause of the generation while the effect is the substance, the generated one. The substance is under continuous change ([I]Vikrita[/I]) modification or transformation. The Unmanifest is the creator, the Great Principle ([I]Maha Tattva[/I]) which has the three basic qualities ([I]Gunas[/I][B])[/B], Virtue, passion, and darkness ([I]Sattva, Rajas[/I] and [I]Tamas[/I]) in the Internal-organs (the seat of thought and feeling, mind, the thinking faculty, the heart, the conscience, the soul).7 He generates three kinds of [I]Ahamkara[/I], colored by [I]Sattva, Rajas[/I], and [I] Tamas[/I]. Nature or matter ([I]Prakriti[/I]) is the originally created substance which in the process of continuous transformation ([I]Vikrita[/I]) becomes changed product ([I]Vikrti[/I]). Therefore, the changed product ([I]Vikriti)[/I] is the reflection ([I]pratibimba[/I]) of the nature, the original product ([I]Maha Tattva[/I] or Vikrti). Nature generates eight products:1. Intution ([I]Mahat or Buddhi[/I]) 2. Ego ([I]Ahamkara)[/I], 3. Mind ([I]Manas[/I]), 4. Ether ([I]Akasa[/I]), 5. Air ([I]Vayu[/I]), 6 Fire ([I]Tejas[/I]), 7. Water ([I]Apas)[/I], and 8. Earth ([I]Kshiti[/I]). [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The transformed nature of matter ([I]Vikrti[/I]) and the eight elements that are its progeny are the primary and secondary causes of the universe. (In [I] Tantra Sastra[/I], all powers are of equal importance, while in [I]Vaidic Sastras, Purusa[/I] is the spirit and [I]Prakriti[/I] is the matter.) The nine centers of powers or Conscious Powers (Chakras) are the eight Lotuses ([I]Padmas[/I]) 1. [I]Sahasrara [/I] (seat of universal power), 2. Sound ([I]Nada[/I]), 3. Light ([I]Bindu[/I]), 4. [I]Ajna 5. Visuddha, 6. Anahata, 7. Manipura, 8. Svadhisthana, and 9. Muladhara[/I]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Lotus ([I]Sahasrara Padma[/I]) is the seat of universal power which generated sound ([I]Nada[/I]) and light ([I]Bindu[/I]). From sound energy ([I]Nada Shakti[/I]), the universe of beings and matter emanated. The lower six chakras contain fifty petals with 50 Sanskrit letters inscribed on them, attesting to the fact that the universe originated from Sound. The first three centers form the basis of [I]Saiva Siddhanta[/I] philosophy. They are the Conscious Centers, the brain and the know-how behind creation, having the Will ([I]Iccha[/I]) to create; they represent the knowledge ([I]Gyan[/I]) aspect of the Creator. The 4th, 5th, and 6th centers represent the action based on knowledge and creativity ([I]Kriya)[/I] power of the Creator. The 7th, 8th, and 9th are the dilute human versions of Siva-Sakti's Knowledge ([I]Gyan[/I]), Will ([I]Iccha[/I]) and Creativity ([I]Kriya[/I]). [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The three qualities of the insentient and the sentient, [I]Sattva, Rajas[/I] and [I]Tamas[/I] assume an ontological status in [I]Brahma, Vishnu[/I], and [I]Rudra[/I] under the aegis of [I]Mahesvara[/I] for creation, sustenance, and dissolution of the universe. [I]Mahesvara[/I] pervades them all, and in their roles, they are called [I]Alinga, Linga[/I], and [I]Lingalinga[/I]. He is [I]Pradhana[/I] (primordial unmanifested matter), [I]Bija [/I] (the seed), and Yoni (the womb). [I]Prakrti,[/I] the unmanifest matter, wakes up to become manifest and fecund upon the glance of the Lord [I] Mahesvara.[/I] This potentially nubile and fecund [I]Aja[/I] (the unborn Prakrti) of red, white and black complexion ([I]Rajas, Sattva[/I] and [I]Tamas[/I]) enjoys the advances of Purusa when it comes of age and gives birth to this universe and beings. This gestation goes through several stages. The [I]gunas[/I] of [I]Aja[/I] undergo agitation and [I] Mahat[/I] springs forth. This creative cascade, starting from [I]Mahat[/I], in a downstream fashion, results in ego ([I]ahamkara[/I]) with three colors or [I]gunas: Sattvika[/I] (white) [I]ahankar, Rajasic[/I] (red) [I] ahamkara,[/I] and [I]Tamasic[/I] (black) [I]ahamkara.[/I] The [I]Sattvika ahamkara[/I] gives rise to the mind and the presiding deities of the senses; the [I]Rajasic ahamkara[/I] gives rise to the sensory and motor organs; the [I]Tamasika ahamkara[/I] gives rise to the subtle elements like sound, touch, color and vision, taste, and odor. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The five subtle elements, upon combination, starting from sound give rise to gross elements with cumulative qualities. [/SIZE][/FONT] [LEFT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Element––––––––––>[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Resulting product–––>[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Cumulative & Special Quality[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Sound––––––->[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Ether–>All-pervasive[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Sound[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Ether –––––––>[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Air––––––––––>[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Sound and touch[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Air and Ether–––>[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Fire–––––––––->[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Sound, touch, and color or form[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Air and Fire–––->[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Water––––––––->[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Sound, touch, color, and taste[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Water and Fire––>[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Earth–––––––––>[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Sound, touch, colour, taste, and odour[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [B]Christian Scriptures[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Christian Scripture ‘Bible’ narrates the origin of the universe and life in Genesis chapters 1 and 2. According to it God created the universe in the first four days and the living creatures on fifth and sixth day, man having been created on the first day itself [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]‘In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth, ’the earth was without form and void’; ‘darkness was upon the face of the deep’; ‘the spirit of God moved upon the face of waters’. ‘God said, let there be light and there was light.’ ‘God divided the light from the darkness.’ God called the light Day, and the darkness He called night.’ ‘The evening and morning were the first day.’’ Second day, God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament. From the waters which were above the firmament. God called the firmament Heaven. Waters under the heaven gathered together unto one place, and the dry land appeared.’ ‘God called the dry land the earth and the gathering together of the waters called the Seas’ ‘The grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit were created on third day’. ‘Seasons and stars were created on fourth day.’ 8[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Many religious persons, including many scientists and philosophers, hold that God created the universe and the various processes driving physical and biological evolution and that these processes then resulted in the creation of galaxies, our solar system, planets, atmosphere and life on Earth. This belief, which sometimes is termed "theistic evolution," is not in disagreement with scientific explanations of evolution. Indeed, it reflects the remarkable and inspiring character of the physical universe revealed by cosmology, paleontology, molecular biology, and many other scientific disciplines and theories. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The advocates of "creation science" hold a variety of viewpoints. Some claim that earth and the universe are relatively young, perhaps only 6,000 to 10,000 years old. These individuals often believe that the present physical form of earth can be explained by "catastrophism," including a worldwide flood, and that all living things (including humans) were created miraculously, essentially in the shapes and forms we now find them and observe. Other advocates of creation science are willing to accept that earth, the planets, and the stars may have existed from unknown times. But they argue that the various types of organisms, and especially humans, could only have come about with supernatural intervention, because they show "intelligent design." [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Charles Darwin propagated the theory of evolution as against this theory of creation. The term "evolution" usually refers to the biological evolution of living things. But the processes by which planets, stars, galaxies, and the universe form and change over time are also types of "evolution." In all of these cases there is change over time, although the processes involved are quite different.9 The two theories are compared below:[/SIZE][/FONT] [LEFT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Creation Theory[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]G[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]enesis1-2 gives the same[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] order of formation of the earth as later proposed by noted astronomer (astrophysicist) Hugh Ross [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]1. Creation of the physical universe (space, time, matter, energy, galaxies, stars, planets, etc.)[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] 2. Transformation of the earth’s atmosphere from opaque to translucent. 3. Formation of a stable water cycle. 4. Origination of continent(s) and ocean(s).[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] 5. Creation of plants on the continent(s). 6. Transformation of the atmosphere from translucent to transparent (Sun, Moon, and stars become visible).[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]7. Creation of small sea animals.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]8. Creation of sea mammals.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]9. Creation of birds.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]10. Conversion of land mammals (wild mammals, mammals that can be domesticated, and rodents).[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]11. Creation of mankind.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]In Genesis chapters 6 through 8—what can be referred to as “The Flood”, to save themselves, Noah and his family built a covered boat called an “ark.” It was a large, boxy craft that resembled a covered barge. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Evolution Theory[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Charles Darwin studied wildlife while on a voyage and he noticed the variation in the appearance of the individual animals. He guessed that this variation, given enough time, would allow these animals to change to the point that they looked different. This process of changing an organism’s appearance through a series of small and continuous changes is correctly called “microevolution” After a series of micro-evolutionary changes, a frog may be larger or changed in color, but it is still a frog—not a fish or a lizard.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]According to modern scientists we came into existence by a two step process: First, 10 plus billion years of accidental, random atomic collisions effected in the formation of some simple form of life. Scientists call this development of living organisms from nonliving matter “[B]abiogenesis[/B].”[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Second, they use Darwin’s theory, stating that this simple life evolved over the next 3 plus billion years into the plants, animals, and humans we see around us today—using the long term effects of continuous micro-evolutionary changes. Scientists call this process of developing new life forms “macroevolution” Both of these processes complete together are what the public at large and specially the scientific community think that the “theory of evolution” is[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Therefore, abiogenesis combined with macroevolution is what we are call the “theory of evolution”..[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]There are no valid scientific data or calculations to substantiate the belief that earth was created just a few thousand years ago. Independent scientific methods and techniques consistently give an age for earth and the solar system of about 5 billion years, and an age for our galaxy and the universe that is two to three times greater. These inferences make the origin of the universe as a whole intelligible, lend coherence to many different branches of science, and form the core conclusions of a remarkable collection of knowledge about the origins and behavior of the physical world. Nor is there any evidence that the entire geological record, with its orderly succession of fossils, is the effect of a single universal flood that occurred a few thousand years ago, lasted a little longer than a year, and covered the highest mountains to a depth of several meters. On the contrary, inter-tidal and terrestrial deposits demonstrate that at no recorded time in the past has the entire planet been under water. Moreover, a universal flood of sufficient magnitude to form the sedimentary rocks seen today, which together are many kilometers thick, would require a volume of water far greater than has ever existed on and in earth, at least since the formation of the first known solid crust about 4 billion years ago. The belief that earth's sediments, with their fossils, were deposited in an orderly sequence in a year's time defies all geological observations and physical principles concerning sedimentation rates and possible quantities of suspended solid matter. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Scientists and philosophers who promote evolutionary thought usually come from one of three scientific fields. The first field is called [B]paleontology[/B]. A paleontologist is a scientist who (1) examines fossils, (2) proposes the “family tree of life” they come from, (3) estimates the time frame in which they lived (based on the geologic rock layers they were found in), and (4) speculates on their evolutionary paths. The other two fields in this area are [B]geology[/B] (the study of “rocks”) and [B]biology[/B] (the study animals and plants). The scientists in these areas are closely related and often work together.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The work that involves studying the evolutionary development of groups of organisms (plants and animals) is called [B]phylogeny[/B] and can be done by any of these people. There are other related fields such as anthropology and even astronomy that provide knowledge relevant to our discussion of creation and evolution. These are simply the scientific fields that supply most of the facts related to this topic. Many of them, especially scientists in the related fields of astronomy and astrophysics, are realizing that the Bible’s creation account is a good explanation of “how we got here.” Still, although many astronomers accept a “Creator,” many still interpret the Bible so loosely that they believe that the universe (and the earth) is billions of years old. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Muslim Scriptures[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]According to Quran, God said [I]kun [/I](be it so) and the entire world came into existence. It also confirms the story of Bible saying, ”We created sky and earth along with all other things created within six days but we never felt tired.” (Surat Kaf, Ayt 38) The angels were created from light, demons were created from fire and the human were created from earth. Following other verses in Quran have the references to the origin of the universe:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]"He (The God) is the Originator of the heavens and the earth." (The Qur'an, 6:101) "And it is We who have constructed the heaven with might, and verily, it is We who are steadily expanding it." (The Qur'an, 51:47)"Do not the Unbelievers see that the heavens and the earth were joined together (as one unit of creation), before We clove them asunder, and We made from water every living thing. Will they not then believe?" (The Qur'an, 21:30)[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]"It is He Who created the night and the day, and the sun and the moon. They swim along, each in an orbit. “(The Qur'an, 21:33)"And the sun runs to its resting place. That is the decree of the Almighty, the All-Knowing. "He has created the Heavens and the Earth for Truth. He wraps the night up in the day, and wraps the day up in the night." (The Qur'an, 39:5) [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]We made the sky a preserved and protected roof yet still they turn away from Our Signs." (The Qur'an, 21:32)"It is He Who created everything on the earth for you and then directed His attention up to heaven and arranged it into seven regular heavens. He has knowledge of all things." (The Qur'an, 2:29). "Then He turned to heaven when it was smoke. In two days He determined them as seven heavens and revealed, in every heaven, its own mandate." (The Qur'an, 41:12)"We placed firmly embedded mountains on the earth, so it would not move under them…" (The Qur'an, 21:31). Have We not made the earth as a bed and the mountains its pegs?" (The Qur'an, 78:6-7) "And We send the fecundating winds, then cause water to descend from the sky, therewith providing you with water in abundance." (The Qur'an, 15:22)[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]"He has let loose the two seas, converging together, with a barrier between them they do not break through." (The Qur'an, 55:19-20)"Or (the unbelievers' state) are like the darkness of a fathomless sea which is covered by waves above which are waves above which are clouds, layers of darkness, one upon the other. If he puts out his hand, he can scarcely see it. Those God gives no light to, they have no light." (The Qur'an, 24:40)[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]"It is He who sends down water in due measure from the sky by which We bring a dead land back to life. That is how you too will be raised (from the dead)." (The Qur'an, 43:11)[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]"It is God Who sends the winds which stir up clouds which He spreads about the sky however He wills. He forms them into dark clumps and you see the rain come pouring out from the middle of them. When He makes it fall on those of His slaves He wills, they rejoice" (The Qur'an, 30:48)[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]"Have you not seen how God drives along the clouds, then joins them together, then makes them into a stack, and then you see the rain come out of it? And He sends down from the sky mountain masses (of clouds) with cold hail in them, striking with it anyone He wills and averting it from anyone He wills. The brightness of His lightning almost blinds the sight." (The Qur'an, 24:43)[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]"You will see the mountains you reckoned to be solid going past like clouds." (The Qur'an, 27:88)"…And We sent down iron in which there lies great force and which has many uses for mankind...." (The Qur'an, 57:25). "Glory be to Him Who created all the pairs: from what the earth produces and from themselves and from things unknown to them." (The Qur'an, 36:36) By Heaven with its cyclical systems." (The Qur'an, 86:11).Qur’an thus records that universe including earth, sky, seas, water, clouds, mountains, winds, light, day, night, dark all, were created by the God. Creation process and time of origin are not found recorded.Iranian, Yunanians Chinese and Semetic religions have different legends and stories to tell. Budhism, Jainism, and Deism too describe origin of the universe differently.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Many esoteric and occult teachings involve highly elaborate cosmologies which constitute a "map" of the Universe and of states of existences and consciousness according to the worldview of that particular doctrine. Such cosmologies cover many of the same concerns also addressed by religious and philosophical cosmology, such as the origin, purpose, and destiny of the Universe and of consciousness and the nature of existence. Common themes addressed in esoteric cosmology are emanation, involution, evolution, epigenesis, planes of existence, hierarchies of spiritual beings, cosmic cycles (e.g., cosmic year, Yuga), Yogic or spiritual disciplines, and references to altered states of consciousness. Examples of esoteric cosmologies can be found in Gnosticism, [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.haryana-online.com/Culture/tantra.htm"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][I]Tantra[/I][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] (especially [I]Kashmir Shaivism[/I]), [I] Kabbalah, Sufism, Surat Shabda [/I][/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.haryana-online.com/Culture/yoga.htm"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][I]Yoga[/I][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3], Theosophy, Anthroposophy, the Fourth Way teaching of Gurdjieff and Ouspensky, the teachings of Patrizia Norelli-Bachelet, Gnostic circle and in The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception. These propagate universe to be a thought process than of any material existence.[/SIZE][/FONT] [B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]The Scientists Version[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The Greek philosophers Aristarchus, Aristotle and Ptolemy announced different theories about universe. In particular, the geocentric Ptolemaic system was the accepted theory to explain the motion of the heavens until Nicolaus Copernicus, and subsequently Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei proposed a heliocentric system in the 16th century. With Isaac Newton and the 1687 publication of Principia Mathematica, the problem of the motion of the heavens was finally solved. Newton provided a physical mechanism for Kepler's laws and his law of universal gravitation allowed the anomalies in previous systems, caused by gravitational interaction between the planets, to be resolved. A fundamental difference between Newton's cosmology and those preceding it was the Copernican principle that the bodies on earth obey the same physical laws as all the celestial bodies. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Modern scientific cosmology may be considered to begin in 1915 with Albert Einstein's publication of his general theory of relativity and the growing ability of astronomers to study very distant objects. Prior to this, physicists had taken that the Universe was static and unchanging. However, the general theory of relativity was not amenable to a static Universe. Thus the [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.0rig.in/cosmology/big_bang_theory.htm"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Big Bang theory[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] was proposed by the Belgian priest Georges Lemaître in 1927 and rapidly confirmed by Edwin Hubble's discovery of the red shift in 1929 and later by the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson in 1964.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Recent observations made by the COBE and WMAP satellites observing this background radiation have effectively, in many scientists eyes, transformed cosmology from a highly speculative science into a predictive science, as these observations matched predictions made by a theory called Cosmic inflation, which is a modification of the standard big bang theory. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]As the universe expanded, according to current scientific understanding, matter collected into clouds that began to condense and rotate, forming the forerunners of galaxies. Within galaxies, including our own Milky Way galaxy, changes in pressure caused gas and dust to form distinct clouds. In some of these clouds, where there was sufficient mass and the right forces, gravitational attraction caused the cloud to collapse. If the mass of material in the cloud was sufficiently compressed, nuclear reactions began and a star was born.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Some proportion of stars, including our sun, formed in the middle of a flattened spinning disk of material. In the case of our sun, the gas and dust within this disk collided and aggregated into small grains, and the grains formed into larger bodies called planetesimals ("very small planets"), some of which reached diameters of several hundred kilometers. In successive stages these planetesimals coalesced into the nine planets and their numerous satellites. The rocky planets, including Earth, were near the sun, and the gaseous planets were in more distant orbits. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]However there have been various other scientific theories which came up regarding origin of universe are summed up below: [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [B]Universe[/B] [/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [LIST] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] Creation Evolution [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [LIST] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [LIST] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] By Superpower Self Creation[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [LIST] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [LIST] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=2]Tidal Protoplanet Higg’s Boson Lou William’s Super String Big Bang Other[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [LIST] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=2]Theory Theory Theory Theory Theory Theory Theories [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [LIST=1] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Creation Theories[/B]: [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [LIST] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] a) [B]Superpower Theory[/B]: Some superpower created the universe.[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [LIST] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] b) [B]Self creation theory:[/B] Matter somehow transformed into universe.[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [LIST=1] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Evolution Theories:[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST=1] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Tidal Theory[/B]: Big nebulae (cloud of gaseous matter) revolving around itself formed into sun. A big star moved close to sun whose gravitational force caused tidal waves on sun throwing up powerful sprays of gas[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Protoplanet Theory[/B]: Nebulae collapse formed proto-star. Thermonuclear reactions ignited it ensuring spin around own axis and flattened forming into planets, planetoids including earth. [/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Higg’s Boson Theory[/B]: God particle in space picked up cosmic dust and formed planets. [/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Lou William’s Theory[/B]: Lou Williams and Thorton Page stated that planets and satellites formed out of coalescing of small bodies of icy conglomerate planetesimals made up of matter embedded in ice.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Super String Theory[/B]: Space is full of very minute subatomic particles in vibrating strings which with time developed into plasma which grew bigger till exploded with energy resulting in birth of universe.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Other Theories[/B]: Other theories are more of speculations rather than having been based on any record or facts available. Plato surmised that the universe came out of inanimate matter like a chicken from an egg. Kant guessed that darkness and chaos generated gravity in the inanimate matter. Gravity generated heat and revolutions of matter around itself and the cooled matter formed into universe. R.A. Littleton advanced double star theory. According to it our sun and other star formed double star. Companion star exploded into gas which was captured by gravity of sun. Planets developed from this cloud. Condensation Theory suggests that only one star fragmented and formed into planets after condensation, large part remaining sun.[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [/LIST] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] The ages of the universe, our galaxy, the solar system, and earth has also been estimated using modern scientific methods. The age of the universe can be derived from the observed relationship between the velocities of and the distances separating the galaxies. The velocities of distant galaxies can be measured very accurately, but the measurement of distances is more uncertain. Over the past few decades, measurements of the Hubble expansion have led to estimated ages for the universe of between 7 billion and 20 billion years, with the most recent and best measurements within the range of 10 billion to 15 billion years[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The age of the Milky Way galaxy has been calculated in two ways. One involves studying the observed stages of evolution of different-sized stars in globular clusters. Globular clusters occur in a faint halo surrounding the center of the Galaxy, with each cluster containing from a hundred thousand to a million stars. The very low amounts of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium in these stars indicate that they must have formed initially in the history of the Galaxy, before large amounts of heavy elements were created inside the initial generations of stars and later distributed into the interstellar medium through supernova explosions (the Big Bang itself created primarily hydrogen and helium atoms). Estimates of the ages of the stars in globular clusters fall within the range of 11 billion to 16 billion years. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]A second method for estimating the age of our galaxy is based on the present abundances of several long-lived radioactive elements in the solar system. Their abundances are set by their rates of production and distribution through exploding supernovas. According to these calculations, the age of our galaxy is between 9 billion and 16 billion years. Thus, both ways of estimating the age of the Milky Way galaxy agree with each other, and they also are consistent with the independently derived estimate for the age of the universe. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Radioactive elements originating naturally in rocks and minerals also provide a means of estimating the age of the solar system and Earth. Several of these elements decay with half lives between 700 million and more than 100 billion years (the half life of an element is the time it takes for half of the element to transform radioactively into another element). Applying these time-keepers, it is calculated that meteorites, which are fragments of asteroids, formed between 4.53 billion and 4.58 billion years ago (asteroids are small "planetoids" that revolve around the sun and are remnants of the solar nebula that gave rise to the sun and planets). The same radioactive time-keepers applied to the three oldest lunar samples returned to Earth by the Apollo astronauts infer ages between 4.4 billion and 4.5 billion years, providing minimum approximates for the time since the origin of the moon.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The oldest known rocks on earth occur in northwestern Canada (3.96 billion years), but well-studied rocks equally as old are also found in other parts of the world. In Western Australia, zircon crystals encased within younger rocks have ages as old as 4.3 billion years, making these tiny crystals the oldest materials so far found on earth. The best estimates of earth's age are obtained by calculating the time required for development of the observed lead isotopes in Earth's oldest lead ores. These estimates yield 4.54 billion years as the age of Earth and of meteorites, and hence of the solar system.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]In [B]1929 [/B] Edwin Hubble's measurements of the red-shift in the optical spectra of light from distant galaxies,10 [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] which was taken to indicate a universal recessional motion of the light sources in the line of sight, provided a dramatic verification of the Friedman-Lemaitre model. Incredibly, what Hubble had discovered was the isotropic expansion of the universe predicted by Friedman and Lemaitre. It marked a veritable turning point in the history of science. "Of all the great predictions that science has ever made over the centuries," exclaims John Wheeler, "was there ever one greater than this, to predict, and predict correctly, and predict against all expectation a phenomenon so fantastic as the expansion of the universe?"11 [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]In 1923-29[/B] Hubble was able to resolve Cepheids in M31 (the Andromeda galaxy) with the 100" telescope at Mt Wilson. He developed a new distance measure using the brightest star for more distant galaxies. He correlated these measurements with Slipher's nebulae to discover a proportionality between velocity [I]v[/I] vand distance [I]d[/I], that is, Hubbles law [I]v[/I]=[I]Hd[/I]. The constant of proportionality[I] H [/I] is called Hubble's constant (it was significantly over-estimated by Hubble himself). [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]In 1964[/B] working with a horn antenna (7.35cm) at Bell Labs, Penzias & Wilson fortuitously discovered an isotropic radio background, a relic left-over from the primordial fireball. This cosmic microwave background radiation is key evidence for the Hot Big Bang model. The temperature of this blackbody radiation is today measured to be T = 2.73K (that is, a rather cold -270C). [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]In 1986[/B] deep red shift galaxy surveys demonstrated the existence of huge bubbles, filaments and sheets on scales from 25Mpc to over 100Mpc. Subsequent galaxy surveys are providing detailed information about the distribution of large-scale structure. Radio galaxy and quasar surveys indicate homogeneity (or uniformity) is approached on scales of several hundred Mpc (that is, nearly a billion light years). [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [/SIZE][/FONT][/CENTER] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=2]APM survey of thousands of galaxies showing their large-scale angular distribution in the sky[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][I].[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]In April 1992[/B], the COBE satellite team announced the discovery of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background radiation at the level of one part in 100,000. These are thought to be a snapshot at t=400,000 years of the primodial fluctuations that led to galaxy formation. This map of the sky is also the best evidence for the isotropy (or spherical symmetry) of the Universe. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]1995-96 [/B] the Hubble Space Telescope was able to resolve Cepheid variable stars in galaxies in the Virgo cluster, ensuring a much better calibration of distance measures. This has allowed more accurate estimates to be made of Hubble's constant [I]H[/I]. Early galaxies and quasars have also been observed by the HST raising serious doubts about current structure formation models. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The model which remained the bane of the researchers in twentieth century is Lemaitre’s Big Bang Model[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Big Bang Theory[/B]: [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]George Lemaitre of Belgium advanced this theory in 1930, supported by Garag Gamov of Russia IN 1940 basing on an assumption of big bang having occurred 15 to 20 billions years ago which created the universe instantaneously in the millionth part of a second. [I]`The evolution of the world can be compared to a display of fireworks that has just ended; some few red wisps, ashes and smoke. Standing on a cooled cinder, we see the slow fading of the suns, and we try to recall the vanishing brilliance of the origin of the worlds.' Lemaitre.[/I][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The explosion from zero volume at zero time of a corpuscle of energy equivalent to the mass and radiation that now constitute the Universe. It means that everything we now see or know about was once compacted into an unimaginably small blip that instantaneously expanded in a huge explosion that created the very space and time it was expanding into. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=1][IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.ishipress.com/oldstars.htm"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][COLOR=#0000ff][IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=2]a & b :The pictures represent the Big Bang, which revealed once again that God created the universe from nothingness. c) Photo from Hubble Space Telescope of the Southern Sky [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The Universe was created by a big bang which occurred about 13 billion years ago. Prior to the big bang, all the matter which exists in the universe as we know it today was compressed into an area perhaps no larger than the head of a pin. After the big bang, all matter was scattered into what can be thought of as fine dust, or a cloud or mist. The particles were too small to be detected today. They were what we now call nano-particles; much smaller than even the basic building blocks of electrons, protons and neutrons. Larger structures came later. In the years after the big bang, the universe rapidly expanded. The universe may be thought of as a balloon blowing up. As air is pumped into a balloon, the dots on the surface get further and further apart. Similarly, as the universe grew older and expanded, the objects in it got further and further apart. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Some objects randomly came together and fused into larger objects. More particles unified and bigger objects formed. About 100,000 years after the Big Bang, the temperature of the Universe had dropped sufficiently for electrons and protons to combine into hydrogen atoms, p + e --> H, which consists of one proton, one neutron and one electron. From this time onwards, radiation was effectively unable to interact with the background gas; it has propagated freely ever since, while constantly emitting energy because its wavelength is stretched by the expansion of the Universe. Originally, the radiation temperature was about 3000 degrees Kelvin, whereas today it has fallen to only 3K. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]About one second after the Big Bang, matter - in the form of free neutrons and protons - was very hot and dense. As the Universe expanded, the temperature fell and some of these nucleons were synthesized into the light elements: deuterium (D), helium-3, and helium-4. Theoretical calculations for these nuclear processes predict, for example, that about a quarter of the Universe consists of helium-4, a result which is in good agreement with current stellar observations. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The heavier elements, of which we are partly made, were created later in the interiors of stars and spread widely in supernova explosions. The standard Hot Big Bang model also provides a framework in which to understand the collapse of matter to form galaxies and other large-scale structures observed in the Universe today. At about 10,000 years after the Big Bang, the temperature had fallen to such an extent that the energy density of the Universe began to be dominated by massive particles, rather than the light and other radiation which had predominated earlier. This change in the form of the main matter density meant that the gravitational forces between the massive particles could begin to take effects, so that any small perturbations in their density would grow. Ten billion years later we see the results of this collapse. [/SIZE][/FONT] [URL="http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/cs_home.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Particle cosmology[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] builds a picture of the universe prior to this at temperature regimes which still lie within known physics. For example, high energy particle accelerators at CERN and Fermi lab allow us to test physical models for processes which would occur only 0.00000000001 seconds after the Big Bang. This area of cosmology is more speculative, as it involves at least some extrapolation, and often faces intractable difficulties in calculations. Many cosmologists argue that reasonable extrapolations can be made to times as early as a grand unification phase transition. [/SIZE][/FONT] [URL="http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/qg_qc.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Quantum cosmology[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] considers questions about the origin of the Universe itself. This endeavors to describe quantum processes at the earliest times that we can conceive of a classical space-time, that is, the Planck epoch at [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]0.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 seconds.[/SIZE][/FONT][/CENTER] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Given that we as yet do not have a fully self-consistent theory of quantum gravity, this area of cosmology is more speculative. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Despite the self-consistency and remarkable success of the standard Hot Big Bang model in describing the evolution of the universe back to only one hundredth of a second, a number of unanswered questions remain regarding the initial state of the universe. [/SIZE][/FONT] [B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]The Steady State Model[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The Big Bang Model was questioned by many scientists. Sir Fred Hoyle, for example, could countenance neither an uncaused nor a supernaturally caused origin of the universe. With respect to the first alternative, he wrote, "This most peculiar situation is taken by many astronomers to represent [I] the origin of the universe.[/I] The universe is supposed to have begun at this particular time. From where? The usual answer, surely an unsatisfactory one, is: from nothing!" Equally unsatisfactory in Hoyle's mind was the postulation of a supernatural cause. Noting that some accept happily the universe's absolute beginning, Hoyle complained,[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]To many people this thought process seems highly satisfactory because a 'something' outside physics can then be introduced at t = 0. By a semantic manoeuvre, the word 'something' is then replaced by 'god,' except that the first letter becomes a capital, God, in order to warn us that we must not carry the enquiry any further.12 To Hoyle's credit, he did carry the inquiry further by helping to formulate in 1948 the first competitor to the Standard Model, namely, the Steady State Model of the universe13. According to this theory, the universe is in a state of isotropic cosmic expansion, but as the galaxies recede, new matter is drawn into being [I]ex nihilo[/I] in the interstices of space created by the galactic recession.[/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [/SIZE][/FONT][/CENTER] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=2]Steady State Model. As the galaxies mutually recede, new matter comes into existence to replace them. The universe thus constantly renews itself and so never began to exist.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]If one extrapolates the expansion of the universe back in time, the density of the universe never increases because the matter and energy simply vanish as the galaxies mutually approach![/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]This theory was developed by Bondi, Gold and Fred Hoyle. According to this theory, "the universe is of infinite age and obeys a perfect Cosmological Postulates such that it appears the same at all instants of time as well as the locations in Space.' (Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 18, p. 1007). The number of galaxies is continuously being created out of empty space which will fill up the gaps caused by those galaxies which have crossed the boundary of observable universe. As a result of it; the overall size and mass of the observable universe remains constant. Thus a steady state of the universe is not disturbed at all. It thus postulates that the universe is not subject to evolutionary process. Its kinematic properties like that of other cosmological models are "isotropic, homogeneous and expanding." (Encyclopedia Britannica Vol.18, p.1007). According to this theory the past cannot be distinguished from the present for they are the same hence the appearance of galaxies will not vary with distance. This however is contradicted by the radio astronomical observations, which have conclusively established that the occurrence of radio galaxies is evidently very different distances. (Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol.18, p.1007). Hence based on "esoteric theories and uncertain data" they conclude that the universe will continue to expand indefinitely (Encyclopedia of Physics p. 142). This will however happen only if the universe is really completely self contained [I] (saibhang[/I]) having no boundary of edge it would have neither beginning nor end." [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The Steady State theory never secured a single piece of experimental verification; its appeal was purely metaphysical.14 The discovery of progressively more radio galaxies at ever greater distances undermined the theory by showing that the universe had an evolutionary history. But the decisive refutation of the Steady State Model came with two discoveries which constituted, in addition to the galactic red-shift, the most significant evidence for the Big Bang theory: the cosmogenic nucleo-synthesis of the light elements and the microwave background radiation. As a result, in the words of Ivan King, "The steady-state theory has now been laid to rest, as a result of clear-cut observations of how things have changed with time."15 [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Pulsating Theory: [/B]According to this theory, the universe is supposed to be expanding and contracting alternately i.e., pulsating. At present, the universe is expanding. According to this theory it is possible that at a certain time, the expansion of the universe may be stopped by the gravitational pull and the universe may contract again. After it has been contracted to a certain size, explosion again occurs and the universe will start expanding. The alternate expansion and contraction of the universe give rise to a pulsating universe16. The tragedy of this theory is the methods of verification of facts. The universe is so vast that it is not possible to fathom their behavior by sample observations. Another aspect is the variety in universal creation. No too beings or natural creations are the same. There is difference in each and to take one sample out of any group may not provide exact answer for the other. The second aspect of the universe is the continuous change. No one can measure the speed of change billions of miles away as the most stars are much beyond. Hence to provide computerized solutions is an imaginary solution and not a practical one at his stage. Thus the astronomers can never explain the Origin of the Universe as an observable fact and verifiable reality. Neither a satisfactory mathematical model can be worked out to explain the complex systems of the universe17.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Shape of the Universe[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] An important open question is the shape of the Universe. Firstly, whether the Universe is spatially flat, i.e. whether the rules of Euclidean geometry are valid on the largest scales is unknown. Currently, most cosmologists believe that the observable Universe is very nearly spatially flat, with local wrinkles where massive objects distort space-time, just as a lake is (nearly) flat.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] Secondly, whether the Universe is multiply connected, is unknown. The Universe has no spatial boundary according to the standard Big Bang model, but nevertheless may be spatially finite (compact). This can be understood using a two-dimensional analogy: the surface of a sphere has no edge, but nonetheless has a finite area. It is a two-dimensional surface with constant curvature in a third dimension. The 3-sphere is a three-dimensional equivalent in which all three dimensions are constantly curved in a fourth.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] If the Universe is indeed spatially finite, as described, then traveling in a "straight" line, in any given direction, would theoretically cause one to eventually arrive back at the starting point.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] Strictly speaking, we should call the stars and galaxies "views" of stars and galaxies, since it is possible that the Universe is multiply-connected and sufficiently small (and of an appropriate, perhaps complex, shape) that we can see once or several times around it in various, and perhaps all, directions. (Think of a house of mirrors.) If so, the actual number of physically distinct stars and galaxies would be smaller than currently accounted. Although this possibility has not been ruled out, the results of the latest cosmic microwave background research make this appear very unlikely.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [B]Fate of the Universe[/B]:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Depending on the average density of matter and energy in the Universe, it will either keep on expanding forever or it will be gravitationally slowed down and will eventually collapse back on itself in a "big crunch". Currently the evidence suggests not only that there is insufficient mass/energy to cause a re-collapse, but that the expansion of the Universe seems to be accelerating and will accelerate for the whole of eternity. Other ideas of the fate of our Universe include the Big Rip, the Big Freeze, and Heat Death of the Universe theory.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [B]Multi-verse[/B] There is some speculation that multiple universes exist in a higher-level multi-verse (also known as a mega-verse), our Universe being one of those universes (lower case). For example, matter that falls into a black hole in our Universe could emerge as a "Big Bang," starting another universe. However, all such ideas are currently un-testable and cannot be regarded as anything more than speculation. The concept of parallel universes is understood only when related to string theory.18[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Most accepted theory amongst the scientific community now is the big bang theory and the inflationary theory of development.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Thus the scientists themselves cannot say with certainty as to how the universe was created and who created it.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Size of Universe and observable Universe[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] There is disagreement over whether the Universe is finite or infinite in spatial extent and volume. However, the observable Universe, consisting of all locations that could have affected us since the Big Bang given the finite speed of light, is certainly finite. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] About the time of origin also there are many guesses, stories and legends. Many Hindu scholars guessed that in 1928, the period of creation of the universe was for 10 billion 9 millions 68 lakhs, 53 thousand and 28 years. According to Christian Scholars the world was created 4004 years before the Christ on 23 October. Below is another guessed geological time line of all the main events in the history of the universe19 based on the study of fossils?[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]15 Billion Years ago: [/B][/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/macrocos.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Macrocosms[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/field.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Field[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/radiatio.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Radiation[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/particle.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Particles[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]-[/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/electron.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Electron[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/positron.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Positron[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/interact.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Interactions[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]-[/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/higgsfie.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Higgs Fields[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/falsvacu.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]False Vacuum[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/inflatio.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Inflation[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/ssb.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/cosmos.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Cosmos[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/universe.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Universe[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/big_bang.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Big Bang[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/proton.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Proton[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]-[/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/neutron.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Neutron[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/fusion.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Nuclear Fusion[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/alpha.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Alpha Particles[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] -[/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/betaradi.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Beta Radioactivity[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/atom.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Atom[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/cosmicba.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Cosmic- Background Radiation[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]-[/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/gas.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Gas[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/gravity.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Gravity[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/charge.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Electric Charge[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/expansion.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Expansion of the Universe[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]13 Billion Years ago: [/B][/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/orclugal.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Clusters of Galaxies[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]-[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/galaxy.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Galaxies[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/globstar.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Globular Star Cluster[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/discgala.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Disc of Galaxy[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]12 Billion Years ago: [/B][/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/spirala.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Spiral Arms[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/starbirt.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Birth of a Star[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/openstcl.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Open Star Clusters[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/milkyway.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Milky Way Galaxy[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] - -[/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/binaries.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Binary Stars[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]11 Billion Years ago: [/B][/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/starold.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Red Giant[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/whitdwar.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]White Dwarf Star[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] -[/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/nova.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Nova[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/stardies.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Supernova[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/neutstar.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Neutron Star[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] -[/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/blakhole.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Black Holes[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] -[/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/cos_dust.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Cosmic Dust[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] -[/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/molecule.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Molecules[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/honc1234.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]HONC Atoms[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/water.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Water[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/hydrbond.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Hydrogen- Bond[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/ice.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Ice[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]4.7 Billion Years ago: [/B][/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/sun.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Sun[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/origpla1.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Solar Disc[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/planets.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Planets[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/solarsys.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Solar System[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/earthori.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Earth [/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]4.5 Billion Years ago: [/B][/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/earthstr.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Earth Structure[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] -[/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/volcanos.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Volcanoes[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]4 Billion Years ago :[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/metera.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Meteorite Era[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] -[/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/earlatmo.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Early Atmosphere[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/liquwate.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Liquid Water[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/rain.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Rain[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/weathrok.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Weathering of Rock[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/condrift.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Continental Drift[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] -[/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/sunlight.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Sunlight[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/greenhou.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Greenhouse Effect[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/weather.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Weather[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]- [/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/climate.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Climate[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] -[/SIZE][/FONT][URL="http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/iceage.html"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Ice Ages[/SIZE][/FONT][/URL][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]-[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]According to another theory the vertical time axis is not linear in order to show early events on a reasonable scale. The temperature rises as we go backwards in time towards the Big Bang and physical processes happen more rapidly. Many of the transitions and events may be unfamiliar to newcomers; we shall explain these in subsequent pages. The following diagram illustrates the main events occurring in the history of our Universe.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The timescales and temperatures indicated on this diagram span an enormous range. A cosmologist has first to get the order of magnitude (or the power of ten) correct. Quantities which are given as 10 to some power 6 (say) is simply 1 followed by 6 zeros, that is, in this case 1,000,000 (one million). Quantities which are given as 10 to some minus power -6 (say) have 1 in the 6th place after the decimal point, that is, 0.000001 (one millionth). At extremely high temperatures we tend to use giga-electron volts (GeV) instead of degrees Kelvin. One GeV is equivalent to about 10,000,000,000,000K. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]All these theories have been built on guesses as no one has seen the origin, originator or time of origin. This in itself proves that these theories are not scientifically proved; nor are they likely to be proved in near future at least not in our life time.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Getting at the Truth[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Scientists depend on observations and experiments based on their five senses. They measure, register, record and draw inferences through deductions and inductions after due analytical reasoning. Their observations are about what they can observe. Their findings too are based on what is observed. About observation of the universe their observations are not fruitful. No body knows the limits of the universe of the limitless God; no one can know it either. Scientists are observing the universe sitting inside it. It is like observing the size of an egg sitting inside it. Any part of the egg will not provide details about its originator, the date of origin or the expanse and the future of the egg. Hence observations by science have their limitations. Scientists too have been looking towards God and religion in this state of darkness as is apparent from the special issue of Newsweek.[/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=1] [IMG]https://mail.google.com/a/sikhphilosophy.net/?name=d33be9805ff33117.jpg&attid=0.6&disp=vahi&view=att&th=125f46c21d1e84b1[/IMG] [/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]This is because the religion adds another dimension i.e., the sixth sense. This is also called perception or intuition. Perception does not need the efforts for measuring, registering, recording and having deductions or inductions to draw inferences. Perception is direct without a medium. Newton’s intuition helped him to work out results from falling apple. Ren Descartes had the intuition about Coordinate Geometry in a dream. Similarly chain reaction was the product of a dream. Intuition compared by other ground realities helped the famous scientific discoveries. Some scientists do not accept God because the God is invisible. On the other hand the religions (except Buddhism) including Sikhism believe in the existence of God. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Philosophy of Sikhism is based on Sri Guru Granth Sahib originally compiled by Sri Guru Arjan Dev and later given the status of Guru by Guru Gobind Singh after a few additions. [I]Japuji, Aasa di Vaar, Siddh Goshth[/I] and [I]Maru Sohile[/I] of Guru Nanak and [I]Sukhmani Sahib[/I] of Guru Arjan have described about the universe and life in detail while other Gurus and saints have touched upon the subjects at random. Primary material here is obtained from hymns of Guru Nanak and Guru Arjan.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]According to Sri Guru Granth Sahib, the One and the only One [B]God[/B] has created the entire universe.20 The God is the Greatest; His place is the highest. His end cannot be known. No one knows his limit. He is limitless. Only the one who can become greater and higher as Him, can know Him and fathom His limits21,22. His size remains same. It neither increases nor decreases.23 The God is Omnipresent but remains in secrecy. He is everywhere in the form of light. The beings are created by Him. He cannot be seen by any being. No being can say how the universe was created”.24[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The ‘created’ cannot know how the Creator carried out the creation.25 The greatest wonder is that while the God sees everything that goes on in the universe, the beings do not notice him doing so26. The beings are blinded by [I]maya[/I]; hence they cannot see the Creator. As the blinded eyes cannot see Him; a true Guru can provide the divine sight with which one can see the God.27 No one can observe Him with ordinary eyes. He can only be seen through sixth sense. Guru Arjan wrote, “The eyes, which have seen my dear Lord, are different.”28 The God has kept a being in a cave and made him the instrument of air. The air instrument works through nine gates; the tenth gate is kept secret. By keeping one self attached to Guru’s door one can see the tenth gate.29 The sixth sense also called the tenth gate (‘[I]dasam duar’[/I]) is different from the nine gates on which the senses are developed (2 eyes, 2 nostrils, 2 ears, one mouth and two outlets). Scientists fail to develop their sixth sense. They study the [I]maya[/I] and not the Creator. Their eyes are blind to the world of [I]maya [/I]and are lost in self and engrossed in ego. A being has to kill his ego and break the illusion of [I]maya[/I]30. Subduing one’s ego, one shall find a lasting peace, and emotional attachment to Maya will be dispelled31. Through the Word [I] (sabd[/I]), egotism is conquered and subdued, and the illusion of Maya is dispelled32.[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]But without the Guru, no one finds the God. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The God is functioning in the entire universe in secrecy. He can be seen only through the Word given by a guide33. The knowledge of the true Word can be given by a true guide.34 Only a true guide ([I]Guru[/I]) can provide them the divine sight35 with which they can see Him and His entire universe in correct perspective. Only a true guide can help one to see the God through [I]maya [/I] and help identify and finally reach Him. The true Guru only can help one differentiating the truth from the illusion ([I]maya[/I]); can help getting detached from [I]maya[/I] and attached to the truth, the God. The true guide helps in removing [I]haumai[/I] and attachment to [I] maya [/I]through Word. The Word not only helps in knowing the universe of [I]maya [/I]but also the True God.36 The Guru helps in remembering Him through His Word (Name) and understanding Him. The God gets attracted to them who put efforts to attract Him. Once the [I]nadr(i)[/I] of the Lord is set on a being, the being is surely to be emancipated from the transmigration system into which one is subjected. Remember Him always by reciting His name. This is the best method to draw His attention37. Love by remembering God and He will love you. Love begets love. Continuous attention from both sides develops into love and the result of this love is actual assimilation. Once the being totally forgets about self and remembers only God he reaches the ultimate stage ([I]turia awstha[/I]), which can be reached through the guidance of the guide.38 [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Getting attached to the God and then assimilating into Him is the only way to find the real peace; the only way to save oneself from the cycle of [I]maya[/I] (transmigration). Guru Nanak has described this process of salvation in Japuji Step 38 by giving the simily of a goldsmith’s shop. Citing the body as a goldsmith’s shop, the body be kept clean of all the vices through contenance. Keeping patience the intellect must be sharpened with knowledge from the scriptures. Keeping Lord’s fear in mind, penance must hard enough to attract the attention and love of the Lord. The true word prepared in such a mint, under the direction of Guru, will assimilate the being with the God. The labor will be fruitful once the God’s grace is obtained and the being gets assimilated with Him.39 [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The real research is in researching the cause and the effect. The tragedy is that the scientists are caught in observing the mirage, the [I]maya[/I] the creation, and not its Creator. Their observations are of the effect and not the cause; of the action and not the producer. The God is the cause and the [I]maya[/I] is the effect. The subject is thus forgotten and the activity is observed. These observations are of transitory things and not of permanent nature. The observed are all changeable. That is why the principles created by science keep on changing and do not stand for long. Knowing the permanent, the True God is the real find; getting attached to Him and to get assimilated into Him is the real achievement; the permanent stability and peace are the wanted results.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The time of writing and compilation of the material shows that it was done much before the currency of modern science and scientific theories in vogue now. This shows that Guru Nanak and the other writers of Sri Guru Granth Sahib were much ahead of their times. Their description and theories not only stand the test of the day but also provide guidelines for future scientific research as well. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The various religious luminaries have had the experiences with God through their sixth sense. The Gurus and the saints whose hymns have been recorded in [I]Sri Guru Granth Sahib[/I] had developed this sixth sense. From their hymns we find answers to all the questions about universe, left unanswered and undiscovered so far by the science or for that matter by any other human being. The Gurus and saints had the sixth sense which the scientists normally do not develop. Hence scientists have been unable to reach the Truth so far about the creation.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Record of Creation in Sri Guru Granth Sahib[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]According to Sri Guru Granth Sahib, the universe originates from the Word (sabd) and assimilates with the Word. It again originates from the Word.40. The God and His creation can be understood by the one who is either greater than the God or has become like Him. It is futile to observe an egg sitting in the egg and finding facts about the originator, origin time and the process and outer dimensions of the egg. The calculations by the scientists about the date and process of origin are not true as all the observations made by the scientists are based on [I]maya[/I] of the God and not the Truth. It is impossible to observe the past without sixth sense. The First Guru questions, “What was the time, date, month, season when the universe was created?” He puts the question and provides the answer too41, “No pandit (worldly knowledgeable Hindu) has known the time, otherwise it would have been recorded in ancient Hindu scriptures. No Muslim scholar ([I]Qazi[/I]) has yet known, this otherwise it would have been recorded in Quran. Neither any ascetic nor anyone else has known the date, month or season when the universe was created. No living person has lived to tell the tale of the origin and no one has yet seen it. No one can measure the spread of universe”.42 [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]“God alone knows when He created the universe”.43 He further says. “In this sphere, there are many types of gases (airs), liquids (waters) and fires (energies). There are several worldly gods transforming beings into numerous forms and colours and clad in diverse attires. There are many earths and mountains….. There are numerous rain gods, moons, suns, constellations and countries”.44 “There is no limit to the creation”.45 “No one can describe the limit of various countries, worlds and universes as there is no end. In every part of light there is a shape of beings”46. “The continents and underworlds are billions; beyond anyone’s count.”47 [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]According to Sri Guru Granth Sahib the One and the only One [B]God[/B] has created the entire universe.48 .The entire universe originated from Him alone.49 He, The Creator and The Destroyer, creates and destroys the universe within seconds.50 The universe was destroyed and created many times.51 It was created by many ways many times. He himself remains aloof without showing any of His attributes52 The Creator, Preserver and Destroyer are not different. He alone is the Creator or Destroyer.53 Everything originates from Him and assimilates into Him.54 [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]He established and contemplates worldly sphere.55 He creates and recreates, shattering and breaking apart, creating, He shatters again. He builds up what He has demolished and demolishes what He has built.56 [B] Nothing[/B] is created without Him and there is nothing without Him.57 [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Before creation of the universe there was nothing around; whatever is observable in the universe did not exist earlier.58 There was [B]utter darkness[/B] all-around.59 He Himself was in deep meditation.60 For thirty six yugas61 He had remained in darkness.[I]62[/I] He emerged from this darkness [B][I]shoonya[/I][/B] Himself and gave Himself a name.63 With His emergence spread the [B]Light [/B]around64. The Light of the Lord spread everywhere.65 When in light, the Lord probably felt lonely and thought of creating the universe as a play for Himself.66 [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]He created the universe and millions of rivers with one sound of His order.67 All the segments and continents in the universe were created one sound of His order alone.68 The light [B]energy[/B] being at the base and the sound energy being the activating force, the creation of universe was initiated.69 He uttered [B]sound[/B] to create the universe70. This sound is considered to be His Name or [I] Sabd[/I].71 From the True God came the air and from air came the water. From water He created the universe and in every element of the universe He entered in the form of light.72 He created the universe in many different methods in such a way that everything originates from the God and merges into it.73 He created billions of stars, suns and planets.74 He created billions of countries and earths75 and on them He created water, land and mountains.76 He mixed water, fire and air to create the living beings on earth.77 The entire universe is made of water and water exists everywhere.78 There are billions of universes, skies and Netherlands.79 There are billions of places of worship.80 The word is the place of residence of the God and He stays in it. 81 He creates and cares Himself.82[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]All the creation is His play.83 This play is all His [I]maya[/I] an illusion. Paradise, the earth, the nether regions of the underworld and the globe of the world-all are engrossed in [I]maya.[/I]84 The [I]maya[/I] has been considered as natural and unnatural. Natural [I] maya[/I] is true85 while unnatural [I]maya[/I] is not. The universe is like a dream; it will vanish in no time.86 The sky, the nether world and the entire creation are all due to His nature. All winds, waters, fires, earths and dust are all God’s nature. The God provided various sensory perception of seeing, hearing etc., to the beings so that they could feel and see the impact of fear and happiness of Lord’s nature. The knowledge of [I]Vedas, Puranas [/I] and[I] Quran [/I]and all thinking are the powers of His Nature. Eating, drinking and dressing and loving the humanity are all set by the nature. All species, kinds and colors and all living beings are created by the power of His Nature. All virtues and vices, honor and dis-honor are the natural laws.87 The creation of nature cannot be stated by mere thinking.88 Giving Himself a Name, He created the nature in various colors and types 89 and settled in it happily to enjoy it.90 Everything originated from God’s semen.91 One is amazed at the God who has created the universe and the beings.92.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The God Himself directed the evolution of the world of five elements; He created relationship among water, air, fire and sky.93 He created water air, and fire as the creator developer and destroyer.94 He Himself infused the five senses into it.95 Nights, days, weeks and seasons; air, water, fire and nether regions- in the midst of these, He established the earth as a home of Dharma. Upon it; He placed various species of beings; of unlimited and endless names and types.96 There are form upon form of beings and creatures in the water, on the land, in the worlds and the universes.97 He created the bodies by binding the air, water and fire98. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Creation of five elements[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The creation process started with creation of five elements of the matter. The energy [B] waves [/B]emerged from the light after dispersion by the sound and expanded cyclically. 99 The cyclic expansion and contraction of this energy created the five elements. 100 [B]The five elements[/B] are air,[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]fire, water, earth and ether which all were formed as a result of light energy expansion and contraction. The Lord remains in every element in the form of light energy. 101, 102 His existence is in continuity.103 The sequence of creation was air, fire, water, earth, fire and ether104. Every action of creation was [B]smooth and systematic[/B].105 The theory of big bang is negated here. The theory of space is also negated stating that the light energy is in existence everywhere in continuity hence the question of space does not arise.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Creation of galaxies, stars, planetary systems and earth[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]According to modern science theories, combination and recombination of nuclei, blackbody radiation and local contraction caused cluster formation. Re-ionization, violent relaxation and varialization resulted in galaxy formation. Formation of particles and antiparticles and thereafter particle-anti-particle annihilation caused creation of [B]Gases[/B] (deuterium, helium). Fragmentation, contraction, ionization and compression of gases caused opaque hydrogen and massive star formation. Deuterium ignition effected creation of [B] Fire. [/B]Hydrogen fusion and then depletion caused core contraction and [B]envelop expansion. [/B]Helium fusion further led to carbon, oxygen and silicon fusion ([B]Air[/B] formation). The lord created air and water from [I]shoonya[/I]106 [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Production of [B]matter[/B] [B]of earth[/B] e.g., Iron production started through Implosion. Supernova explosions caused stars, planets and satellite formation.107 Their condensation, explosion or fragmentation caused [B]Earth[/B] formation by planetesimal accretion, planetary differentiation, crust solidification and volatile gas expulsion. This in turn caused [B] water[/B] condensation and water dissociation. Earth environment occurred through creation and settlement of ozone production process and ultraviolet absorption. The seven seas were created in the process108. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][B]Creation of Life[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]On the earth the life started thereafter.109[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Water, air, fire and earth helped in creation of life110 in the new environment in which the life started in the order of plants, reptiles, animals and then man. The life was created in many ways.111 The four sources of creation were from eggs, from the womb, from the earth and from the sweat. 112, 113 . Eggs, wombs, sweat and earth - these are God's workshops of creation.114 The God thus created the universe as He so willed.115 [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]If we compare the thought process embodied in Sri Guru Granth Sahib with other religions and scientific processes, we find following basic distinctions: [/SIZE][/FONT] [LIST=1] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]According to [I] Sri Guru Granth Sahib[/I] (SGGS) the universe originated from a single entity and will get assimilated into the same entity; the entity that is the God. No one else created the universe. Science does not ascribe to this while other major religions except Buddhism ascribe to this.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]According to SGGS, the Lord Himself directs the evolution of the world of five elements; He Himself infuses the five senses into it. Shattering and breaking apart, He creates and recreates; creating, He shatters again. He builds up what He has demolished and demolishes what He has built. Nights, days, weeks and seasons; air, water, fire and nether regions- in the midst of these, He established the earth as a home of Dharma, upon it; He placed various species of beings; their names are unlimited and endless. This theory clarifies the point as to who created the big bang or who created the universe. The major religions ascribe to the theory of God as the Creator. [/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]According to SGGS the world which we see is actually the [I]maya[/I]. SGGS states that [I] Maya[/I] is an illusion. It is the creation and not the creator. It is the effect and not the cause. Until we find out the cause we cannot reach the right conclusion. The scientists study ‘[I]maya[/I]’ as it is observable and do not study the real cause. Science thus is unable to find out the real cause.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The illusion of [I] maya[/I] according to SGGS can be removed only through [I]sabd. Sabd[/I] can be given only by a true Guru who can help reach the ultimate reality, The God. True Guru only can help understand, identify and assimilate with the God; the ultimate destination of the entire universe. This is advocated in Hinduism but not in any other religion. Scientists too do not follow this concept.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]There was utter darkness before the God appeared and started the creation process as per SGGS. Science and other religions except Hinduism do not ascribe to it[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]SGGS describes the cause of creation of the universe as loneliness of the Lord. To avoid loneliness He created a play for Himself. Thus the effect was the emergence of play in the form of universe. Other religions and scientists do not ascribe to this.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]as per sggs the entire universe is ever-changing energy. Scientists and other religious thoughts differ on this.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]as per sggs energy creation is a one time effort. The energy neither increases nor decreases. This is in consonance with science. Other religions do not ascribe to it.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The ever changing energy keeps on taking various forms e.g. liquid, gas or solid. Basic element of all energies remains light. This again is in consonance with science but not ascribed by other religions.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The universe was created from light energy which remains the chief controller of entire change process of the universe in the form of soul. God controls the universe in the form of light/soul. Science and other religions except Hinduism do not ascribe to it.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The sound created by the God was a triggering force for expansion of the light in the form of photons. Hinduism and Islam ascribes to it. No other religion and science ascribe to it.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The universe was created in smooth, gradual process. It negates the big bang theory. [/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The sequence of creation of elements was light-sound-air (gas)-ether- earth- water-fire. This is different from others[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Life too was created by the God. The life was created in many ways; important ones being from eggs, earth, womb and sweat. Science does not entirely agree with it.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Everything in the universe can be considered alive because of its continuous change and taking any form or shape at any time. The man dies, his body is either burnt, buried or eaten by fish/eagles. It changes into further life thereafter. Science does not agree with it.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]as per SGGS there is continuous system. Life comes after death and death after life which is a natural and continuing process. This is in consonance with religions of the east but not with that of West and the science.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3][I]shoonya [/I] or [I]sunn [/I]is not ‘nothing’. It can be called the centre of concentrated energy. Numerals emerge out of it both ways; positive to one side and negative to other. This is also in consonance with latest scientific theories.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]All the universal elements have negatives and positives. The negatives do change into positives and vice versa. This is in consonance with modern theories.[/SIZE][/FONT] [*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]According to SGGS the earth is spherical. Unlike most other religions and some scientists which say that the earth is flat.[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LIST] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][B]Bibliography[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]1. G.S. Bachan, Creation of the Cos-Universe, Amritsar, Guru Nanak Dev University [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]2. Guy Murchie: The Seven Mysteries of Life, Boston: The Houghton Mifflin Company, 1978[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]3. Holy Bible, ‘Genesis’, Gideons International, USA, 1961[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]4. Ian M. Campbell, Energy and the Atmosphere, London: Wiley, 1977[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]5. J. S. Lewis, American Geologist, F. Press, R. Siever, Earth, New York: W. H. Freeman, 1986, [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]6. John Ray: The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Word of Creation, 1701; [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]7. K.L. Gomber & K.I. Gogia, Fundamental Physics New Delhi, 1999, [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]8. Michael Denton, Nature's Destiny[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]9. Paul Davies, Superforce, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]10. Panjabi Vishaw Kosh, Vol. IV, Bhasha Vibhag, Patiala.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]11. Rich Milne: The Origin of the Universe[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]12. Stephen Hawking: A Brief History Of Time, Bantam Press, London: 1988[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]13. Superforce: The Search for a Grand Unified Theory of Nature, 1984.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]14. Sri Guru Granth Sahib, Shiromani Gurudwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amrirtsar[/SIZE][/FONT] [/QUOTE]
Insert quotes…
Verification
Post reply
Discussions
Sikh Sikhi Sikhism
Origin Of Universe As Per SGGS - A Comparative Study With Other Religions And Science
This site uses cookies to help personalise content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register.
By continuing to use this site, you are consenting to our use of cookies.
Accept
Learn more…
Top