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Gurbani (14-53)
Ashtpadiyan (53-71)
Gurbani (71-74)
Pahre (74-78)
Chhant (78-81)
Vanjara (81-82)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
Ashtpadi (109)
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Ashtpadi (129-130)
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Bara Maha (133-136)
Din Raen (136-137)
Vaar Maajh Ki (137-150)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
Quartets/Couplets (185-220)
Ashtpadiyan (220-234)
Karhalei (234-235)
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Thintteen (343-344)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
Chaupaday (348-364)
Panchpadde (364-365)
Kaafee (365-409)
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Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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Hard Talk
Military Scientists Tested Mustard Gas On Indians
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<blockquote data-quote="Archived_Member16" data-source="post: 59507" data-attributes="member: 884"><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Arial'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="color: #810081"><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/india/story/0,,2160244,00.html" target="_blank"><u>http://www.guardian.co.uk/india/story/0,,2160244,00.html</u></a></span></span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Arial'"><span style="font-size: 18px">Military scientists tested mustard gas on Indians</span></span></strong></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/gallery/2007/aug/17/india?picture=330592559" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'"><span style="color: #810081"><u>In pictures: Porton Down experiments</u></span></span></a></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'"><strong>·</strong> Hundreds of soldiers used in experiments </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'"><strong>·</strong> Illnesses caused by carcinogen not tracked</span></span></p><p> </p><p>[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]<span style="font-size: 10px"><strong>Rob Evans</strong></span>[/FONT]</p><p>[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]<span style="font-size: 10px"><strong>Saturday September 1, 2007</strong></span>[/FONT]</p><p> </p><p>[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]<span style="font-size: 10px"><strong>Guardian</strong></span>[/FONT]</p><p> </p><p>[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]<span style="font-size: 10px">British military scientists sent hundreds of Indian soldiers into gas chambers and exposed them to mustard gas, documents uncovered by the Guardian have revealed. </span>[/FONT]</p><p> </p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]The Guardian understands that the British military did not check up on the Indian soldiers after the experiments to see if they developed any illnesses. It is now recognised that mustard gas can cause cancer and other diseases. [/FONT]</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]Many suffered severe burns on their skin, including their genitals, leaving them in pain for days and even weeks. Some had to be treated in hospital. [/FONT]</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]The trials have been thrown into the spotlight by newly discovered documents at the National Archives which have shown for the first time the full scale of the experiments. [/FONT]</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]The Indian troops were serving under the command of the British military at a time when India was under colonial rule. [/FONT]</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]The experiments took place over more than 10 years before and during world war two in a military installation at Rawalpindi, now in Pakistan. They were conducted by scientists from the Porton Down chemical warfare establishment in Wiltshire who had been posted to the sub-continent to develop poison gases to use against the Japanese. [/FONT]</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]The Indian tests are a little-known part of Porton's huge programme of chemical warfare testing on humans. More than 20,000 British soldiers were subjected to chemical warfare trials involving poison gases, such as nerve gas and mustard gas, at Porton between 1916 and 1989. [/FONT]</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]Many of these British soldiers have alleged that they were duped into taking part in the tests, which have damaged their health in the years after the trials. [/FONT]</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]The reports record that in some cases Indian soldiers were exposed to mustard gas protected only by a respirator. On one occasion the gas mask of an Indian sepoy (a private) slipped, leaving him with severe burns on his eyes and face. [/FONT]</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]The tests were used to determine how much gas was needed to produce a casualty on the battlefield. [/FONT]</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]In 1942 the Porton scientists reported that there had been a "large number" of burns from the gas among Indian and British test subjects. Some were so harsh that they had to be sent to hospital. "Severely burned patients are often very miserable and depressed and in considerable discomfort, which must be experienced to be properly realised," wrote the scientists. [/FONT]</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]Other soldiers were hospitalised for a week after they were sent into a gas chamber wearing "drill shorts and open-necked, khaki, cotton shirts" to gauge the effect of mustard gas on their eyes. [/FONT]</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]The trials had started in the early 1930s when Porton scientists wanted to find out if mustard gas inflicted greater damage on Indian skin compared with British skin. More than 500 Britons and Indians were exposed to mustard gas. [/FONT]</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]Alan Care, a lawyer representing British troops tested at Porton, said: "I would be astonished if these Indian subjects gave any meaningful consent to taking part in these tests, particularly as they were conducted during the days of Empire. No one would have agreed ... if they knew beforehand what was going to happen." [/FONT]</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]Porton officials have argued that trials took place in a different era, during a conflict, and so their conduct should not be judged by today's standards. [/FONT]</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]The Ministry of Defence could not say whether the Indian soldiers were volunteers in the experiments. It said: "The studies undertaken at the Chemical Defence Research Establishment in India included defensive research, weapons research and physiological research. These studies supported those conducted in simulated conditions in the UK in a different environment." [/FONT]</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]<strong>Chemical warfare</strong> [/FONT]</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]Porton Down, founded in 1916, is the oldest chemical warfare research installation in the world. Until the 1950s Porton developed chemical weapons such as mustard gas and nerve gas. In the 1940s and 1950s Porton also devised biological weapons, chiefly anthrax bombs. [/FONT]</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]Today Porton's primary task is to develop defensive equipment to shield the armed forces against chemical and biological weapons. Porton believes that the British armed forces are equipped with some of the best defensive equipment in the world. [/FONT]</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]Porton has always recruited members of the armed forces to take part in experiments. The most controversial resulted in the death of airman Ronald Maddison in 1953 when liquid nerve gas was dripped on to his arm. An inquest in 2004 found that he had been unlawfully killed. [/FONT]</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]Last year the government paid compensation to three servicemen who had been given LSD without their consent.[/FONT]</span></p><p>[FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]<span style="font-size: 9px">Guardian Unlimited © Guardian News and Media Limited 2007</span>[/FONT]</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Archived_Member16, post: 59507, member: 884"] [B][FONT=Arial][SIZE=2][COLOR=#810081][URL="http://www.guardian.co.uk/india/story/0,,2160244,00.html"][U]http://www.guardian.co.uk/india/story/0,,2160244,00.html[/U][/URL][/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [B][FONT=Arial][SIZE=5]Military scientists tested mustard gas on Indians[/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [SIZE=3][URL="http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/gallery/2007/aug/17/india?picture=330592559"][FONT=Arial][COLOR=#810081][U]In pictures: Porton Down experiments[/U][/COLOR][/FONT][/URL][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Arial][B]·[/B] Hundreds of soldiers used in experiments [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Arial][B]·[/B] Illnesses caused by carcinogen not tracked[/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif][SIZE=2][B]Rob Evans[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif][SIZE=2][B]Saturday September 1, 2007[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif][SIZE=2][B]Guardian[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif][SIZE=2]British military scientists sent hundreds of Indian soldiers into gas chambers and exposed them to mustard gas, documents uncovered by the Guardian have revealed. [/SIZE][/FONT] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]The Guardian understands that the British military did not check up on the Indian soldiers after the experiments to see if they developed any illnesses. It is now recognised that mustard gas can cause cancer and other diseases. [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]Many suffered severe burns on their skin, including their genitals, leaving them in pain for days and even weeks. Some had to be treated in hospital. [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]The trials have been thrown into the spotlight by newly discovered documents at the National Archives which have shown for the first time the full scale of the experiments. [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]The Indian troops were serving under the command of the British military at a time when India was under colonial rule. [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]The experiments took place over more than 10 years before and during world war two in a military installation at Rawalpindi, now in Pakistan. They were conducted by scientists from the Porton Down chemical warfare establishment in Wiltshire who had been posted to the sub-continent to develop poison gases to use against the Japanese. [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]The Indian tests are a little-known part of Porton's huge programme of chemical warfare testing on humans. More than 20,000 British soldiers were subjected to chemical warfare trials involving poison gases, such as nerve gas and mustard gas, at Porton between 1916 and 1989. [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]Many of these British soldiers have alleged that they were duped into taking part in the tests, which have damaged their health in the years after the trials. [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]The reports record that in some cases Indian soldiers were exposed to mustard gas protected only by a respirator. On one occasion the gas mask of an Indian sepoy (a private) slipped, leaving him with severe burns on his eyes and face. [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]The tests were used to determine how much gas was needed to produce a casualty on the battlefield. [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]In 1942 the Porton scientists reported that there had been a "large number" of burns from the gas among Indian and British test subjects. Some were so harsh that they had to be sent to hospital. "Severely burned patients are often very miserable and depressed and in considerable discomfort, which must be experienced to be properly realised," wrote the scientists. [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]Other soldiers were hospitalised for a week after they were sent into a gas chamber wearing "drill shorts and open-necked, khaki, cotton shirts" to gauge the effect of mustard gas on their eyes. [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]The trials had started in the early 1930s when Porton scientists wanted to find out if mustard gas inflicted greater damage on Indian skin compared with British skin. More than 500 Britons and Indians were exposed to mustard gas. [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]Alan Care, a lawyer representing British troops tested at Porton, said: "I would be astonished if these Indian subjects gave any meaningful consent to taking part in these tests, particularly as they were conducted during the days of Empire. No one would have agreed ... if they knew beforehand what was going to happen." [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]Porton officials have argued that trials took place in a different era, during a conflict, and so their conduct should not be judged by today's standards. [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]The Ministry of Defence could not say whether the Indian soldiers were volunteers in the experiments. It said: "The studies undertaken at the Chemical Defence Research Establishment in India included defensive research, weapons research and physiological research. These studies supported those conducted in simulated conditions in the UK in a different environment." [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif][B]Chemical warfare[/B] [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]Porton Down, founded in 1916, is the oldest chemical warfare research installation in the world. Until the 1950s Porton developed chemical weapons such as mustard gas and nerve gas. In the 1940s and 1950s Porton also devised biological weapons, chiefly anthrax bombs. [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]Today Porton's primary task is to develop defensive equipment to shield the armed forces against chemical and biological weapons. Porton believes that the British armed forces are equipped with some of the best defensive equipment in the world. [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]Porton has always recruited members of the armed forces to take part in experiments. The most controversial resulted in the death of airman Ronald Maddison in 1953 when liquid nerve gas was dripped on to his arm. An inquest in 2004 found that he had been unlawfully killed. [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=2][FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif]Last year the government paid compensation to three servicemen who had been given LSD without their consent.[/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Geneva,Arial,sans-serif][SIZE=1]Guardian Unlimited © Guardian News and Media Limited 2007[/SIZE][/FONT] [/QUOTE]
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Hard Talk
Military Scientists Tested Mustard Gas On Indians
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