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ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
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ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
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Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
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ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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Hard Talk
Key Findings Of The Bombing Of Air India Flight 182 Commission Of Inquiry
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<blockquote data-quote="Archived_Member16" data-source="post: 128577" data-attributes="member: 884"><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="color: navy"><strong>Opening Remarks</strong></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-size: 15px"></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="color: navy"><strong>By</strong></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 15px"></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="color: navy"><strong>The Honourable John C. Major, C.C., Q.C</strong></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="color: navy"><strong>On the release of the Report of the</strong></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="color: navy"><strong>Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182</strong></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="font-size: 15px"></span></span></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="font-size: 15px"></span></span></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="font-size: 15px"></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="font-size: 15px"></p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"></p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"></p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">The bombing of Air India Flight 182 on June 23, 1985 was an act of terrorism. Three hundred and twentynine</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></p></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">persons – passengers and crew – died in the North Atlantic off the coast of Ireland. The majority of</span></span></span></p></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">the passengers were Canadian; one quarter of the victims (82) were under the age of thirteen. Their families</span></span></span></p></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">still grieve for them here in Canada.</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">The bomb that blew up Air India Flight 182 was manufactured in Canada as part of a plot that was</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">developed in Canada. The bomb was hidden in luggage that was placed on a Canadian plane in</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Vancouver and later transferred to Air India 182 in Toronto which stopped in Montreal to pick up</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">additional passengers before it commenced its fatal flight. Another bomb was placed on a Canadian plane</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">in Vancouver, in luggage destined for an Air India flight, and exploded in Narita, Japan, killing two</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">baggage handlers.</span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">I stress that this is a Canadian atrocity. For too long the greatest loss of Canadian lives at the hands of</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">terrorists has been somehow relegated outside the Canadian consciousness.</span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">For this reason, in December 2007, we released our first report – “The Families Remember” – to chronicle</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">the human toll inflicted by terrorists. The moving testimonials described the unfulfilled potential, the</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">broken dreams, and the loss of great leaders, high achievers, and role models – young and old. All were</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">loved and their families were left to struggle with unimaginable suffering. Their stories are Canadian or</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">have a strong Canadian connection.</span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">But the story of Air India Flight 182 goes beyond the loss of life, as terrible as that is. This was the largest</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">mass murder in Canadian history. A cascading series of errors contributed to the failure of our police and</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">security forces to prevent this atrocity. The level of error, incompetence, and inattention which took place</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">before the flight was sadly mirrored in many ways for many years, in how authorities, Governments, and</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">institutions dealt with the aftermath of the murder of so many innocents: in the investigation, the legal</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">proceedings, and in providing information, support and comfort to the families.</span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Our task was not easy. Our work commenced more than twenty years after the Air India plane, Kanishka,</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">was destroyed. Memories fade, files and other information disappear, and the fear of criticism often</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">coloured how government agencies responded to our Inquiry.</span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">I am proud that this Commission of Inquiry was conducted publicly. There were no secret hearings in</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">which any evidence was taken. The public has a right to know what happened and why it was allowed to</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">happen and, if errors were made on the part of our law enforcement and security agencies, what they were</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">and which agencies were responsible.</span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">In our report, no blame is placed on any individuals, but we do note that various institutions and</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">organizations did not fulfill their responsibilities. While our terms of reference were broad and all</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">encompassing, it was not our task to review the work of our legal system. It was never part of our mandate</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">to identify the perpetrators of this crime.</span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">There were seven Terms of Reference in the Commission’s mandate:</span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"><span style="color: navy">Threat Assessment </span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"></p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">– Were there deficiencies in how Canada’s government agencies assessed the threat</span></span></span></p><p></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">posed by Sikh terrorism before and after June 1985?</span></span></p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"></p><p><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"><span style="color: navy">Interagency Cooperation </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"></p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">– What was the nature and level of cooperation between the RCMP, CSIS,</span></span></span></p><p></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Transport Canada and other government agencies and what changes are required to prevent a recurrence of</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">the Air India tragedy?</span></span></p> </p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"><p style="text-align: left"></p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">These two issues are dealt with in detail in Volume Two.</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></p> </p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"><span style="color: navy">The Relationship between Security Intelligence and Evidence </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"></p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">– Volume Three of this Report</span></span></span></p><p></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">substantively examines this critical relationship and how it impacts on criminal trials</span></span></p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"></p><p><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"><span style="color: navy">Terrorist Financing </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"></p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">– Is the current Canadian legal framework adequate to deal with these individuals and</span></span></span></p><p></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">organizations, including charitable organizations who supply funds to terrorist organizations. All of</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Volume Five examines this issue.</span></span></p> </p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"><p style="text-align: left"></p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"><span style="color: navy">Witness Protection </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"></p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">– Do current practice and legislation provide sufficient protection to persons who agree</span></span></span></p><p></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">to be witnesses at terrorism trials? This issue, along with protection of sources during investigations is dealt</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">with in Volume Three.</span></span></p> </p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"><p style="text-align: left"></p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"><span style="color: navy">Prosecution of Terrorism Cases </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"></p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">– Are there unique challenges associated with the prosecution of terrorism</span></span></span></p><p></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">cases, and are there changes in legislation and practice required? This too is dealt with in detail in Volume</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Three.</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">- and finally –</span></span></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></p> </p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"><span style="color: navy">Aviation Security </span></span></span></p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalisMTBol'"></p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">– The Terms of Reference required us to look at the practices and legislation dealing</span></span></span></p><p></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">with the screening of passengers and their luggage. But early on we determined that this in itself would be</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">inadequate because aviation security goes well beyond this. So in Volume Four we have taken a broader</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">approach to our review of aviation security in Canada – from 1985 to the present.</span></span></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">The issues are complex. The amount of information that has been amassed over 25 years is voluminous.</span></span></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Our responsibility has been to review, analyse, and digest it all in accordance with our Terms of Reference</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">for the benefit of all Canadians. The result is a report that spans five Volumes.</span></span></p> </p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"><p style="text-align: left"></p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">What we found was often surprising and disturbing. Overall, the Government of Canada and its agencies</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">in 1985 were not prepared for a terrorist act like the bombing of Air India Flight 182. Although the threat</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">of sabotage was well-known by the early 1980s, Canadian agencies still focused on hijacking and operated</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">as if it was the primary threat. Communications within and between security, law enforcement and</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">transport agencies were often flawed or non-existent. Agencies relied on different concepts of risk and what</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">constituted a threat to security. A lack of awareness of the threat of Sikh terrorism at the agency level led to</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">inadequate procedures and practices, and employees were often poorly trained. This reflected a culture of</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">complacency.</span></span></p> </p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">There was a great deal of information available to CSIS and the RCMP before the bombing of Air India</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Flight 182 that should have called for enhanced security procedures and vigilance. In addition to the</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">information that Mr. Bartleman testified that he had seen, this included highly classified CSE information</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">of clear potential relevance that was not provided to CSIS, and a Telex in early June 1985 from Air India</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">warning of the potential for bombs being hidden in luggage. CSIS did not see this information either,</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">because the Telex was not passed on to anyone by the RCMP. I should point out, as I do in the report, that</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">erroneous information on this point was provided by the RCMP to Bob Rae whose investigation led to the</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">creation of this Commission of Inquiry. This alone is disturbing, but there were other instances we</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">discovered where government agencies were not always forthcoming to this Commission.</span></span></p> </p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Many specific examples of aviation security lapses are detailed in the report. But the example of Brian</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Simpson was particularly striking. As a summer employee he boarded Flight 182 at Pearson Airport in</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Toronto without detection on the afternoon of June 22, 1985. He had complete access to the aircraft from</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">the {censored}pit to the equipment at the rear. The attempts by Government counsel to discredit this witness</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">were ineffectual; as were their similar efforts with Mr. Bartleman and Staff Sergeant Solvason. Mr.</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Simpson’s evidence revealed numerous weaknesses in security.</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">During the investigation that followed the bombing, and is continuing to this day, CSIS and the RCMP</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">were unable to cooperate effectively, or sometimes at all. This was particularly apparent when it came to</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">human sources. There were individuals in the Sikh community who claimed to have knowledge about the</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">bombing and its perpetrators. The Agencies failed to obtain that information, to preserve it for use as</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">evidence, or to offer adequate protection to those individuals. Instead, they engaged in “turf-wars”, failed</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">to share information, and adopted a misguided approach to the sources. In the end, of the three individuals</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">who were to be the key witnesses in the Air India trial, one was murdered before the trial began, one</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">feigned memory loss because she was too frightened to testify, and one was forced to enter the Witness</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Protection Program two years earlier than planned, due to the RCMP’s inadvertent disclosure of her</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">identity. Another source ended up never providing the information he was thought to have, and that</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">information remains unknown.</span></span></p> </p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Almost immediately after the bombing, the government of the day, and subsequent governments, chose to</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">speak with “one voice”. This approach continued up to and through our hearings and continues still. This</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">made our assignment more difficult and often frustrated our attempts to find out what really went wrong.</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">The Final Submissions of Government counsel tended to paint a picture of harmony and understanding,</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">where little existed. At the same time, and somewhat inconsistently, the Government argued, “That was</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">then, this is now” basically suggesting that whatever weaknesses or deficiencies existed in 1985 have been</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">fully recognized, analysed, and rectified in the present day. This Commission rejects that position. There</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">remains a failure to recognize what went wrong, why, and what should be done today. In addition, there is</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">a need for reform of our institutions which must not have to wait for the urgency that would arise from</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">another terrorist attack.</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">We make numerous recommendations to better manage the intelligence / evidence relationship. Primary</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">amongst these is our recommendation that the role of the National Security Advisor in the Privy Council</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Office be enhanced. This is a crucial and fundamental requirement to achieve better co-ordination across</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">the many agencies that have national security responsibilities.</span></span></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">We also recommend the creation of a Director of Terrorism Prosecutions, appointed by the Attorney</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">General of Canada. Because of the difficulties that arose with destruction of potential evidence (for</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">example, the Parmar tapes), we make recommendations on modernizing the collection and retention of</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">evidence in CSIS. We also make recommendations dealing with disclosure of intelligence and various</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">privileges, including police informer privilege. We recommend that the Canada Evidence Act be amended</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">so that the trial court in a terrorism prosecution will be responsible for making decisions on National</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Security Confidentiality, rather than continuing the present two court system with responsibility divided</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">between the Federal Court of Canada and the Superior Court in the Province conducting the trial. As well,</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">we endorse the use of security cleared Special Advocates to challenge government claims of National</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Security privilege, and the passage of legislation to clarify the scope of this privilege.</span></span></p> </p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Because of the special circumstances of witnesses in terrorism cases, we recommend a new position – the</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">National Security Witness Protection Coordinator to manage the protection of those who are willing to risk</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">their well-being to assist in the prosecution of terrorists.</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">We also make recommendations on the management of complex terrorism prosecutions and, after much</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">consideration, reject the notion of moving to a three-judge system. We believe that such a system would be</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">no more effective than the current system.</span></span></p> </p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">In the area of aviation security, we make additional recommendations. We conclude that security</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">measures have to be applied in mutually reinforcing layers in order to address all vulnerabilities in the</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">system. We call for government and other responsible parties to close the remaining gaps in the civil</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">aviation security system, especially with respect to air cargo and airport security inside the terminal, airside</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">in general aviation areas, and on the perimeter. We note the recent announcement by the Government of</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Canada to allocate resources for new air cargo security measures. However, a comprehensive approach is</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">still essential.</span></span></p> </p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">We stress the need for a national risk management protocol that includes all of the major players in the</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">security system – intelligence, law enforcement, transport, air carriers and contracted services. Through</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">public education, Transport Canada and other responsible agencies should “foster a culture of security</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">awareness and consistent vigilance.” This includes proper training of front line workers as well as other</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">airport personnel.</span></span></p> </p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">In addition to our specific recommendations, we make four observations which bear mention.</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">First, we believe that the RCMP is not properly structured to deal with terrorism prosecutions. There is a</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">need for greater specialization and a more concentrated focus on the means for investigating and</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">supporting the prosecution of national security offences. Perhaps the time has arrived to re-assess the role</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">of the RCMP in providing contractual policing services in many of the Provinces</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Second, Canada has a great deal to learn about terrorism – why it exists and how it operates. To this end,</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">we are proposing the development of an academic centre to study terrorism and counterterrorism – similar</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">to the Security and Defence Forum sponsored by the Department of National Defence.</span></span></p> </p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">To commemorate the victims of the Air India bombing, we propose that the Government name this “The</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Kanishka Centre”.</span></span></p> </p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Third, this Commission believes that there would be great merit in a demonstration of solicitude by the</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">present Government for the families of the victims of the bombing.</span></span></p> </p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">To this end, we propose the creation of</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">an independent body to “recommend an appropriate </span></span></p> </p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"><em><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT-Italic'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT-Italic'"><span style="color: navy">ex gratia </span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">payment and to oversee its distribution.”</span></span></span></p><p></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">The families, in some ways, have often been treated as adversaries, as if they had somehow brought this</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></p></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">calamity upon themselves. This goes against the Canadian sense of fairness and propriety. Our report sets</span></span></span></p></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">out the inherent injustice of what has transpired in terms of the treatment of the families of the victims to</span></span></span></p></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">date at the hands of previous Governments. The time to right that historical wrong is now.</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">Finally, a Commission ends once its report has been submitted. But, there is too much at stake, there are</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">still too many risks, to allow our Report and our recommendations to be read, discussed, and then</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">forgotten without any follow-up action being taken. We strongly urge the Government to establish some</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">sort of an oversight mechanism to report on how our recommendations are being addressed: those that</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">have been implemented; those that have been rejected; and those that require further study.</span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">The Government needs to take responsibility to avoid further failures and to prevent a return to a culture of</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">complacency. The finest tribute that could be paid to the victims of the bombing of Air India Flight 182</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">would be the creation of a rigorous aviation security system. This will require cooperation and resources –</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">but, most importantly, leadership from the highest levels of government. Canada owes this legacy to the</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">victims and their families.</span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">The issues that we addressed are issues that also confront us today, albeit in a different context, as much as</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">they did 25 years ago. Our allies are faced with essentially the same challenges. I hope that this report will</span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"><span style="color: navy">not only assist our Government but others as well.</span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'CalistoMT'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red">source: </span></p> <p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red"><a href="http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/reports/finalreport/commissioner-remarks.pdf" target="_blank"><u><span style="color: #0000ff">http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/reports/finalreport/commissioner-remarks.pdf</span></u></a></span></p><p><span style="color: red"></span></p><p> <span style="color: red"></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="color: red">___________________________________________________________</p><p></span></p><p> </p><p style="text-align: left"><strong><span style="color: red">June 17, 2010</span></strong></p><p></p><p> </p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><strong><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 18px"><span style="color: navy">Key Findings of the Commission of Inquiry into the</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 18px"><span style="color: navy">Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182</span></span></span></strong></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"></span></span></span></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"></span></span></span></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">PRE</span></span></strong></p></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"></p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"></p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"></p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"><strong><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><span style="font-size: 12px">BOMBING</span></span></span></span></span></strong></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Government agencies were in possession of significant pieces of information that, taken</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">together, would have led a competent analyst to conclude that Flight 182 was at high risk of</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">being bombed by known Sikh terrorists in June 1985.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">James Bartleman’s evidence that, shortly before the bombing, he saw a specific threat to Air</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">India Flight 182, is credible. The Commission accepts the possibility that such a document would</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">have been ignored and then subsequently have gone missing.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Additional, highly classified, threat information was in the possession of the Communications</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">Security Establishment (CSE). This information, which was received by the Commission after the</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">close of the hearings, was consistent with other information about the threat of sabotage and</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">hijacking by Sikh extremists in June 1985, and indicated that Indian airports were undertaking</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">security audits in response to the threat.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Even without the evidence of James Bartleman and the CSE information, the Commission finds</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">that the amount of information collectively held by the Government made the failure to</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">implement appropriate anti</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">sabotage measures inexcusable.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The view of Canadian officials prior to the bombing that government</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">owned Air India was</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">“crying wolf” in order to obtain additional security for free was misguided.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The institutional arrangements and practices of information</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">gathering agencies were wholly</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">deficient in terms of internal and external sharing of information, as well as analysis.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Government agencies failed to appreciate the nature and the seriousness of the threat of Sikh</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">extremism.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The five</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">month delay in CSIS’ application to intercept Parmar’s communications, which was a</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">result of a warrant conversion process that prioritized existing warrants over new applications,</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">was entirely disproportionate to the level of the threat.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">CSIS surveillance was ineffective. Surveillants were unable to distinguish one traditionally</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">attired Sikh from another. When a CSIS surveillance team observed experiments involving a test</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">explosion conducted by Sikh extremists in the woods in Duncan B.C. in June 1985 (the Duncan</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">Blast), the loud sound heard was misinterpreted as a gunshot. No photograph was taken of the</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">unknown third person present (Mr. X.) because surveillants had not brought a camera.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">2</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">CSIS failed to include important information, such as the Duncan Blast, in the threat</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">assessments it provided to the RCMP and Transport Canada.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">The RCMP wasted resources creating a threat assessment structure parallel to CSIS’. The RCMP</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">structure was itself ineffective </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐ </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">it failed to identify, report, and share threat information.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The RCMP failed to transmit the June 1</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 9px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 9px">st </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Telex, warning about the possibility of bombing with</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">time</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">delayed devices in June 1985, to either CSIS or to Transport Canada.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Excessive secrecy in information sharing prevented any one agency from obtaining all necessary</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">information to assess the threat. Excessive secrecy also prevented those on the frontlines from</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">obtaining information necessary to put in place security measures responsive to the threat.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Effective protective measures were not implemented in response to the threat to Air India Flight</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">182.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The concept of “specific threat” was misunderstood and misapplied. When a call</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">in bomb</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">threat was deemed to be “specific,” it would trigger an elaborate airport emergency protocol</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">which, had it been employed on June 22, 1985, would likely have identified the bomb. This</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">protocol had no application outside of the call</span></span></span></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">in threat situation. When intelligence was</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">received through other channels, a lack of extreme specificity was at times wrongly used to deny</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">additional protective resources.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Today, the concept of specific threat has become an excuse to explain why more was not done</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">to prevent the bombing on June 22, 1985.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Security measures in response to possible threats to aviation were poorly thought out and</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">mechanically applied. They were not tailored to meet the particular nature of the threat.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Despite the knowledge of the threat of sabotage, Transport Canada and RCMP Protective</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">Policing displayed a lack of flexibility by continuing to rely on anti</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">hijacking security measures,</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">which did not address the threat of bombing.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">There was a lack of cooperation and communication within the RCMP and between RCMP,</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">Transport Canada and airlines in relation to airport security.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Although Air India was operating under an elevated threat level, CP Air (the airline upon which</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">the bomb was loaded in Vancouver) was not informed of this fact and was operating under</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">normal security protocols.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">3</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">In retrospect, the behaviour of those who booked and paid for the tickets and checked</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">in the</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">bags should have raised red flags, but a customer service mentality governed at the time, and</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">airline staff were not instructed to watch for indicia of harmful intentions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">In allowing the unaccompanied bag to be loaded on to its Toronto</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">destined flight, CP Air failed</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">to follow its own baggage security procedures.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Transport Canada failed to pass then existing draft regulations, which would have enhanced the</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">security of Canadian airports, and failed until after the bombing to implement known antisabotage</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">measures.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">One anti</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">sabotage measure known at the time was passenger</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">baggage reconciliation (a process</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">of matching passengers with their baggage in order to prevent unauthorized bags from being</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">placed on board aircraft, treating the passenger and their baggage as a single entity). Had</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">passenger</span></span></span></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">baggage reconciliation been used, the bombing of Air India Flight 182 would have</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">been prevented.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Canadian airports were plagued by a lax security culture. Restricted areas were not adequately</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">protected, and private security guards and janitorial staff were not required to undergo criminal</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">record checks. Persons with known associations to Sikh extremist groups had access to highly</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">sensitive areas at Vancouver International Airport.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Privatization and cutbacks had a negative impact on airport security. Air India was left to</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">implement security measures with little to no supervision by Government. Personnel in charge</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">of screening the luggage, who were employees of a private security company, were underpaid</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">and inadequately trained.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">At Pearson airport, RCMP and Transport employees were aware of ongoing problems with the</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">X</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">ray machine and had demonstrated the PD4 sniffer to be ineffective. On the day of the</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">bombing, the remaining bags were scanned only with the PD4 sniffer when the X</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">ray machine</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">failed. The security employees contracted by Air India had no prior experience or formal training</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">in the operation of the PD4. No one informed the supervisors that the device may have reacted</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">to some of the bags it scanned.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Air India ought to have known that the security measures it was using were inadequate to</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">prevent a bomb being placed on its aircraft.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">On June 22, 1985, the security level in force at Pearson and Mirabel airports called for the use of</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">an RCMP explosives detection dog (EDD). That weekend, however, all RCMP EDD teams were in</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">Vancouver for training, leaving the Toronto airport without any coverage.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">4</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">On the day of the bombing, Mr. Brian Simpson, an Air Canada summer employee at the time,</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">was able to board the Air India aircraft stationed outside the international departures area of</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">Pearson, walk around for 10 minutes or so, and leave, without challenge.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">In Montreal, after three suspicious bags were identified and left unattended, the flight was</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">cleared for departure by Air India before the arrival of the explosives detection dog. Security</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">employee Daniel Lalonde overheard the Air India security officer mention cost</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">related reasons</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">for this decision.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">POST</span></span></span></span></span></strong></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><strong><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><span style="font-size: 12px">BOMBING</span></span></span></span></span></strong></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">CSIS often failed to disclose promptly to the RCMP information relevant to the criminal</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">investigation, particularly information from human sources, or it disclosed information without</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">sufficient detail or in a manner that prevented the RCMP from using the information.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">CSIS was mesmerized by the mantra that “CSIS doesn’t collect evidence,” and used it to justify</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">the destruction of raw material and information. CSIS erased the tapes that caught coded</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">conversations possibly related to the planning of the bombing, and CSIS investigators destroyed</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">their notes that recorded the information CSIS sources provided in relation to the Air India</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">bombing. Both of these actions compromised the prosecution’s evidentiary position at trial.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">CSIS delayed disclosure of necessary information for the prosecution of Interjit Singh Reyat by</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">adopting a legalistic and technical approach in responding to requests from prosecutor James</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">Jardine.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">The RCMP never made a written request that the Parmar tapes be preserved, though it was</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">aware of their existence, and also never made a verbal request specific to the Parmar tapes until</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">months into the investigation, when the early tapes were already erased. CSIS only ceased</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">ongoing erasure in 1986, following a request by the Department of Justice in connection with</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">the civil litigation.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">It is impossible to determine what information, if any, was lost due to the tape erasures and it is</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">impossible to tell whether all tapes were listened to before being erased.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">The RCMP often prematurely discounted or failed to follow up on intelligence leads that did not</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">conform to its primary theory of the case. For example, one suspect was ruled out based on</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">observations, made two years after the bombing, that his hair did not look like the hair of one of</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">the individuals who had checked in the luggage, as depicted in an imprecise composite drawing.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">The RCMP also prematurely dismissed information on the basis of preliminary assessments of</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">credibility. When Person 1, prior to the bombing, provided information about a plot to bomb an</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">5</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">Air India plane, his information was discounted as it was believed he was providing the</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">information for his own personal interests. This suspicion persisted after the bombing and it</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">took months – and critical media reports – before the RCMP reluctantly followed up on Person</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">1’s information, which was ultimately verified by a polygraph examination.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">The RCMP failed to appreciate the continuing threat of Sikh extremism or the fear sources had</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">of their cooperation with the police being discovered. As a result, the RCMP often alienated</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">sources, including sources who had previously been willing to speak to CSIS, because of the</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">manner in which it treated them.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">The RCMP failed to appropriately protect sources and witnesses.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">The RCMP, at times, failed to take threats against Tara Singh Hayer seriously.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">The RCMP eventually installed a video surveillance system in Mr. Hayer’s home, after his name</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">appeared on a “hit list.” However the system was deficient and was not functioning properly on</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">the day of his murder. The RCMP failed to inform Mr. Hayer’s family that no image had been</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">captured on the video cassette.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">The RCMP devoted diminishing resources to the Air India investigation over time, and at one</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">point only one member was assigned to the case.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">The RCMP investigation was plagued by internal strife within the E Division team and between E</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">Division and Headquarters. Creative approaches to the investigation were often discouraged.</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">Little progress was made until the 1995 decision to review and revive the investigation, in part</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">because of a concern about the political fallout of a public admission that the investigation was</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">at an impasse.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">OVERALL GOVERNMENT RESPONSE TO THE AIR INDIA BOMBING AND TREATMENT OF THE FAMILIES</span></span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p> </p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Immediately after the bombing, the Government issued public statements denying any</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">mistakes.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Early on, officials from Foreign Affairs made sincere efforts to provide assistance to the families,</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">in Canada and in Ireland, with limited resources and without the benefit of formal guidelines,</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">given the unprecedented nature of the disaster.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">During initial inquiries in Ireland and India, instructions were issued to avoid acknowledgement</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">that the crash was caused by a bomb.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Efforts were made to limit funds expended to respond to the concerns of the families. The civil</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">suit they launched was settled early on by hard bargaining, before disclosure was made of much</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">of the information now learned in this Inquiry.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">6</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">The families were not kept informed about the investigation by the Government, and often</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">learned about new developments through the media. The RCMP only began to liaise with the</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">families directly after 1995. CSIS refused to participate.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Over the past 25 years, the RCMP has at times inappropriately invoked concerns about its</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">ongoing investigation in order to limit the information provided to the families or to external</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">reviewers.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Government agencies consistently opposed external review and attempted, at times</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">successfully, to avoid or delay such reviews. Concerns about possible prejudice to the</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">Government’s position in the civil litigation with the families was cited as one of the reasons for</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">this opposition.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">When a review did proceed in the early 1990s, the agencies coordinated their responses in an</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">attempt to avoid contradiction and present a picture of greater cooperation than in fact existed.</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">The RCMP briefing provided in this review was less than accurate in its description of the</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">ongoing relationship with CSIS.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">The briefings provided by the agencies for the Rae review contained several significant</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">inaccuracies which were not revealed until this Inquiry, including a statement by the RCMP that</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">it had passed on the June 1</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 9px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 9px"><span style="color: navy">st </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Telex to CSIS; a statement by RCMP and Transport that the</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">presence of a dogmaster was part of the security measures in place at Toronto airport on the</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">day of the bombing; and a statement by CSIS that it had advised the RCMP the day after the</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">crash about the CSIS intercept on Parmar’s communications.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The Government over</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">redacted the documents initially provided for public release in this</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">Inquiry.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">The RCMP inappropriately relied on the fact of its ongoing investigation to deny the Commission</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">important information when it failed, without reasonable justification, to advise the Commission</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">forthwith that an individual who might potentially have had relevant information had requested</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">to speak to the Commission. The RCMP then continued to withhold this information, without</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">justification, even after the usefulness of the individual to the criminal investigation had been</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">discounted.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">The Government had only one set of counsel represent all potentially affected departments and</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">agencies before this Inquiry. This Government decision to “speak with one voice,” despite</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">known differences in viewpoint, meant that the Commission was not always presented with a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">clear statement of the agencies’ positions about contentious issues.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">7</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTELLIGENCE AND EVIDENCE AND THE CHALLENGES OF TERRORISM</span></span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><strong><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><span style="color: navy">PROSECUTIONS</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p> </p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">There is a lack of institutionalized co</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">ordination and direction in national security matters.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">Canadian agencies have developed a culture of managing information in a manner designed to</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">protect their individual institutional interests.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">The current practice of attempting to limit the information CSIS provides to the RCMP in order</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">to prevent its disclosure in potential criminal proceedings is misguided, as disclosure obligations</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">at trial are engaged by potential relevance, not by which agency has seen the information. The</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">result of such efforts to deny intelligence to the police is an impoverished response to terrorist</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">threats.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">The processes and procedures by which decisions are made as to what information should be</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">passed exchanged between the intelligence and law enforcement communities are seriously</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">flawed and require substantial revision.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">There is no “silver bullet” solution to reconciling the needs of intelligence and law enforcement.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">Neither interest is absolute and neither one can trump the claims of the other in all situations.</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">Reform must be directed at improving decision making by ensuring that the decision maker is</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">capable of taking into account both sets of interests as well as the broad national interest. The</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">recommendations are structured to meet that objective.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">AVIATION SECURITY</span></span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p> </p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Many of the same deficiencies in aviation security that were identified in 1985 continue to be</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">raised as urgent concerns today.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Aviation security is a core governmental function related to national security.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">In aviation security, there is a tendency to focus on “fighting the last war” instead of taking</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">necessary, proactive measures.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">A holistic approach to aviation security is required because terrorists continuously probe</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">aviation security regimes, looking for weaknesses. This approach involves multiple, mutually</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">reinforcing layers of security measures.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">A culture of security awareness accepted by all stakeholders is essential to guard against</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">complacency.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Air terminals can themselves be target</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">rich environments for terrorists.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">While fortress</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">like security is applied to the more publicly visible side of civil aviation, the side</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">that is more hidden from public scrutiny remains exposed.</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">8</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Air cargo is neither routinely searched prior to loading, nor subjected to adequate screening</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">measures. Its vulnerability, which has been understood by the Government for decades, makes</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">it a serious potential target for sabotage. Canada does not meet its international treaty</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">obligation to prevent unauthorized explosives and other dangerous devices or substances from</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">being placed on board civil aviation aircraft “by any means whatsoever”. The Government’s</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">failure to take swift action to close this gap is inexcusable.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Access to airside and restricted areas of airports is poorly controlled and the system for</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">screening non</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">passengers who access restricted areas of airports can be easily circumvented.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">Lax perimeter security also allows vehicles and their occupants to enter airside portions of the</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">airport with minimal, if any, screening. As a result, aircraft and passengers are vulnerable to</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">attack.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">CATSA has encountered significant difficulties in recruiting and retaining screening personnel.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Behavioural analysis (direct observation of passengers prior to boarding aircraft) is already being</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">conducted in airports and on some flights by Aircraft Protection Officers (RCMP officers assigned</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">to Canada’s air marshall program). However, there was a broad consensus among witnesses</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">that if consideration is given to expanding its use, behavioural analysis should be thoroughly</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">reviewed in order to determine whether its benefits outweigh the risks it poses to individual</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">rights.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">The value of Canada’s air marshall program is impossible to quantify, but it may provide another</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">layer of protection, particularly in relation to high</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">risk flights.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">The “no</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">fly list” program has not proven to be effective.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">There is no coordinated, system</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">wide risk management strategy among stakeholders in</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">Canadian aviation security, which may allow significant risks in civil aviation to go unnoticed.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri-Bold'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">TERRORIST FINANCING</span></span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p> </p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Canada’s current anti</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">terrorist financing model, which was created on the basis of its existing</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">anti</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">money laundering model, is not well</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">suited to capture terrorist financing transactions.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">Canada must comply with a series of international obligations and requirements in terms of its</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">anti</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">terrorist financing programs and activities. For the most part, Canada is in compliance with</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">those requirements but as is often the case in such matters, this is a continuing effort and there</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">is still room for improvement.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">Up until at least very recently, the level of resources dedicated to anti</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">‐</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">terrorist financing</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">measures was inadequate. Resource levels in all concerned agencies or departments should be</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">monitored and modified as needed on a regular basis.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">9</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">The Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada (FINTRAC) and the Canada</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">Revenue Agency (CRA) are not adequately integrated into the intelligence cycle to effectively</span></span></span></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">detect terrorist financing or to provide the best financial intelligence to CSIS and the RCMP.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p></p> <p style="text-align: left"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">As of the Commission hearings, the CRA had not revoked or deregistered any charitable</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">registrations on grounds of terrorism financing.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">• </span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="color: navy">It is not clear that all relevant federal, provincial and municipal authorities have the same</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">appreciation of the risks posed by terrorism financing. There is definite room for improvement</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: navy">in terms of intergovernmental cooperation and efforts to combat that phenomenon.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"></p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"></p><p></span><p style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="color: #002060">source: </span><a href="http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/reports/finalreport/key-findings.pdf" target="_blank"><u><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: 10px">http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/reports/finalreport/key-findings.pdf</span></span></u></a></span></span></p><p></span></span></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Archived_Member16, post: 128577, member: 884"] [LEFT][COLOR=red][FONT=CalistoMT][SIZE=4][FONT=CalistoMT][SIZE=4][SIZE=2][COLOR=navy][B]Opening Remarks[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][COLOR=red][FONT=CalistoMT][SIZE=4] [SIZE=4][FONT=CalistoMT][SIZE=2][COLOR=navy][B]By[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][SIZE=4] [FONT=CalistoMT][SIZE=2][COLOR=navy][B]The Honourable John C. Major, C.C., Q.C[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][SIZE=2][COLOR=navy][B]On the release of the Report of the[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][SIZE=2][COLOR=navy][B]Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][/LEFT][COLOR=red][FONT=CalistoMT][SIZE=4][SIZE=4] [LEFT][/LEFT][/SIZE][LEFT][/left][/SIZE][LEFT][/left][/FONT][LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]The bombing of Air India Flight 182 on June 23, 1985 was an act of terrorism. Three hundred and twentynine[/COLOR][/FONT][/FONT][FONT=CalistoMT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]persons – passengers and crew – died in the North Atlantic off the coast of Ireland. The majority of[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]the passengers were Canadian; one quarter of the victims (82) were under the age of thirteen. Their families[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]still grieve for them here in Canada.[/COLOR][/FONT][/FONT][/LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]The bomb that blew up Air India Flight 182 was manufactured in Canada as part of a plot that was[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]developed in Canada. The bomb was hidden in luggage that was placed on a Canadian plane in[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Vancouver and later transferred to Air India 182 in Toronto which stopped in Montreal to pick up[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]additional passengers before it commenced its fatal flight. Another bomb was placed on a Canadian plane[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]in Vancouver, in luggage destined for an Air India flight, and exploded in Narita, Japan, killing two[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]baggage handlers.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]I stress that this is a Canadian atrocity. For too long the greatest loss of Canadian lives at the hands of[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]terrorists has been somehow relegated outside the Canadian consciousness.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]For this reason, in December 2007, we released our first report – “The Families Remember” – to chronicle[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]the human toll inflicted by terrorists. The moving testimonials described the unfulfilled potential, the[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]broken dreams, and the loss of great leaders, high achievers, and role models – young and old. All were[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]loved and their families were left to struggle with unimaginable suffering. Their stories are Canadian or[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]have a strong Canadian connection.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]But the story of Air India Flight 182 goes beyond the loss of life, as terrible as that is. This was the largest[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]mass murder in Canadian history. A cascading series of errors contributed to the failure of our police and[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]security forces to prevent this atrocity. The level of error, incompetence, and inattention which took place[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]before the flight was sadly mirrored in many ways for many years, in how authorities, Governments, and[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]institutions dealt with the aftermath of the murder of so many innocents: in the investigation, the legal[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]proceedings, and in providing information, support and comfort to the families.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Our task was not easy. Our work commenced more than twenty years after the Air India plane, Kanishka,[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]was destroyed. Memories fade, files and other information disappear, and the fear of criticism often[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]coloured how government agencies responded to our Inquiry.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]I am proud that this Commission of Inquiry was conducted publicly. There were no secret hearings in[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]which any evidence was taken. The public has a right to know what happened and why it was allowed to[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]happen and, if errors were made on the part of our law enforcement and security agencies, what they were[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]and which agencies were responsible.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]In our report, no blame is placed on any individuals, but we do note that various institutions and[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]organizations did not fulfill their responsibilities. While our terms of reference were broad and all[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]encompassing, it was not our task to review the work of our legal system. It was never part of our mandate[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]to identify the perpetrators of this crime.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]There were seven Terms of Reference in the Commission’s mandate:[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [/FONT][FONT=CalisMTBol][FONT=CalisMTBol][COLOR=navy]Threat Assessment [/COLOR][/FONT] [LEFT][/LEFT][/FONT][LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]– Were there deficiencies in how Canada’s government agencies assessed the threat[/COLOR][/FONT][/FONT][/LEFT] [FONT=CalistoMT][LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]posed by Sikh terrorism before and after June 1985?[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT][/FONT][LEFT][/LEFT] [FONT=CalistoMT] [/FONT][LEFT][FONT=CalisMTBol][FONT=CalisMTBol][COLOR=navy]Interagency Cooperation [/COLOR][/FONT][/FONT][/LEFT] [FONT=CalisMTBol] [LEFT][/LEFT][/FONT][LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]– What was the nature and level of cooperation between the RCMP, CSIS,[/COLOR][/FONT][/FONT][/LEFT] [FONT=CalistoMT][LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Transport Canada and other government agencies and what changes are required to prevent a recurrence of[/COLOR][/FONT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]the Air India tragedy?[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT][/LEFT][/FONT][LEFT][LEFT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [FONT=CalistoMT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]These two issues are dealt with in detail in Volume Two.[/COLOR][/FONT] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [/FONT][LEFT][FONT=CalisMTBol][FONT=CalisMTBol][COLOR=navy]The Relationship between Security Intelligence and Evidence [/COLOR][/FONT][/FONT][/LEFT] [FONT=CalisMTBol] [LEFT][/LEFT][/FONT][LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]– Volume Three of this Report[/COLOR][/FONT][/FONT][/LEFT] [FONT=CalistoMT][LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]substantively examines this critical relationship and how it impacts on criminal trials[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT][/FONT][LEFT][/LEFT] [FONT=CalistoMT] [/FONT][LEFT][FONT=CalisMTBol][FONT=CalisMTBol][COLOR=navy]Terrorist Financing [/COLOR][/FONT][/FONT][/LEFT] [FONT=CalisMTBol] [LEFT][/LEFT][/FONT][LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]– Is the current Canadian legal framework adequate to deal with these individuals and[/COLOR][/FONT][/FONT][/LEFT] [FONT=CalistoMT][LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]organizations, including charitable organizations who supply funds to terrorist organizations. All of[/COLOR][/FONT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Volume Five examines this issue.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT][/LEFT][/FONT][LEFT][LEFT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [FONT=CalistoMT] [/FONT][LEFT][FONT=CalisMTBol][FONT=CalisMTBol][COLOR=navy]Witness Protection [/COLOR][/FONT][/FONT][/LEFT] [FONT=CalisMTBol] [LEFT][/LEFT][/FONT][LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]– Do current practice and legislation provide sufficient protection to persons who agree[/COLOR][/FONT][/FONT][/LEFT] [FONT=CalistoMT][LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]to be witnesses at terrorism trials? This issue, along with protection of sources during investigations is dealt[/COLOR][/FONT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]with in Volume Three.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT][/LEFT][/FONT][LEFT][LEFT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [FONT=CalistoMT] [/FONT][LEFT][FONT=CalisMTBol][FONT=CalisMTBol][COLOR=navy]Prosecution of Terrorism Cases [/COLOR][/FONT][/FONT][/LEFT] [FONT=CalisMTBol] [LEFT][/LEFT][/FONT][LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]– Are there unique challenges associated with the prosecution of terrorism[/COLOR][/FONT][/FONT][/LEFT] [FONT=CalistoMT][LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]cases, and are there changes in legislation and practice required? This too is dealt with in detail in Volume[/COLOR][/FONT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Three.[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]- and finally –[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][/LEFT][/LEFT][/FONT][LEFT][LEFT][FONT=CalisMTBol][FONT=CalisMTBol][COLOR=navy]Aviation Security [/COLOR][/FONT][/FONT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [FONT=CalisMTBol] [LEFT][/LEFT][/FONT][LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]– The Terms of Reference required us to look at the practices and legislation dealing[/COLOR][/FONT][/FONT][/LEFT] [FONT=CalistoMT][LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]with the screening of passengers and their luggage. But early on we determined that this in itself would be[/COLOR][/FONT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]inadequate because aviation security goes well beyond this. So in Volume Four we have taken a broader[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]approach to our review of aviation security in Canada – from 1985 to the present.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]The issues are complex. The amount of information that has been amassed over 25 years is voluminous.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Our responsibility has been to review, analyse, and digest it all in accordance with our Terms of Reference[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]for the benefit of all Canadians. The result is a report that spans five Volumes.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT][/LEFT][/FONT][LEFT][LEFT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [FONT=CalistoMT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]What we found was often surprising and disturbing. Overall, the Government of Canada and its agencies[/COLOR][/FONT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]in 1985 were not prepared for a terrorist act like the bombing of Air India Flight 182. Although the threat[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]of sabotage was well-known by the early 1980s, Canadian agencies still focused on hijacking and operated[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]as if it was the primary threat. Communications within and between security, law enforcement and[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]transport agencies were often flawed or non-existent. Agencies relied on different concepts of risk and what[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]constituted a threat to security. A lack of awareness of the threat of Sikh terrorism at the agency level led to[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]inadequate procedures and practices, and employees were often poorly trained. This reflected a culture of[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]complacency.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]There was a great deal of information available to CSIS and the RCMP before the bombing of Air India[/COLOR][/FONT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Flight 182 that should have called for enhanced security procedures and vigilance. In addition to the[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]information that Mr. Bartleman testified that he had seen, this included highly classified CSE information[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]of clear potential relevance that was not provided to CSIS, and a Telex in early June 1985 from Air India[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]warning of the potential for bombs being hidden in luggage. CSIS did not see this information either,[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]because the Telex was not passed on to anyone by the RCMP. I should point out, as I do in the report, that[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]erroneous information on this point was provided by the RCMP to Bob Rae whose investigation led to the[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]creation of this Commission of Inquiry. This alone is disturbing, but there were other instances we[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]discovered where government agencies were not always forthcoming to this Commission.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Many specific examples of aviation security lapses are detailed in the report. But the example of Brian[/COLOR][/FONT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Simpson was particularly striking. As a summer employee he boarded Flight 182 at Pearson Airport in[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Toronto without detection on the afternoon of June 22, 1985. He had complete access to the aircraft from[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]the {censored}pit to the equipment at the rear. The attempts by Government counsel to discredit this witness[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]were ineffectual; as were their similar efforts with Mr. Bartleman and Staff Sergeant Solvason. Mr.[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Simpson’s evidence revealed numerous weaknesses in security.[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]During the investigation that followed the bombing, and is continuing to this day, CSIS and the RCMP[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]were unable to cooperate effectively, or sometimes at all. This was particularly apparent when it came to[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]human sources. There were individuals in the Sikh community who claimed to have knowledge about the[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]bombing and its perpetrators. The Agencies failed to obtain that information, to preserve it for use as[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]evidence, or to offer adequate protection to those individuals. Instead, they engaged in “turf-wars”, failed[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]to share information, and adopted a misguided approach to the sources. In the end, of the three individuals[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]who were to be the key witnesses in the Air India trial, one was murdered before the trial began, one[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]feigned memory loss because she was too frightened to testify, and one was forced to enter the Witness[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Protection Program two years earlier than planned, due to the RCMP’s inadvertent disclosure of her[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]identity. Another source ended up never providing the information he was thought to have, and that[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]information remains unknown.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Almost immediately after the bombing, the government of the day, and subsequent governments, chose to[/COLOR][/FONT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]speak with “one voice”. This approach continued up to and through our hearings and continues still. This[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]made our assignment more difficult and often frustrated our attempts to find out what really went wrong.[/COLOR][/FONT] [COLOR=#000080][/COLOR] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]The Final Submissions of Government counsel tended to paint a picture of harmony and understanding,[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]where little existed. At the same time, and somewhat inconsistently, the Government argued, “That was[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]then, this is now” basically suggesting that whatever weaknesses or deficiencies existed in 1985 have been[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]fully recognized, analysed, and rectified in the present day. This Commission rejects that position. There[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]remains a failure to recognize what went wrong, why, and what should be done today. In addition, there is[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]a need for reform of our institutions which must not have to wait for the urgency that would arise from[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]another terrorist attack.[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]We make numerous recommendations to better manage the intelligence / evidence relationship. Primary[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]amongst these is our recommendation that the role of the National Security Advisor in the Privy Council[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Office be enhanced. This is a crucial and fundamental requirement to achieve better co-ordination across[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]the many agencies that have national security responsibilities.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]We also recommend the creation of a Director of Terrorism Prosecutions, appointed by the Attorney[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]General of Canada. Because of the difficulties that arose with destruction of potential evidence (for[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]example, the Parmar tapes), we make recommendations on modernizing the collection and retention of[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]evidence in CSIS. We also make recommendations dealing with disclosure of intelligence and various[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]privileges, including police informer privilege. We recommend that the Canada Evidence Act be amended[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]so that the trial court in a terrorism prosecution will be responsible for making decisions on National[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Security Confidentiality, rather than continuing the present two court system with responsibility divided[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]between the Federal Court of Canada and the Superior Court in the Province conducting the trial. As well,[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]we endorse the use of security cleared Special Advocates to challenge government claims of National[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Security privilege, and the passage of legislation to clarify the scope of this privilege.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Because of the special circumstances of witnesses in terrorism cases, we recommend a new position – the[/COLOR][/FONT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]National Security Witness Protection Coordinator to manage the protection of those who are willing to risk[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]their well-being to assist in the prosecution of terrorists.[/COLOR][/FONT] [COLOR=#000080][/COLOR] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]We also make recommendations on the management of complex terrorism prosecutions and, after much[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]consideration, reject the notion of moving to a three-judge system. We believe that such a system would be[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]no more effective than the current system.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]In the area of aviation security, we make additional recommendations. We conclude that security[/COLOR][/FONT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]measures have to be applied in mutually reinforcing layers in order to address all vulnerabilities in the[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]system. We call for government and other responsible parties to close the remaining gaps in the civil[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]aviation security system, especially with respect to air cargo and airport security inside the terminal, airside[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]in general aviation areas, and on the perimeter. We note the recent announcement by the Government of[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Canada to allocate resources for new air cargo security measures. However, a comprehensive approach is[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]still essential.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]We stress the need for a national risk management protocol that includes all of the major players in the[/COLOR][/FONT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]security system – intelligence, law enforcement, transport, air carriers and contracted services. Through[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]public education, Transport Canada and other responsible agencies should “foster a culture of security[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]awareness and consistent vigilance.” This includes proper training of front line workers as well as other[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]airport personnel.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]In addition to our specific recommendations, we make four observations which bear mention.[/COLOR][/FONT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]First, we believe that the RCMP is not properly structured to deal with terrorism prosecutions. There is a[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]need for greater specialization and a more concentrated focus on the means for investigating and[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]supporting the prosecution of national security offences. Perhaps the time has arrived to re-assess the role[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]of the RCMP in providing contractual policing services in many of the Provinces[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Second, Canada has a great deal to learn about terrorism – why it exists and how it operates. To this end,[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]we are proposing the development of an academic centre to study terrorism and counterterrorism – similar[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]to the Security and Defence Forum sponsored by the Department of National Defence.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]To commemorate the victims of the Air India bombing, we propose that the Government name this “The[/COLOR][/FONT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Kanishka Centre”.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Third, this Commission believes that there would be great merit in a demonstration of solicitude by the[/COLOR][/FONT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]present Government for the families of the victims of the bombing.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]To this end, we propose the creation of[/COLOR][/FONT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]an independent body to “recommend an appropriate [/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [LEFT][/LEFT][/FONT][LEFT][I][FONT=CalistoMT-Italic][FONT=CalistoMT-Italic][COLOR=navy]ex gratia [/COLOR][/FONT][/FONT][/I][FONT=CalistoMT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]payment and to oversee its distribution.”[/COLOR][/FONT][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]The families, in some ways, have often been treated as adversaries, as if they had somehow brought this[/COLOR][/FONT][/FONT][FONT=CalistoMT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]calamity upon themselves. This goes against the Canadian sense of fairness and propriety. Our report sets[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]out the inherent injustice of what has transpired in terms of the treatment of the families of the victims to[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]date at the hands of previous Governments. The time to right that historical wrong is now.[/COLOR][/FONT][/FONT][/LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]Finally, a Commission ends once its report has been submitted. But, there is too much at stake, there are[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]still too many risks, to allow our Report and our recommendations to be read, discussed, and then[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]forgotten without any follow-up action being taken. We strongly urge the Government to establish some[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]sort of an oversight mechanism to report on how our recommendations are being addressed: those that[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]have been implemented; those that have been rejected; and those that require further study.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]The Government needs to take responsibility to avoid further failures and to prevent a return to a culture of[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]complacency. The finest tribute that could be paid to the victims of the bombing of Air India Flight 182[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]would be the creation of a rigorous aviation security system. This will require cooperation and resources –[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]but, most importantly, leadership from the highest levels of government. Canada owes this legacy to the[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]victims and their families.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]The issues that we addressed are issues that also confront us today, albeit in a different context, as much as[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]they did 25 years ago. Our allies are faced with essentially the same challenges. I hope that this report will[/COLOR][/FONT] [FONT=CalistoMT][COLOR=navy]not only assist our Government but others as well.[/COLOR][/FONT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/COLOR] [LEFT][COLOR=red]source: [/COLOR] [COLOR=red][URL="http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/reports/finalreport/commissioner-remarks.pdf"][U][COLOR=#0000ff]http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/reports/finalreport/commissioner-remarks.pdf[/COLOR][/U][/URL][/COLOR][COLOR=red][/COLOR][/LEFT][COLOR=red] [LEFT]___________________________________________________________[/LEFT] [/COLOR] [LEFT][B][COLOR=red]June 17, 2010[/COLOR][/B][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][B][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=5][COLOR=navy]Key Findings of the Commission of Inquiry into the[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/B][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [LEFT][SIZE=3][B][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=5][COLOR=navy]Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/B][/SIZE][SIZE=3][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3] [LEFT][B][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]PRE[/COLOR][/FONT][/B] [/LEFT][/SIZE][LEFT][/left][/FONT][LEFT][/left][/SIZE][LEFT][B][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri-Bold][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri-Bold][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri-Bold][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri-Bold][SIZE=3]BOMBING[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][/B][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Government agencies were in possession of significant pieces of information that, taken[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]together, would have led a competent analyst to conclude that Flight 182 was at high risk of[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]being bombed by known Sikh terrorists in June 1985.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]James Bartleman’s evidence that, shortly before the bombing, he saw a specific threat to Air[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]India Flight 182, is credible. The Commission accepts the possibility that such a document would[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]have been ignored and then subsequently have gone missing.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Additional, highly classified, threat information was in the possession of the Communications[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]Security Establishment (CSE). This information, which was received by the Commission after the[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]close of the hearings, was consistent with other information about the threat of sabotage and[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]hijacking by Sikh extremists in June 1985, and indicated that Indian airports were undertaking[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]security audits in response to the threat.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Even without the evidence of James Bartleman and the CSE information, the Commission finds[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]that the amount of information collectively held by the Government made the failure to[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]implement appropriate anti[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]sabotage measures inexcusable.[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]The view of Canadian officials prior to the bombing that government[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]owned Air India was[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]“crying wolf” in order to obtain additional security for free was misguided.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]The institutional arrangements and practices of information[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]gathering agencies were wholly[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]deficient in terms of internal and external sharing of information, as well as analysis.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Government agencies failed to appreciate the nature and the seriousness of the threat of Sikh[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]extremism.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]The five[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]month delay in CSIS’ application to intercept Parmar’s communications, which was a[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]result of a warrant conversion process that prioritized existing warrants over new applications,[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]was entirely disproportionate to the level of the threat.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]CSIS surveillance was ineffective. Surveillants were unable to distinguish one traditionally[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]attired Sikh from another. When a CSIS surveillance team observed experiments involving a test[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]explosion conducted by Sikh extremists in the woods in Duncan B.C. in June 1985 (the Duncan[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]Blast), the loud sound heard was misinterpreted as a gunshot. No photograph was taken of the[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]unknown third person present (Mr. X.) because surveillants had not brought a camera.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]2[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]CSIS failed to include important information, such as the Duncan Blast, in the threat[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]assessments it provided to the RCMP and Transport Canada.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]The RCMP wasted resources creating a threat assessment structure parallel to CSIS’. The RCMP[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]structure was itself ineffective [/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐ [/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]it failed to identify, report, and share threat information.[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]The RCMP failed to transmit the June 1[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=1][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=1]st [/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Telex, warning about the possibility of bombing with[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]time[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]delayed devices in June 1985, to either CSIS or to Transport Canada.[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Excessive secrecy in information sharing prevented any one agency from obtaining all necessary[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]information to assess the threat. Excessive secrecy also prevented those on the frontlines from[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]obtaining information necessary to put in place security measures responsive to the threat.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Effective protective measures were not implemented in response to the threat to Air India Flight[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]182.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]The concept of “specific threat” was misunderstood and misapplied. When a call[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]in bomb[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]threat was deemed to be “specific,” it would trigger an elaborate airport emergency protocol[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]which, had it been employed on June 22, 1985, would likely have identified the bomb. This[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]protocol had no application outside of the call[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]‐[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]in threat situation. When intelligence was[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]received through other channels, a lack of extreme specificity was at times wrongly used to deny[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]additional protective resources.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Today, the concept of specific threat has become an excuse to explain why more was not done[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]to prevent the bombing on June 22, 1985.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Security measures in response to possible threats to aviation were poorly thought out and[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]mechanically applied. They were not tailored to meet the particular nature of the threat.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Despite the knowledge of the threat of sabotage, Transport Canada and RCMP Protective[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]Policing displayed a lack of flexibility by continuing to rely on anti[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]‐[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]hijacking security measures,[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]which did not address the threat of bombing.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]There was a lack of cooperation and communication within the RCMP and between RCMP,[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]Transport Canada and airlines in relation to airport security.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Although Air India was operating under an elevated threat level, CP Air (the airline upon which[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]the bomb was loaded in Vancouver) was not informed of this fact and was operating under[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]normal security protocols.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]3[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]In retrospect, the behaviour of those who booked and paid for the tickets and checked[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]in the[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]bags should have raised red flags, but a customer service mentality governed at the time, and[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]airline staff were not instructed to watch for indicia of harmful intentions.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]In allowing the unaccompanied bag to be loaded on to its Toronto[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]destined flight, CP Air failed[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]to follow its own baggage security procedures.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Transport Canada failed to pass then existing draft regulations, which would have enhanced the[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]security of Canadian airports, and failed until after the bombing to implement known antisabotage[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]measures.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]One anti[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]sabotage measure known at the time was passenger[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]baggage reconciliation (a process[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]of matching passengers with their baggage in order to prevent unauthorized bags from being[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]placed on board aircraft, treating the passenger and their baggage as a single entity). Had[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]passenger[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]‐[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]baggage reconciliation been used, the bombing of Air India Flight 182 would have[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]been prevented.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Canadian airports were plagued by a lax security culture. Restricted areas were not adequately[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]protected, and private security guards and janitorial staff were not required to undergo criminal[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]record checks. Persons with known associations to Sikh extremist groups had access to highly[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]sensitive areas at Vancouver International Airport.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Privatization and cutbacks had a negative impact on airport security. Air India was left to[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]implement security measures with little to no supervision by Government. Personnel in charge[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]of screening the luggage, who were employees of a private security company, were underpaid[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]and inadequately trained.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]At Pearson airport, RCMP and Transport employees were aware of ongoing problems with the[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]X[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]‐[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]ray machine and had demonstrated the PD4 sniffer to be ineffective. On the day of the[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]bombing, the remaining bags were scanned only with the PD4 sniffer when the X[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]‐[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]ray machine[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]failed. The security employees contracted by Air India had no prior experience or formal training[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]in the operation of the PD4. No one informed the supervisors that the device may have reacted[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]to some of the bags it scanned.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Air India ought to have known that the security measures it was using were inadequate to[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]prevent a bomb being placed on its aircraft.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]On June 22, 1985, the security level in force at Pearson and Mirabel airports called for the use of[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]an RCMP explosives detection dog (EDD). That weekend, however, all RCMP EDD teams were in[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]Vancouver for training, leaving the Toronto airport without any coverage.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]4[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]On the day of the bombing, Mr. Brian Simpson, an Air Canada summer employee at the time,[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]was able to board the Air India aircraft stationed outside the international departures area of[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]Pearson, walk around for 10 minutes or so, and leave, without challenge.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]In Montreal, after three suspicious bags were identified and left unattended, the flight was[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]cleared for departure by Air India before the arrival of the explosives detection dog. Security[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]employee Daniel Lalonde overheard the Air India security officer mention cost[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]‐[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]related reasons[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]for this decision.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][B][FONT=Calibri-Bold][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri-Bold][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]POST[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/B][/LEFT] [LEFT][B][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri-Bold][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri-Bold][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri-Bold][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri-Bold][SIZE=3]BOMBING[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][/B][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]CSIS often failed to disclose promptly to the RCMP information relevant to the criminal[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]investigation, particularly information from human sources, or it disclosed information without[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]sufficient detail or in a manner that prevented the RCMP from using the information.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]CSIS was mesmerized by the mantra that “CSIS doesn’t collect evidence,” and used it to justify[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]the destruction of raw material and information. CSIS erased the tapes that caught coded[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]conversations possibly related to the planning of the bombing, and CSIS investigators destroyed[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]their notes that recorded the information CSIS sources provided in relation to the Air India[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]bombing. Both of these actions compromised the prosecution’s evidentiary position at trial.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]CSIS delayed disclosure of necessary information for the prosecution of Interjit Singh Reyat by[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]adopting a legalistic and technical approach in responding to requests from prosecutor James[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]Jardine.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]The RCMP never made a written request that the Parmar tapes be preserved, though it was[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]aware of their existence, and also never made a verbal request specific to the Parmar tapes until[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]months into the investigation, when the early tapes were already erased. CSIS only ceased[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]ongoing erasure in 1986, following a request by the Department of Justice in connection with[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]the civil litigation.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]It is impossible to determine what information, if any, was lost due to the tape erasures and it is[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]impossible to tell whether all tapes were listened to before being erased.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]The RCMP often prematurely discounted or failed to follow up on intelligence leads that did not[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]conform to its primary theory of the case. For example, one suspect was ruled out based on[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]observations, made two years after the bombing, that his hair did not look like the hair of one of[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]the individuals who had checked in the luggage, as depicted in an imprecise composite drawing.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]The RCMP also prematurely dismissed information on the basis of preliminary assessments of[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]credibility. When Person 1, prior to the bombing, provided information about a plot to bomb an[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]5[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]Air India plane, his information was discounted as it was believed he was providing the[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]information for his own personal interests. This suspicion persisted after the bombing and it[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]took months – and critical media reports – before the RCMP reluctantly followed up on Person[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]1’s information, which was ultimately verified by a polygraph examination.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]The RCMP failed to appreciate the continuing threat of Sikh extremism or the fear sources had[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]of their cooperation with the police being discovered. As a result, the RCMP often alienated[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]sources, including sources who had previously been willing to speak to CSIS, because of the[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]manner in which it treated them.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]The RCMP failed to appropriately protect sources and witnesses.[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]The RCMP, at times, failed to take threats against Tara Singh Hayer seriously.[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]The RCMP eventually installed a video surveillance system in Mr. Hayer’s home, after his name[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]appeared on a “hit list.” However the system was deficient and was not functioning properly on[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]the day of his murder. The RCMP failed to inform Mr. Hayer’s family that no image had been[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]captured on the video cassette.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]The RCMP devoted diminishing resources to the Air India investigation over time, and at one[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]point only one member was assigned to the case.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]The RCMP investigation was plagued by internal strife within the E Division team and between E[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]Division and Headquarters. Creative approaches to the investigation were often discouraged.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]Little progress was made until the 1995 decision to review and revive the investigation, in part[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]because of a concern about the political fallout of a public admission that the investigation was[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]at an impasse.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][B][FONT=Calibri-Bold][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri-Bold][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]OVERALL GOVERNMENT RESPONSE TO THE AIR INDIA BOMBING AND TREATMENT OF THE FAMILIES[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Immediately after the bombing, the Government issued public statements denying any[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]mistakes.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Early on, officials from Foreign Affairs made sincere efforts to provide assistance to the families,[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]in Canada and in Ireland, with limited resources and without the benefit of formal guidelines,[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]given the unprecedented nature of the disaster.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]During initial inquiries in Ireland and India, instructions were issued to avoid acknowledgement[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]that the crash was caused by a bomb.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Efforts were made to limit funds expended to respond to the concerns of the families. The civil[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]suit they launched was settled early on by hard bargaining, before disclosure was made of much[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]of the information now learned in this Inquiry.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]6[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]The families were not kept informed about the investigation by the Government, and often[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]learned about new developments through the media. The RCMP only began to liaise with the[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]families directly after 1995. CSIS refused to participate.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Over the past 25 years, the RCMP has at times inappropriately invoked concerns about its[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]ongoing investigation in order to limit the information provided to the families or to external[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]reviewers.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Government agencies consistently opposed external review and attempted, at times[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]successfully, to avoid or delay such reviews. Concerns about possible prejudice to the[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]Government’s position in the civil litigation with the families was cited as one of the reasons for[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]this opposition.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]When a review did proceed in the early 1990s, the agencies coordinated their responses in an[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]attempt to avoid contradiction and present a picture of greater cooperation than in fact existed.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]The RCMP briefing provided in this review was less than accurate in its description of the[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]ongoing relationship with CSIS.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]The briefings provided by the agencies for the Rae review contained several significant[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]inaccuracies which were not revealed until this Inquiry, including a statement by the RCMP that[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]it had passed on the June 1[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=1][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=1][COLOR=navy]st [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Telex to CSIS; a statement by RCMP and Transport that the[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]presence of a dogmaster was part of the security measures in place at Toronto airport on the[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]day of the bombing; and a statement by CSIS that it had advised the RCMP the day after the[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]crash about the CSIS intercept on Parmar’s communications.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]The Government over[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]redacted the documents initially provided for public release in this[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]Inquiry.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]The RCMP inappropriately relied on the fact of its ongoing investigation to deny the Commission[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]important information when it failed, without reasonable justification, to advise the Commission[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]forthwith that an individual who might potentially have had relevant information had requested[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]to speak to the Commission. The RCMP then continued to withhold this information, without[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]justification, even after the usefulness of the individual to the criminal investigation had been[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]discounted.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]The Government had only one set of counsel represent all potentially affected departments and[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]agencies before this Inquiry. This Government decision to “speak with one voice,” despite[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]known differences in viewpoint, meant that the Commission was not always presented with a[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]clear statement of the agencies’ positions about contentious issues.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]7[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][B][FONT=Calibri-Bold][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri-Bold][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTELLIGENCE AND EVIDENCE AND THE CHALLENGES OF TERRORISM[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri-Bold][B][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri-Bold][COLOR=navy]PROSECUTIONS[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/B][/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]There is a lack of institutionalized co[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]ordination and direction in national security matters.[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]Canadian agencies have developed a culture of managing information in a manner designed to[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]protect their individual institutional interests.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]The current practice of attempting to limit the information CSIS provides to the RCMP in order[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]to prevent its disclosure in potential criminal proceedings is misguided, as disclosure obligations[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]at trial are engaged by potential relevance, not by which agency has seen the information. The[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]result of such efforts to deny intelligence to the police is an impoverished response to terrorist[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]threats.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]The processes and procedures by which decisions are made as to what information should be[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]passed exchanged between the intelligence and law enforcement communities are seriously[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]flawed and require substantial revision.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]There is no “silver bullet” solution to reconciling the needs of intelligence and law enforcement.[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]Neither interest is absolute and neither one can trump the claims of the other in all situations.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]Reform must be directed at improving decision making by ensuring that the decision maker is[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]capable of taking into account both sets of interests as well as the broad national interest. The[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]recommendations are structured to meet that objective.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][B][FONT=Calibri-Bold][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri-Bold][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]AVIATION SECURITY[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Many of the same deficiencies in aviation security that were identified in 1985 continue to be[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]raised as urgent concerns today.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Aviation security is a core governmental function related to national security.[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]In aviation security, there is a tendency to focus on “fighting the last war” instead of taking[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]necessary, proactive measures.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]A holistic approach to aviation security is required because terrorists continuously probe[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]aviation security regimes, looking for weaknesses. This approach involves multiple, mutually[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]reinforcing layers of security measures.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]A culture of security awareness accepted by all stakeholders is essential to guard against[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]complacency.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]Air terminals can themselves be target[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]rich environments for terrorists.[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]While fortress[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]like security is applied to the more publicly visible side of civil aviation, the side[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]that is more hidden from public scrutiny remains exposed.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]8[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Air cargo is neither routinely searched prior to loading, nor subjected to adequate screening[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]measures. Its vulnerability, which has been understood by the Government for decades, makes[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]it a serious potential target for sabotage. Canada does not meet its international treaty[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]obligation to prevent unauthorized explosives and other dangerous devices or substances from[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]being placed on board civil aviation aircraft “by any means whatsoever”. The Government’s[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]failure to take swift action to close this gap is inexcusable.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Access to airside and restricted areas of airports is poorly controlled and the system for[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]screening non[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]‐[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]passengers who access restricted areas of airports can be easily circumvented.[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]Lax perimeter security also allows vehicles and their occupants to enter airside portions of the[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]airport with minimal, if any, screening. As a result, aircraft and passengers are vulnerable to[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]attack.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]CATSA has encountered significant difficulties in recruiting and retaining screening personnel.[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Behavioural analysis (direct observation of passengers prior to boarding aircraft) is already being[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]conducted in airports and on some flights by Aircraft Protection Officers (RCMP officers assigned[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]to Canada’s air marshall program). However, there was a broad consensus among witnesses[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]that if consideration is given to expanding its use, behavioural analysis should be thoroughly[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]reviewed in order to determine whether its benefits outweigh the risks it poses to individual[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]rights.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]The value of Canada’s air marshall program is impossible to quantify, but it may provide another[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]layer of protection, particularly in relation to high[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]risk flights.[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]The “no[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]fly list” program has not proven to be effective.[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]There is no coordinated, system[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]wide risk management strategy among stakeholders in[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]Canadian aviation security, which may allow significant risks in civil aviation to go unnoticed.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][B][FONT=Calibri-Bold][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri-Bold][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]TERRORIST FINANCING[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]Canada’s current anti[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]terrorist financing model, which was created on the basis of its existing[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]anti[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]money laundering model, is not well[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]suited to capture terrorist financing transactions.[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]Canada must comply with a series of international obligations and requirements in terms of its[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]anti[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]‐[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]terrorist financing programs and activities. For the most part, Canada is in compliance with[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]those requirements but as is often the case in such matters, this is a continuing effort and there[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]is still room for improvement.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][COLOR=navy][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]Up until at least very recently, the level of resources dedicated to anti[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]‐[/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]terrorist financing[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]measures was inadequate. Resource levels in all concerned agencies or departments should be[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]monitored and modified as needed on a regular basis.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]9[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]The Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada (FINTRAC) and the Canada[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]Revenue Agency (CRA) are not adequately integrated into the intelligence cycle to effectively[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]detect terrorist financing or to provide the best financial intelligence to CSIS and the RCMP.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE] [LEFT][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]As of the Commission hearings, the CRA had not revoked or deregistered any charitable[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]registrations on grounds of terrorism financing.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [/FONT][/SIZE][LEFT][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][FONT=SymbolMT][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]• [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][COLOR=navy]It is not clear that all relevant federal, provincial and municipal authorities have the same[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]appreciation of the risks posed by terrorism financing. There is definite room for improvement[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT] [LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=navy]in terms of intergovernmental cooperation and efforts to combat that phenomenon.[/COLOR][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri] [LEFT][/LEFT][/FONT][LEFT][/left][/SIZE][LEFT][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri][COLOR=#002060]source: [/COLOR][URL="http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/reports/finalreport/key-findings.pdf"][U][COLOR=#0000ff][SIZE=2]http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/reports/finalreport/key-findings.pdf[/SIZE][/COLOR][/U][/URL][/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT] [/FONT][/SIZE] [/QUOTE]
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Key Findings Of The Bombing Of Air India Flight 182 Commission Of Inquiry
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