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Guru Granth Sahib
Composition, Arrangement & Layout
ਜਪੁ | Jup
ਸੋ ਦਰੁ | So Dar
ਸੋਹਿਲਾ | Sohilaa
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਿਰੀਰਾਗੁ | Raag Siree-Raag
Gurbani (14-53)
Ashtpadiyan (53-71)
Gurbani (71-74)
Pahre (74-78)
Chhant (78-81)
Vanjara (81-82)
Vaar Siri Raag (83-91)
Bhagat Bani (91-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
Ashtpadi (109)
Ashtpadiyan (110-129)
Ashtpadi (129-130)
Ashtpadiyan (130-133)
Bara Maha (133-136)
Din Raen (136-137)
Vaar Maajh Ki (137-150)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
Quartets/Couplets (185-220)
Ashtpadiyan (220-234)
Karhalei (234-235)
Ashtpadiyan (235-242)
Chhant (242-249)
Baavan Akhari (250-262)
Sukhmani (262-296)
Thittee (296-300)
Gauree kii Vaar (300-323)
Gurbani (323-330)
Ashtpadiyan (330-340)
Baavan Akhari (340-343)
Thintteen (343-344)
Vaar Kabir (344-345)
Bhagat Bani (345-346)
ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
Chaupaday (348-364)
Panchpadde (364-365)
Kaafee (365-409)
Aasaavaree (409-411)
Ashtpadiyan (411-432)
Patee (432-435)
Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
Bhagat Bani (475-488)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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Discussions
Hard Talk
Is Cancer Intended Or Is It Just There?
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<blockquote data-quote="Ishna" data-source="post: 194393" data-attributes="member: 2709"><p><strong>120,000-year-old tumor discovered in Neanderthal remains</strong></p><p> </p><p>A tumor found in a Neanderthal specimen more than 120,000 years old may give scientists insight into the origins of cancer.</p><p> </p><p>The rib tumor, which was an abnormal bone growth known as a fibrous dysplasia, is consistent with a kind of cancer that is found in modern-day people. It is one of the most common bone tumors in humans, the researchers noted.</p><p> </p><p>"Evidence for cancer is extremely rare in the human fossil record. This case shows that Neanderthals, living in an unpolluted environment, were susceptible to the same kind of cancer as living humans," co-author David Frayer, a professor of biological anthropology at the University of Kansas, said in a <a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-06/plos-o1o053013.php" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc">press release</span></a>.</p><p> </p><p>The part was one of 876 fragments found in a rock shelter in Krapina, Croatia, in the late 1800s, and is thought to belong to one of a dozen individuals. Scientists have speculated that the bones were so fragmented either because the Neanderthals were cannibals or they were eaten by carnivorous animals, the <a href="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/science/2013/06/evidence-for-the-oldest-ever-bone-tumor-was-just-found-in-a-neanderthal-fossil/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc">Smithsonian</span></a> reported. </p><p> </p><p>The tumor was found by completing an X-ray and CT scan on a rib bone. The images showed a upward-protruding lesion on the rib that could not be an injury because there was no other traumas visible on the back of the rib. </p><p> </p><p>Because the growth was found in an incomplete specimen, scientists will not be able to speculate about how the tumor affected the health of the Neanderthal. </p><p> </p><p>The tumor was surprising because Neanderthals are estimated to have had half the lifespan of modern humans in developed countries, meaning this individual developed his issues earlier in life. </p><p> </p><p>"Most cancers affect people when they get older, and most Neanderthals and earlier populations died before they got old. So this was really exciting to see," Frayer explained to <a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/06/130605-neandertal-neanderthal-bone-tumor-penn-croatia-science/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc">National Geographic</span></a>.</p><p> </p><p>In addition, Neanderthals lived in completely different environmental factors so known carcinogens may not have been present.</p><p> </p><p>"They didn't have pesticides, but they probably were sleeping in caves with burning fires," Frayer explained. "They were probably inhaling a lot of smoke from the caves. So the air was not completely free of pollutants -- but certainly, these Neanderthals weren't smoking cigarettes."</p><p> </p><p>Before finding this tumor, the oldest evidence of cancer was between 1,000 to 4,000 years old. </p><p> </p><p>"Some people think that cancer is only a modern disease, but there's evidence from fossils, bones and mummies that it's actually many thousands of years old," Kat Arney, science information manager at Cancer Research U.K., told the <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22806866" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc">BBC</span></a>. "So this discovery isn't entirely surprising, even though such finds are very rare, but it helps to shed light on the complex history of cancer in humans and our ancient relatives."</p><p> </p><p>The study was published in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0064539" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc">PLoS ONE</span></a> on June 5. </p><p> </p><p>© 2013 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. </p><p><a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/120000-year-old-tumor-discovered-in-neanderthal-remains/" target="_blank">http://www.cbsnews.com/news/120000-year-old-tumor-discovered-in-neanderthal-remains/</a></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Ishna, post: 194393, member: 2709"] [B]120,000-year-old tumor discovered in Neanderthal remains[/B] A tumor found in a Neanderthal specimen more than 120,000 years old may give scientists insight into the origins of cancer. The rib tumor, which was an abnormal bone growth known as a fibrous dysplasia, is consistent with a kind of cancer that is found in modern-day people. It is one of the most common bone tumors in humans, the researchers noted. "Evidence for cancer is extremely rare in the human fossil record. This case shows that Neanderthals, living in an unpolluted environment, were susceptible to the same kind of cancer as living humans," co-author David Frayer, a professor of biological anthropology at the University of Kansas, said in a [URL="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-06/plos-o1o053013.php"][COLOR=#0066cc]press release[/COLOR][/URL]. The part was one of 876 fragments found in a rock shelter in Krapina, Croatia, in the late 1800s, and is thought to belong to one of a dozen individuals. Scientists have speculated that the bones were so fragmented either because the Neanderthals were cannibals or they were eaten by carnivorous animals, the [URL="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/science/2013/06/evidence-for-the-oldest-ever-bone-tumor-was-just-found-in-a-neanderthal-fossil/"][COLOR=#0066cc]Smithsonian[/COLOR][/URL] reported. The tumor was found by completing an X-ray and CT scan on a rib bone. The images showed a upward-protruding lesion on the rib that could not be an injury because there was no other traumas visible on the back of the rib. Because the growth was found in an incomplete specimen, scientists will not be able to speculate about how the tumor affected the health of the Neanderthal. The tumor was surprising because Neanderthals are estimated to have had half the lifespan of modern humans in developed countries, meaning this individual developed his issues earlier in life. "Most cancers affect people when they get older, and most Neanderthals and earlier populations died before they got old. So this was really exciting to see," Frayer explained to [URL="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/06/130605-neandertal-neanderthal-bone-tumor-penn-croatia-science/"][COLOR=#0066cc]National Geographic[/COLOR][/URL]. In addition, Neanderthals lived in completely different environmental factors so known carcinogens may not have been present. "They didn't have pesticides, but they probably were sleeping in caves with burning fires," Frayer explained. "They were probably inhaling a lot of smoke from the caves. So the air was not completely free of pollutants -- but certainly, these Neanderthals weren't smoking cigarettes." Before finding this tumor, the oldest evidence of cancer was between 1,000 to 4,000 years old. "Some people think that cancer is only a modern disease, but there's evidence from fossils, bones and mummies that it's actually many thousands of years old," Kat Arney, science information manager at Cancer Research U.K., told the [URL="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22806866"][COLOR=#0066cc]BBC[/COLOR][/URL]. "So this discovery isn't entirely surprising, even though such finds are very rare, but it helps to shed light on the complex history of cancer in humans and our ancient relatives." The study was published in [URL="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0064539"][COLOR=#0066cc]PLoS ONE[/COLOR][/URL] on June 5. © 2013 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. [URL]http://www.cbsnews.com/news/120000-year-old-tumor-discovered-in-neanderthal-remains/[/URL] [/QUOTE]
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Is Cancer Intended Or Is It Just There?
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