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Gurbani (347-348)
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Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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Free/ Pre-determined Human Will?
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<blockquote data-quote="khuram" data-source="post: 47475" data-attributes="member: 3713"><p><span style="color: black">@ Vijay Deep Singh</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="color: black">Thanks for pleasant welcome. Here neither I am presenting any religion nor any sect thereof. I have come here to learn rationality, which sikhism must contain. I have presented pure rational views of Hazrat Ali (RA). In the whole article, I just have expanded the rationality of Hazrat Ali (RA). And yes extreme interpretations of Quran ... like those of Imam Ghazali’s do suggest absolute control of Allah's will over all the human affairs. Historically in Islam, belief in absolute pre-determined human will was evolved after the time of Hazrat Ali (RA), the fourth Caliph of Islam. After Hazrat Ali (RA), Caliphate was taken over by Bano-Ommayad rulers. Uptill the time of Hazrat Ali (RA), Muslim community used to choose their next Caliph mainly in such way that prominent Muslim leaders elected the Caliph and then whole Muslim community used to take oath (bait lena) in the hands of newly chosen Caliph. Ommayad rulers discontinued this system and turned the institution of Caliphate into family based dynasty. Ommayad rulers were cruel and used to persecute their people because they were not popular among the masses. So in order to get political control and to just legitimize their rule, Ommayad rulers, with the help of "political Muslim scholars", promoted the belief in pre-determined human will. Their intention was to show that all what was happening around was just because God himself wanted so. Underlying idea was to stop the masses from their protest against rulers by making them believe that Ommayad rule was exactly in accordance with the Will of God. Hijaj bin Yousaf was the Governor of Iraq under the Ommayad rule. Only he had killed hundreds of thousands of his own Muslim people. And it was same Hijaj bin Yousaf who had taken permission from the then Ommayad Caliph to attack on the territory of Sind. As a result, Muhammad bin Qasim, the Army General of Hijaj (and relative also...) defeated Raja Dahir on 711 AD in the territory of Sind and thus founded the Muslim political era in the sub-continent.</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="color: black">After the fall of Ommayad rule, Caliphate took over by Abbasid rulers. Early Abbasid era is actually the most glorious period of Muslim rationality and enlightenment. A rational Muslim sect named "Al-Mutazillah" emerged during the early Abbasid era. This "Al-Mutazzillah" school of thought rejected the notion of pre-determined human will and emphasized on belief in free human will. Renowned Abbasid Caliph Al-Mamoon Rasheed also adopted this "Al-Mutazillah" faith. It was Caliph Al-Mamoon Rasheed who established "bait-ul-Hikmah" in Baghdad and appointed many Jews and Sabi scholars to translate the great intellectual works of Greeks and Indians. In this way now ground was ready to produce some great intellectual scholars in the Muslim world. Thus the first ever rational Muslim Philosopher i.e. Abu-Ishaq-Yaqub-Al-Kindi was Mutazilli in faith. Later giant Muslim philosophers like Al-Farabi and Ibn-e-Sina just had expanded the work of Al-Kindi in greater depths.</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="color: black">This Al-Mutazillah faith faced stiff opposition by another school of thought named "Al-Asharism" -- which was founded by Abu-Al-Hassan Al-Ashary who first belonged to Al-Mutazilla school of thought but later on turned against it and founded his own school of thought. Alashrism was in favor of pre-determined Human will. A big attack on belief in free human will come from a later giant Al-Ashray scholar named Imam Ghazali. Imam Ghazali rejected even the cause-effect principle by saying that events occur not because of any underlying physical cause but because God himself directs the events to occur in particular way. As Al-Ashrism assumed political power, they forcefully eliminated the views of Al-Mutazillah by using such means as torturing the Al-Mutazilli scholars as well as burning up their books in fire etc. It was this “Al-Asharism” which later on adopted the name of “Ahl-e-Sunnat-Wal-Jammat” (i.e. its abbriviation is famous “sunni”). This name was adopted with the view to clearly differentiate this sect from “Al-Mutazillah” sect because Al-Mutazillities used to call themselves as “Ahl-e-Adal-Wal-Tauheed”.</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="color: black">After the elimination of Al-Mutazillah faith, long era of belief in pre-determined human will initiated in Muslim history. After Imam Ghazali, only two renowned intellectuals came from Muslim societies. First was Spanish Ibn-e-Rushd. He was great interpreter of Aristotle and he had served the role of connecting bridge between Muslim enlightenment and Western Enlightenment because Europeans were first familiarized with the views of Aristotle through the Italian translations of Arabic Interpretations of Aristotle by Ibn-e-Rushd. Ibn-e-Rushd is still known in West by the name of Avveroes whereas Muslim society gave no importance to the work of that great intellectual. Second was Ibn-e-Khuldun who came up with his rational interpretation of the process of history. But Muslim society ignored his work too and it was the European scholars of eighteenth century who eventually discovered his great work and realized the importance of it. Under the political control of Al-Ashrism, another class of Muslim scientists i.e. Al-Akhwan-al-Safah had been remained secretly active in Iraq. They secretly published about 56 journals on philosophical and scientific issues. Obviously they also had adopted many things out of the works of great ancient Greek and Indian Scholars. But now over-all Muslim society was under the trance of belief in pre-determined human will. It was mainly due to this reason that then Muslim societies could not give birth to any other great intellectual. In Indian History, it was Sir Syed Ahmed Khan who had tried to promote old Al-Mutazilli views among his contemporary Muslim society.</span></p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p><p> </p><p><span style="color: black">Perhaps you wanted to talk about “Wahad-ul-Shahood”. In Indian Muslim history, this view has been emerged quite late … i.e. in the period of Emperor Jahangir. This view however has had far reaching impacts up till the present times. Not only Hindus and Sikhs have been suffered because of this view but common Muslim is also suffering the consequences of this view … because this view has been the founding stone of the emergence of Muslim orthodoxy in the sub-continent. Early Wahdat-ul-Wajoody Muslim Sufis like Khawaja Mueen-ud-Din Chishti and Khawaja Nizam-ud-Din Awliah etc. were Humanitarians, basically. Wahdat-ul-Wajood gives the idea of unity of Creator and creatures and since all creatures share the same divine spirit … so it results in belief in universal brotherhood of humanity. Wahdat-ul-Shahood on the other hand emphasizes on ‘separateness’ of Creator and creatures. As secondary consequence, this ideology ends up in emphasizing of group differences on the basis of religion or even sects. Behavior of Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir was actually shaped by this ideology of “Wahdat-ul-Shahood”. So basically this view is responsible for the contemporary extremist Muslim behavior.</span></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><span style="color: black">@ Kaur-1</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="color: black">Thanks for clarification regarding my wrong use of ‘Sardar ji’. I am sorry for the wrong usage. Secondly here I am not representing any religion. I am new to this forum. All the terminology of Sikhism is quite new for me. Obviously I shall take some time in becoming familiar to basic and contemporary Sikh ideology.</span></p><p> </p><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Here I have posted an article of mine whose topic is a general issue. The only thing is that originally it was written as a reply to another Pakistani person who was insisting on ‘pre-determined’ human will. But the topic on the whole is on a general issue. If sikhi website does not allow such topics then administrators can delete this post. But since I have posted it in ‘General Philosophy’ section of forum, so I think that forum administrators may allow this topic.</p><p> </p><p>And I have no any such question. I just had told you what meaning of “our women” … in the article had. I had told you that meaning of “our women” was just “Pakistani women” … who are really very fond of watching Indian Drama serial “Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi” … on daily basis.</p><p> </p><p>And thanks for referring me to other important thread of the forum. Obviously I am going to read that thread now. As I have said earlier, I am quite new to Sikhism terminology, so I may take some time in becoming familiar to it.</p><p> </p><p>Secondly, I know Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir had tortured and killed innocent Sikh babies. Emperor Aurangzeb also had killed his own Sufi type brother Dara Shiko. This is also a fact that Aurangzeb Alamgir is still a hero for many Extremist Pakistani Muslims. But I myself am quite helpless before the mighty power of those extremists. In my assessment, Muslim extremism shall further grow in near future and it can lead to more miseries and chaos.</p><p> </p><p>May we all feel the light of rationality and wisdom!</p><p> </p><p>Thanks</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="khuram, post: 47475, member: 3713"] [COLOR=black]@ Vijay Deep Singh[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]Thanks for pleasant welcome. Here neither I am presenting any religion nor any sect thereof. I have come here to learn rationality, which sikhism must contain. I have presented pure rational views of Hazrat Ali (RA). In the whole article, I just have expanded the rationality of Hazrat Ali (RA). And yes extreme interpretations of Quran ... like those of Imam Ghazali’s do suggest absolute control of Allah's will over all the human affairs. Historically in Islam, belief in absolute pre-determined human will was evolved after the time of Hazrat Ali (RA), the fourth Caliph of Islam. After Hazrat Ali (RA), Caliphate was taken over by Bano-Ommayad rulers. Uptill the time of Hazrat Ali (RA), Muslim community used to choose their next Caliph mainly in such way that prominent Muslim leaders elected the Caliph and then whole Muslim community used to take oath (bait lena) in the hands of newly chosen Caliph. Ommayad rulers discontinued this system and turned the institution of Caliphate into family based dynasty. Ommayad rulers were cruel and used to persecute their people because they were not popular among the masses. So in order to get political control and to just legitimize their rule, Ommayad rulers, with the help of "political Muslim scholars", promoted the belief in pre-determined human will. Their intention was to show that all what was happening around was just because God himself wanted so. Underlying idea was to stop the masses from their protest against rulers by making them believe that Ommayad rule was exactly in accordance with the Will of God. Hijaj bin Yousaf was the Governor of Iraq under the Ommayad rule. Only he had killed hundreds of thousands of his own Muslim people. And it was same Hijaj bin Yousaf who had taken permission from the then Ommayad Caliph to attack on the territory of Sind. As a result, Muhammad bin Qasim, the Army General of Hijaj (and relative also...) defeated Raja Dahir on 711 AD in the territory of Sind and thus founded the Muslim political era in the sub-continent.[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]After the fall of Ommayad rule, Caliphate took over by Abbasid rulers. Early Abbasid era is actually the most glorious period of Muslim rationality and enlightenment. A rational Muslim sect named "Al-Mutazillah" emerged during the early Abbasid era. This "Al-Mutazzillah" school of thought rejected the notion of pre-determined human will and emphasized on belief in free human will. Renowned Abbasid Caliph Al-Mamoon Rasheed also adopted this "Al-Mutazillah" faith. It was Caliph Al-Mamoon Rasheed who established "bait-ul-Hikmah" in Baghdad and appointed many Jews and Sabi scholars to translate the great intellectual works of Greeks and Indians. In this way now ground was ready to produce some great intellectual scholars in the Muslim world. Thus the first ever rational Muslim Philosopher i.e. Abu-Ishaq-Yaqub-Al-Kindi was Mutazilli in faith. Later giant Muslim philosophers like Al-Farabi and Ibn-e-Sina just had expanded the work of Al-Kindi in greater depths.[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]This Al-Mutazillah faith faced stiff opposition by another school of thought named "Al-Asharism" -- which was founded by Abu-Al-Hassan Al-Ashary who first belonged to Al-Mutazilla school of thought but later on turned against it and founded his own school of thought. Alashrism was in favor of pre-determined Human will. A big attack on belief in free human will come from a later giant Al-Ashray scholar named Imam Ghazali. Imam Ghazali rejected even the cause-effect principle by saying that events occur not because of any underlying physical cause but because God himself directs the events to occur in particular way. As Al-Ashrism assumed political power, they forcefully eliminated the views of Al-Mutazillah by using such means as torturing the Al-Mutazilli scholars as well as burning up their books in fire etc. It was this “Al-Asharism” which later on adopted the name of “Ahl-e-Sunnat-Wal-Jammat” (i.e. its abbriviation is famous “sunni”). This name was adopted with the view to clearly differentiate this sect from “Al-Mutazillah” sect because Al-Mutazillities used to call themselves as “Ahl-e-Adal-Wal-Tauheed”.[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]After the elimination of Al-Mutazillah faith, long era of belief in pre-determined human will initiated in Muslim history. After Imam Ghazali, only two renowned intellectuals came from Muslim societies. First was Spanish Ibn-e-Rushd. He was great interpreter of Aristotle and he had served the role of connecting bridge between Muslim enlightenment and Western Enlightenment because Europeans were first familiarized with the views of Aristotle through the Italian translations of Arabic Interpretations of Aristotle by Ibn-e-Rushd. Ibn-e-Rushd is still known in West by the name of Avveroes whereas Muslim society gave no importance to the work of that great intellectual. Second was Ibn-e-Khuldun who came up with his rational interpretation of the process of history. But Muslim society ignored his work too and it was the European scholars of eighteenth century who eventually discovered his great work and realized the importance of it. Under the political control of Al-Ashrism, another class of Muslim scientists i.e. Al-Akhwan-al-Safah had been remained secretly active in Iraq. They secretly published about 56 journals on philosophical and scientific issues. Obviously they also had adopted many things out of the works of great ancient Greek and Indian Scholars. But now over-all Muslim society was under the trance of belief in pre-determined human will. It was mainly due to this reason that then Muslim societies could not give birth to any other great intellectual. In Indian History, it was Sir Syed Ahmed Khan who had tried to promote old Al-Mutazilli views among his contemporary Muslim society.[/COLOR] [COLOR=black][/COLOR] [COLOR=black]Perhaps you wanted to talk about “Wahad-ul-Shahood”. In Indian Muslim history, this view has been emerged quite late … i.e. in the period of Emperor Jahangir. This view however has had far reaching impacts up till the present times. Not only Hindus and Sikhs have been suffered because of this view but common Muslim is also suffering the consequences of this view … because this view has been the founding stone of the emergence of Muslim orthodoxy in the sub-continent. Early Wahdat-ul-Wajoody Muslim Sufis like Khawaja Mueen-ud-Din Chishti and Khawaja Nizam-ud-Din Awliah etc. were Humanitarians, basically. Wahdat-ul-Wajood gives the idea of unity of Creator and creatures and since all creatures share the same divine spirit … so it results in belief in universal brotherhood of humanity. Wahdat-ul-Shahood on the other hand emphasizes on ‘separateness’ of Creator and creatures. As secondary consequence, this ideology ends up in emphasizing of group differences on the basis of religion or even sects. Behavior of Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir was actually shaped by this ideology of “Wahdat-ul-Shahood”. So basically this view is responsible for the contemporary extremist Muslim behavior.[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]@ Kaur-1[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]Thanks for clarification regarding my wrong use of ‘Sardar ji’. I am sorry for the wrong usage. Secondly here I am not representing any religion. I am new to this forum. All the terminology of Sikhism is quite new for me. Obviously I shall take some time in becoming familiar to basic and contemporary Sikh ideology.[/COLOR] [COLOR=blue][/COLOR] Here I have posted an article of mine whose topic is a general issue. The only thing is that originally it was written as a reply to another Pakistani person who was insisting on ‘pre-determined’ human will. But the topic on the whole is on a general issue. If sikhi website does not allow such topics then administrators can delete this post. But since I have posted it in ‘General Philosophy’ section of forum, so I think that forum administrators may allow this topic. And I have no any such question. I just had told you what meaning of “our women” … in the article had. I had told you that meaning of “our women” was just “Pakistani women” … who are really very fond of watching Indian Drama serial “Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi” … on daily basis. And thanks for referring me to other important thread of the forum. Obviously I am going to read that thread now. As I have said earlier, I am quite new to Sikhism terminology, so I may take some time in becoming familiar to it. Secondly, I know Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir had tortured and killed innocent Sikh babies. Emperor Aurangzeb also had killed his own Sufi type brother Dara Shiko. This is also a fact that Aurangzeb Alamgir is still a hero for many Extremist Pakistani Muslims. But I myself am quite helpless before the mighty power of those extremists. In my assessment, Muslim extremism shall further grow in near future and it can lead to more miseries and chaos. May we all feel the light of rationality and wisdom! Thanks [/QUOTE]
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