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Guru Granth Sahib
Composition, Arrangement & Layout
ਜਪੁ | Jup
ਸੋ ਦਰੁ | So Dar
ਸੋਹਿਲਾ | Sohilaa
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਿਰੀਰਾਗੁ | Raag Siree-Raag
Gurbani (14-53)
Ashtpadiyan (53-71)
Gurbani (71-74)
Pahre (74-78)
Chhant (78-81)
Vanjara (81-82)
Vaar Siri Raag (83-91)
Bhagat Bani (91-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
Ashtpadi (109)
Ashtpadiyan (110-129)
Ashtpadi (129-130)
Ashtpadiyan (130-133)
Bara Maha (133-136)
Din Raen (136-137)
Vaar Maajh Ki (137-150)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
Quartets/Couplets (185-220)
Ashtpadiyan (220-234)
Karhalei (234-235)
Ashtpadiyan (235-242)
Chhant (242-249)
Baavan Akhari (250-262)
Sukhmani (262-296)
Thittee (296-300)
Gauree kii Vaar (300-323)
Gurbani (323-330)
Ashtpadiyan (330-340)
Baavan Akhari (340-343)
Thintteen (343-344)
Vaar Kabir (344-345)
Bhagat Bani (345-346)
ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
Chaupaday (348-364)
Panchpadde (364-365)
Kaafee (365-409)
Aasaavaree (409-411)
Ashtpadiyan (411-432)
Patee (432-435)
Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
Bhagat Bani (475-488)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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Sikh Sikhi Sikhism
Excommunication Of A Sikh?
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<blockquote data-quote="vsgrewal48895" data-source="post: 107414" data-attributes="member: 8024"><p><strong>Re: Excommunication of a Sikh ?</strong></p><p></p><p>Dear All,</p><p> </p><p style="text-align: center"><p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">AKAL TAKHAT</span></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <em>Copied from encyclopedia of Sikhism</em></span></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'">AKAL </span><u>TAKHT </u>is the primary seat <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">of Sikh religious authority and central altar for Sikh political assembly. Through <em>hukamnamas,</em> edicts or writs, it may issue decretals providing guidance or clarification on any point of Sikh doctrine or practice referred to it, may lay under penance personages charged with violation of religious discipline or with activity prejudicial to Sikh interests or solidarity and may place on record its appreciation of outstanding services rendered or sacrifices made by individuals espousing the case of Sikhism or of the Sikhs. The edifice stands in the Darbar Sahib precincts in Amritsar facing Harimandar, now famous as the Golden Temple. The word <em>akal,</em> a negative of <em>kal </em>(time), is the equivalent of timeless, beyond time, everlasting, and <u>takht, </u>in Persian, that of royal throne or chair of state. </span>Akal <u>Takht </u><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">would thus mean "timeless or everlasting throne" or "throne of the Timeless One, i. e. God.” In the Sikh system, God is postulated as Formless (Nirankar), yet to proclaim His sovereignty over His creation, He is sometimes referred to as <em>sultan, patsah, sacha sah,</em> or the True King; His seat is referred to as <em>sachcha <u>takht, </u></em>the True Throne, sitting on which He dispenses <em>sachcha niao, </em>true justice (GG, 84, 1087). </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'">It </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">also became common for Sikhs, at least by the time of Guru </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">Arjan (1563-1606), to refer to the Guru as <em>sachcha patshah</em> and to his <em>gaddi</em><em> or </em>spiritual seat as <u>takht </u>and the congregation he led as <em>darbar</em> or court. Panegyrizing the Gurus, the bards <em>Balvand, Nalya and Mathura</em>, in their verses included in the Guru Granth Sahib, use the word <u>takht </u>in this very sense. Formally to proclaim Sikh faith's common concern for the spiritual and the worldly, synthesis of <em>miri</em> and <em>piri,</em> <span style="color: red">Guru Hargobind (1595-1644), son and successor of Guru Arjan, adopted royal style. </span>For the ceremonies of succession, he had a platform constructed opposite the Harimandar, naming it </span>Akal <u>Takht. </u><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">According to </span><em>Gurbilas Chhevin Patshahi,</em> <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">a detailed versified and, going by the year of composition recorded in the text/colophon, the oldest account of Guru Hargobind's life, the structure was raised on Har <em>vadi</em><em> l0, </em></span>1663 <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">Bk/15 June 1606. The Guru laid the cornerstone and Bhai Buddha and Bhai GurDas completed the construction, no third person being allowed to lend a helping hand. Guru Hargobind used the <u>takht </u>for the accession ceremonies which, according to the source quoted, took place on 26 Har </span><em>sudi</em><em> l0, </em>1663 <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">Bk/24 June 1606. From here he conducted the secular </span>affairs <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">of the community. From here he is said to have issued the first <em>hukamnama</em><em> (q.v.</em>) to far-flung </span><em>sangats</em> <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">or Sikh centers announcing the creation of Akal <u>Takht </u>and asking </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">them to include in their offerings thenceforth gifts of weapons and horses. Bhai Gurdas was named officiant in charge of the Akal <u>Takht. </u>A building subsequently raised over the <u>Takht </u>was called Akal Bunga (house) so that the <u>Takht </u>is now officially known as <u>Takht </u>Sri Akal Bunga although its popular name Akal <u>Takht </u>is more in common use.</span></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">The Sikhs recognize four other holy places as </span><u><em>takhts, </em></u><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">namely <u>Takht </u>Sri Kesgarh Sahib, Anandpur; <u>Takht </u>Sri Harimandar Sahib, Patna <u>Takht </u>Sachkhand Hazur Sahib, Abchalnagar, Nanded and <u>Takht </u>Sri Damdama Sahib, Talvandi Sabo. All four are connected with the life of </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">Guru Gobind Singh </span>(1666-1708). <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">All five <u>Takhts </u>are equally venerated, but the Akal <u>Takht </u></span>at Amritsar enjoys a special status. Historically, this is the <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">oldest of the </span><u><em>takhts </em></u><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">and along with Harimandar, </span>across the yard, constitutes the capital of Sikhism. Meetings of the Sarbatt <u><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">Khalsa </span></u><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">or general assembly representative </span>of the entire Panth are traditionally <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">summoned at Akal </span><u>Takht </u>and it is only there that cases connected <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">with serious religious offences committed by </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">prominent </span>Sikhs <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">are heard and decided. <span style="color: red"><em>Hukamnamas </em></span><span style="color: red">or decrees issued by the </span></span><span style="color: red">Akal <u>Takht </u></span><span style="color: red"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">are universally applicable to all Sikhs and all institutions.</span></span></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">After Guru Hargobind's migration to Kiratpur early in </span>1635, <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">the shrines at Amritsar, including the Akal <u>Takht, </u>fell into the hands of the descendants of Prithi Chand, elder brother of Guru Arjan, his grandson, Hariji (d.1696), remaining in charge for over fifty-five years. Soon after the creation of the <u>Khalsa </u>in March 1699, Guru Gobind Singh sent Bhai Mani Singh to Amritsar to assume control of the Harimandar and the Akal <u>Takht </u>and manage these on behalf of the <u>Khalsa </u>Panth. During the troublous period following the martyrdom of Banda Singh in </span>1716, <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">the sacred <em>sarovar</em><em>, </em>or holy tank, at Amritsar, the Harimandar and the Akal <u>Takht </u>continued to be a source of inspiration and spiritual rejuvenation for the Sikhs. Whenever circumstances permitted, and usually on Baisakhi and Divali, their scattered bands defying all hazards converged upon Akal <u>Takht </u>to hold <em>Sarbatt <u>Khalsa</u></em>assemblies and discuss matters of policy and strategy. For instance, through a </span><em>gurmata</em> <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">(Guru's counsel) the <em>sarbati <u>khalsa</u></em> at the Akal <u>Takht </u>resolved on 14 October 1745 to reorganize their scattered fighting force into 25,<em> <em>jathas</em></em> or bands of about 100 warriors each. By another <em>gurmata </em>on Baisakhi, 29 March 1748, the <em>sarbatt <u>khalsa</u></em> meeting, again, at </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'">Akal </span><u><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">Takht, </span></u><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">formed the Dal <u>khalsa </u>or the army of the <u>Khalsa </u>consisting of 11 <em>misls</em><em> or </em>divisions. On Divali, 7 November 1760, the <em>sarbati <u>khalsa </u></em>resolved to attack and occupy Lahore (till then Sikhs had not occupied any territory, their only possession being the small fortress of Ram Rauni or Ramgarh they had built at Amritsar in </span>1746). <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">Akal <u>Takht </u>was again the venue of the <em>sarbatt <u>khalsa</u></em> on Baisakhi day, 10 April 1763, when by a <em>gurmata</em> it was decided to go out to the help of a Brahman who had brought the complaint that his wife had been forcibly abducted by the Afghan chief of Kasur.</span></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">Even after the Punjab had been parcelled out into several Sikh independencies or </span><em>misls</em><em>, </em><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">Amritsar</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial'"> remained the common capital where all </span><em>sardars</em> <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">or chiefs had built their </span><em>builgas </em><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">and </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">stationed their </span><em>vakils</em> <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">or agents. But as the need for a common strategy and action decreased and rivalries among the <em>mist </em>chiefs raised their head, <em>sarbatt <u>khalsa</u></em> and correspondingly the Akal <u>Takht </u>lost their political pre-eminence. Maharaja Ranjit Singh felt little need for <em>sarbati <u>khalsa</u></em> assemblies after </span>1805 <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">when it was summoned to consider the question whether or not the fugitive Maratha prince Jasvant Rao Holkar be assisted against the British. The religious authority of the Akal <u>Takht, </u>however, remained intact and the State never challenged it in any manner. </span></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">There are in fact instances of the State showing subservience as in the case of Maharaja Ranjit Singh himself responding to the summons from the </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'">Akal </span><u><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">Takht </span></u><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">and accepting for a moral misdemeanor penalty imposed by its custodian, Akali Phula Singh who had fought as a loyal soldier in several of the Maharaja's military campaigns. </span></span></span></p><p> </p><p><em><span style="font-family: 'Arial'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">In spite of its supremacy in the matter of enforcing religious discipline, Akal <u>Takht </u>discharges no divine dispensation. It remits no sins, nor does it invoke God's wrath upon anyone.</span></span></span></em></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">On several occasions during the eighteenth century, Akal <u>Takht </u>shared with the Harimandar desecration and destruction at the hands of Mughal satraps and Afghan invaders. Ahmad Shah Durrani, who had razed the Harimandar in 1762, again attacked Amritsar in December 1764. On this occasion a small band of 30 Sikhs under their leader, Nihang <u>Gurbakhsh </u>Singh stationed there to serve and protect the Akal <u>Takht, </u>came out to dare the invading horde and fell fighting to the last man. Ahmad Shah had the Akal Bunga completely </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">demolished. Sikhs, however, continued to hold the </span><em>sarbatt </em><em><u><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">kha/sa </span></u></em><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">in front of the ruins and </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">decided at one such gathering on Baisakhi, 10 April 1765, to rebuild the Akal Bunga as well as the Harimandar. Funds for this purpose had already been set apart from the pillage of Sirhind in January 1764. The work was entrusted to Bhai Des Raj, who was also furnished with Guru ki Mohar or the Guru's seal to enable him to raise more funds. The construction of the ground floor of the Akal Bunga was completed by 1774. The rest of the five-storied domed edifice was completed during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The gilded dome atop the building was built by </span>Hari Sifigh <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">Nalva at his own expense. The facade of the first four storey’s including </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">the basement (originally ground floor but rendered partly below ground level because of the raising of the level of the circumambulatory terrace in front) had a semi-circular orientation. The ground floor was a large hall with an attached pillared marble portico. The facades of the next two floors had projected eaves supported on decorative brackets. The facade of the third floor, a large hall with galleries on the sides, had cusped arched openings, nine in number. The exterior of the fourth floor, covering the central hall of the lower floor, was decorated with projected ornamental eaves and a domed kiosk at each corner. The Guru Granth Sahib was seated on the first floor, where the<em> <em>jathedar</em></em> of the Akal <u>Takht </u>also took his seat. The second floor was used for important meetings and also for <em>amrit prachar</em><em>, </em>administration of the initiation of the <u>Khalsa. </u>The hall on the third floor was used especially for the meetings of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee until a separate office block, called Teja Singh Samundari Hall, was constructed for the purpose during the 1930's.</span></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">The beautiful and sacred edifice was destroyed in the army action, called Operation Blue Star, in early June </span>1984. <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">The Government of India got the building reconstructed in order to assuage the injured feelings of the Sikhs, but this was not acceptable to them. The reconstructed building was demolished in early 1986 to be replaced by one raised through <em>kar seva, </em>voluntary free service of the Panth and by money accruing from voluntary donations.</span></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">After the death of Guru Gobind Singh with whom ceased the line of living Gurus, <em>hukamnamas</em> were issued in the name of the <u>Khalsa </u>Panth from the different <u>takhts, </u>especially Akal <u>Takht </u>at Amritsar. <span style="color: red">Any Sikh transgressing the religious code could be summoned, asked to explain his conduct and punished. Disobedience amounted to social ostracism of an individual or the group concerned.</span> Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 19th century ruler of the Punjab, was summoned by Akali Phula </span>Singh, <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">the then <em>jathedar</em><em> of </em>Akal <u>Takht, </u>for violating established norms of Sikh behavior and laid under expiation. Among instances from recent history a striking one is that of Teja Singh of Bhasaur who was censured for the liberties he was taking with the Sikh canon. </span>A <em><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">hukamnama</span></em><span style="font-family: 'Arial'"><em> issued </em></span><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">from the Akal <u>Takht </u>on 26 Savan </span>1985 <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">Bk/9 August 1928 read:</span></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Arial'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">The Panch <u>Khalsa </u>Diwan (Panch Khand), Bhasaur, has published books called Gurmukhi courses in which the <em>bani </em>of Sri Guru Granth Sahib has been garbled and its order changed.</span></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">Changes have been made in <em>gurmantra,</em> the <em>ardas</em> and the ceremonies for administering <em>amrit.</em> These are anti-Sikh proceedings. Hence Baba Teja Singh and Bibi Niranjan Kaur [his wife] are hereby excommunicated from the Panth. Other members of the Panch <u>Khalsa </u>Diwan are debarred from having </span><em>ardas</em> <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">offered on </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">their behalf at Sri Akal <u>Takht </u>Sahib or at any other Gurdwara. No Sikh should purchase Gurmukhi courses published by the Panch <u>Khalsa </u>Diwan, nor keep them in his possession. The Panch <u>Khalsa </u>Diwan or whoever else has copies of these should send them to Sri Akal <u>Takht </u>Sahib.</span></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Arial'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">An example of an individual penalized for disobeying the Akal <u>Takht </u>edict was that of</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Bhai Santa Singh, the Nihang, who for the charge brought against him, was excommunicated from the Panth <em>(<em>Hukamnama,</em> </em>8 Savan 515 Nanak Shahij22 July 1984). <em>Hukamnamas </em>have also been issued to settle points of religious and political disputation; also for commending the services to the Panth of individuals and for adding passages to Sikh<em> <em>ardas</em></em><em>, </em>the daily prayer of supplication, as a particular historical situation might demand. On 26 Jeth 1984 Bkl8 June 1927, the Akal <u>Takht </u>eulogized in a <em>hukamnama</em> Bhai Sahib Sardar Kharak Sirigh for his qualities of determination and steadfastness and for his sacrifices in the cause of the Panth; likewise, on 30 Bhadon 1988 Bk/15 September 1931, Bhai Sahib Randhir Singh was honored for his outstanding services to the Panth. On 20 Asuj 1970 Bk/4 October 1913, <u>Takht </u>Sachkhand Sri Hazur Sahib promulgated a <em>hukamnama</em> fixing the length of <em>kirpan </em>or sword a Sikh will carry slung from across his shoulder at a minimum of one foot. On 12 Magh 483 Nanak Shahi/25 January 1952, Akal <u>Takht </u>enjoined upon the "entire <u>Khalsa </u>and all Gurdwara ministers" to add these lines to the<em> <em>ardas.</em></em></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">0 Timeless Lord, the Benevolent One, ever the succourer of Thy Panth, we pray grant the <u>Khalsaji </u>the privilege of unhindered access to and control and maintenance of Sri Nankana Sahib and other holy shrines and sites from which the Panth has been parted [after the partition of the Punjab in 1947].</span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Such writs promulgated under the seal of a <u>Takht </u>carry sanction for the entire Sikh people.</span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">BIBLIOGRAPHY</span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">1. Gordon, John J. H. , <em>The Sikhs. </em>Patiala, 1970</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">2. Dilgeer, Harjinder Sirigh, <em>The Akal Takht </em>Jalandhar, 1980</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">3. Kapur Sirigh, "Akal <u>Takht, </u>" in <em>The Sikh Sansar. </em>June 1976</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">4. Harbans Singh, <em>The Heritage of the Sikhs. </em>Delhi, 1983</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">5. Sukhdial Sirigh, <em>Akal <u>Takht </u>Sahib. </em>Patiala, 1984</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">6. Gian Singh, Giani, <u><em>Twarikh </em></u><em>Guru <u>Khalsa </u></em>[Reprint]. Patiala, 1970 7. <em>Gurbilas Chhevin Patshahi. </em>Patiala, 1970</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">8. GaQQa Sirigh, <em>Hukamname. </em>Patiala, 1967</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">9. Ashok, Shamsher Sirigh, <em>NlsalJ te Hukamname. </em>Amritsar, 1967</span></span></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Cordially,</p><p> </p><p>Virinder S. Grewal</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="vsgrewal48895, post: 107414, member: 8024"] [b]Re: Excommunication of a Sikh ?[/b] Dear All, [CENTER][CENTER][B][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]AKAL TAKHAT[/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/B][/CENTER] [CENTER][B][FONT=Arial Narrow][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT][/FONT][/B][/CENTER][/CENTER] [FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman] [I]Copied from encyclopedia of Sikhism[/I][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Arial Narrow][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT][/FONT] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][FONT=Arial Narrow]AKAL [/FONT][U]TAKHT [/U]is the primary seat [FONT=Arial]of Sikh religious authority and central altar for Sikh political assembly. Through [I]hukamnamas,[/I][I] [/I]edicts or writs, it may issue decretals providing guidance or clarification on any point of Sikh doctrine or practice referred to it, may lay under penance personages charged with violation of religious discipline or with activity prejudicial to Sikh interests or solidarity and may place on record its appreciation of outstanding services rendered or sacrifices made by individuals espousing the case of Sikhism or of the Sikhs. The edifice stands in the Darbar Sahib precincts in Amritsar facing Harimandar, now famous as the Golden Temple. The word [I]akal,[/I][I] [/I]a negative of [I]kal [/I](time), is the equivalent of timeless, beyond time, everlasting, and [U]takht, [/U]in Persian, that of royal throne or chair of state. [/FONT]Akal [U]Takht [/U][FONT=Arial]would thus mean "timeless or everlasting throne" or "throne of the Timeless One, i. e. God.” In the Sikh system, God is postulated as Formless (Nirankar), yet to proclaim His sovereignty over His creation, He is sometimes referred to as [I]sultan, patsah, sacha sah,[/I][I] [/I]or the True King; His seat is referred to as [I]sachcha [U]takht, [/U][/I]the True Throne, sitting on which He dispenses [I]sachcha niao, [/I]true justice (GG, 84, 1087). [/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow]It [/FONT][FONT=Arial]also became common for Sikhs, at least by the time of Guru [/FONT][FONT=Arial]Arjan (1563-1606), to refer to the Guru as [I]sachcha patshah[/I][I] [/I]and to his [I]gaddi[/I][I] or [/I]spiritual seat as [U]takht [/U]and the congregation he led as [I]darbar[/I][I] [/I]or court. Panegyrizing the Gurus, the bards [I]Balvand, Nalya and Mathura[/I], in their verses included in the Guru Granth Sahib, use the word [U]takht [/U]in this very sense. Formally to proclaim Sikh faith's common concern for the spiritual and the worldly, synthesis of [I]miri[/I][I] [/I]and [I]piri,[/I][I] [/I][COLOR=red]Guru Hargobind (1595-1644), son and successor of Guru Arjan, adopted royal style. [/COLOR]For the ceremonies of succession, he had a platform constructed opposite the Harimandar, naming it [/FONT]Akal [U]Takht. [/U][FONT=Arial]According to [/FONT][I]Gurbilas Chhevin Patshahi,[/I][I] [/I][FONT=Arial]a detailed versified and, going by the year of composition recorded in the text/colophon, the oldest account of Guru Hargobind's life, the structure was raised on Har [I]vadi[/I][I] l0, [/I][/FONT]1663 [FONT=Arial]Bk/15 June 1606. The Guru laid the cornerstone and Bhai Buddha and Bhai GurDas completed the construction, no third person being allowed to lend a helping hand. Guru Hargobind used the [U]takht [/U]for the accession ceremonies which, according to the source quoted, took place on 26 Har [/FONT][I]sudi[/I][I] l0, [/I]1663 [FONT=Arial]Bk/24 June 1606. From here he conducted the secular [/FONT]affairs [FONT=Arial]of the community. From here he is said to have issued the first [I]hukamnama[/I][I] (q.v.[/I]) to far-flung [/FONT][I]sangats[/I][I] [/I][FONT=Arial]or Sikh centers announcing the creation of Akal [U]Takht [/U]and asking [/FONT][FONT=Arial]them to include in their offerings thenceforth gifts of weapons and horses. Bhai Gurdas was named officiant in charge of the Akal [U]Takht. [/U]A building subsequently raised over the [U]Takht [/U]was called Akal Bunga (house) so that the [U]Takht [/U]is now officially known as [U]Takht [/U]Sri Akal Bunga although its popular name Akal [U]Takht [/U]is more in common use.[/FONT][/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Arial][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT][/FONT] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][FONT=Arial]The Sikhs recognize four other holy places as [/FONT][U][I]takhts, [/I][/U][FONT=Arial]namely [U]Takht [/U]Sri Kesgarh Sahib, Anandpur; [U]Takht [/U]Sri Harimandar Sahib, Patna [U]Takht [/U]Sachkhand Hazur Sahib, Abchalnagar, Nanded and [U]Takht [/U]Sri Damdama Sahib, Talvandi Sabo. All four are connected with the life of [/FONT][FONT=Arial]Guru Gobind Singh [/FONT](1666-1708). [FONT=Arial]All five [U]Takhts [/U]are equally venerated, but the Akal [U]Takht [/U][/FONT]at Amritsar enjoys a special status. Historically, this is the [FONT=Arial]oldest of the [/FONT][U][I]takhts [/I][/U][FONT=Arial]and along with Harimandar, [/FONT]across the yard, constitutes the capital of Sikhism. Meetings of the Sarbatt [U][FONT=Arial]Khalsa [/FONT][/U][FONT=Arial]or general assembly representative [/FONT]of the entire Panth are traditionally [FONT=Arial]summoned at Akal [/FONT][U]Takht [/U]and it is only there that cases connected [FONT=Arial]with serious religious offences committed by [/FONT][FONT=Arial]prominent [/FONT]Sikhs [FONT=Arial]are heard and decided. [COLOR=red][I]Hukamnamas [/I][/COLOR][COLOR=red]or decrees issued by the [/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=red]Akal [U]Takht [/U][/COLOR][COLOR=red][FONT=Arial]are universally applicable to all Sikhs and all institutions.[/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Arial][/FONT][/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Arial][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT][/FONT] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][FONT=Arial]After Guru Hargobind's migration to Kiratpur early in [/FONT]1635, [FONT=Arial]the shrines at Amritsar, including the Akal [U]Takht, [/U]fell into the hands of the descendants of Prithi Chand, elder brother of Guru Arjan, his grandson, Hariji (d.1696), remaining in charge for over fifty-five years. Soon after the creation of the [U]Khalsa [/U]in March 1699, Guru Gobind Singh sent Bhai Mani Singh to Amritsar to assume control of the Harimandar and the Akal [U]Takht [/U]and manage these on behalf of the [U]Khalsa [/U]Panth. During the troublous period following the martyrdom of Banda Singh in [/FONT]1716, [FONT=Arial]the sacred [I]sarovar[/I][I], [/I]or holy tank, at Amritsar, the Harimandar and the Akal [U]Takht [/U]continued to be a source of inspiration and spiritual rejuvenation for the Sikhs. Whenever circumstances permitted, and usually on Baisakhi and Divali, their scattered bands defying all hazards converged upon Akal [U]Takht [/U]to hold [I]Sarbatt [U]Khalsa[/U][/I]assemblies and discuss matters of policy and strategy. For instance, through a [/FONT][I]gurmata[/I][I] [/I][FONT=Arial](Guru's counsel) the [I]sarbati [U]khalsa[/U][/I][U][I] [/I][/U]at the Akal [U]Takht [/U]resolved on 14 October 1745 to reorganize their scattered fighting force into 25,[I] [I]jathas[/I][/I][I] [/I]or bands of about 100 warriors each. By another [I]gurmata [/I]on Baisakhi, 29 March 1748, the [I]sarbatt [U]khalsa[/U][/I][U][I] [/I][/U]meeting, again, at [/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow]Akal [/FONT][U][FONT=Arial]Takht, [/FONT][/U][FONT=Arial]formed the Dal [U]khalsa [/U]or the army of the [U]Khalsa [/U]consisting of 11 [I]misls[/I][I] or [/I]divisions. On Divali, 7 November 1760, the [I]sarbati [U]khalsa [/U][/I]resolved to attack and occupy Lahore (till then Sikhs had not occupied any territory, their only possession being the small fortress of Ram Rauni or Ramgarh they had built at Amritsar in [/FONT]1746). [FONT=Arial]Akal [U]Takht [/U]was again the venue of the [I]sarbatt [U]khalsa[/U][/I][U][I] [/I][/U]on Baisakhi day, 10 April 1763, when by a [I]gurmata[/I][I] [/I]it was decided to go out to the help of a Brahman who had brought the complaint that his wife had been forcibly abducted by the Afghan chief of Kasur.[/FONT][/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Arial][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT][/FONT] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][FONT=Arial]Even after the Punjab had been parcelled out into several Sikh independencies or [/FONT][I]misls[/I][I], [/I][FONT=Arial]Amritsar[/FONT][FONT=Arial] remained the common capital where all [/FONT][I]sardars[/I][I] [/I][FONT=Arial]or chiefs had built their [/FONT][I]builgas [/I][FONT=Arial]and [/FONT][FONT=Arial]stationed their [/FONT][I]vakils[/I][I] [/I][FONT=Arial]or agents. But as the need for a common strategy and action decreased and rivalries among the [I]mist [/I]chiefs raised their head, [I]sarbatt [U]khalsa[/U][/I][U][I] [/I][/U]and correspondingly the Akal [U]Takht [/U]lost their political pre-eminence. Maharaja Ranjit Singh felt little need for [I]sarbati [U]khalsa[/U][/I][U][I] [/I][/U]assemblies after [/FONT]1805 [FONT=Arial]when it was summoned to consider the question whether or not the fugitive Maratha prince Jasvant Rao Holkar be assisted against the British. The religious authority of the Akal [U]Takht, [/U]however, remained intact and the State never challenged it in any manner. [/FONT][/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Arial][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT][/FONT] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][FONT=Arial]There are in fact instances of the State showing subservience as in the case of Maharaja Ranjit Singh himself responding to the summons from the [/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow]Akal [/FONT][U][FONT=Arial]Takht [/FONT][/U][FONT=Arial]and accepting for a moral misdemeanor penalty imposed by its custodian, Akali Phula Singh who had fought as a loyal soldier in several of the Maharaja's military campaigns. [/FONT][/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Arial][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT][/FONT] [I][FONT=Arial][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]In spite of its supremacy in the matter of enforcing religious discipline, Akal [U]Takht [/U]discharges no divine dispensation. It remits no sins, nor does it invoke God's wrath upon anyone.[/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/I] [FONT=Arial][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT][/FONT] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][FONT=Arial]On several occasions during the eighteenth century, Akal [U]Takht [/U]shared with the Harimandar desecration and destruction at the hands of Mughal satraps and Afghan invaders. Ahmad Shah Durrani, who had razed the Harimandar in 1762, again attacked Amritsar in December 1764. On this occasion a small band of 30 Sikhs under their leader, Nihang [U]Gurbakhsh [/U]Singh stationed there to serve and protect the Akal [U]Takht, [/U]came out to dare the invading horde and fell fighting to the last man. Ahmad Shah had the Akal Bunga completely [/FONT][FONT=Arial]demolished. Sikhs, however, continued to hold the [/FONT][I]sarbatt [/I][I][U][FONT=Arial]kha/sa [/FONT][/U][/I][FONT=Arial]in front of the ruins and [/FONT][FONT=Arial]decided at one such gathering on Baisakhi, 10 April 1765, to rebuild the Akal Bunga as well as the Harimandar. Funds for this purpose had already been set apart from the pillage of Sirhind in January 1764. The work was entrusted to Bhai Des Raj, who was also furnished with Guru ki Mohar or the Guru's seal to enable him to raise more funds. The construction of the ground floor of the Akal Bunga was completed by 1774. The rest of the five-storied domed edifice was completed during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The gilded dome atop the building was built by [/FONT]Hari Sifigh [FONT=Arial]Nalva at his own expense. The facade of the first four storey’s including [/FONT][FONT=Arial]the basement (originally ground floor but rendered partly below ground level because of the raising of the level of the circumambulatory terrace in front) had a semi-circular orientation. The ground floor was a large hall with an attached pillared marble portico. The facades of the next two floors had projected eaves supported on decorative brackets. The facade of the third floor, a large hall with galleries on the sides, had cusped arched openings, nine in number. The exterior of the fourth floor, covering the central hall of the lower floor, was decorated with projected ornamental eaves and a domed kiosk at each corner. The Guru Granth Sahib was seated on the first floor, where the[I] [I]jathedar[/I][/I][I] [/I]of the Akal [U]Takht [/U]also took his seat. The second floor was used for important meetings and also for [I]amrit prachar[/I][I], [/I]administration of the initiation of the [U]Khalsa. [/U]The hall on the third floor was used especially for the meetings of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee until a separate office block, called Teja Singh Samundari Hall, was constructed for the purpose during the 1930's.[/FONT][/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Arial][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT][/FONT] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][FONT=Arial]The beautiful and sacred edifice was destroyed in the army action, called Operation Blue Star, in early June [/FONT]1984. [FONT=Arial]The Government of India got the building reconstructed in order to assuage the injured feelings of the Sikhs, but this was not acceptable to them. The reconstructed building was demolished in early 1986 to be replaced by one raised through [I]kar seva, [/I]voluntary free service of the Panth and by money accruing from voluntary donations.[/FONT][/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Arial][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT][/FONT] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][FONT=Arial]After the death of Guru Gobind Singh with whom ceased the line of living Gurus, [I]hukamnamas[/I][I] [/I]were issued in the name of the [U]Khalsa [/U]Panth from the different [U]takhts, [/U]especially Akal [U]Takht [/U]at Amritsar. [COLOR=red]Any Sikh transgressing the religious code could be summoned, asked to explain his conduct and punished. Disobedience amounted to social ostracism of an individual or the group concerned.[/COLOR] Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 19th century ruler of the Punjab, was summoned by Akali Phula [/FONT]Singh, [FONT=Arial]the then [I]jathedar[/I][I] of [/I]Akal [U]Takht, [/U]for violating established norms of Sikh behavior and laid under expiation. Among instances from recent history a striking one is that of Teja Singh of Bhasaur who was censured for the liberties he was taking with the Sikh canon. [/FONT]A [I][FONT=Arial]hukamnama[/FONT][/I][FONT=Arial][I] issued [/I][/FONT][FONT=Arial]from the Akal [U]Takht [/U]on 26 Savan [/FONT]1985 [FONT=Arial]Bk/9 August 1928 read:[/FONT][/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Arial][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT][/FONT] [FONT=Arial][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]The Panch [U]Khalsa [/U]Diwan (Panch Khand), Bhasaur, has published books called Gurmukhi courses in which the [I]bani [/I]of Sri Guru Granth Sahib has been garbled and its order changed.[/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Arial][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT][/FONT] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][FONT=Arial]Changes have been made in [I]gurmantra,[/I][I] [/I]the [I]ardas[/I][I] [/I]and the ceremonies for administering [I]amrit.[/I][I] [/I]These are anti-Sikh proceedings. Hence Baba Teja Singh and Bibi Niranjan Kaur [his wife] are hereby excommunicated from the Panth. Other members of the Panch [U]Khalsa [/U]Diwan are debarred from having [/FONT][I]ardas[/I][I] [/I][FONT=Arial]offered on [/FONT][FONT=Arial]their behalf at Sri Akal [U]Takht [/U]Sahib or at any other Gurdwara. No Sikh should purchase Gurmukhi courses published by the Panch [U]Khalsa [/U]Diwan, nor keep them in his possession. The Panch [U]Khalsa [/U]Diwan or whoever else has copies of these should send them to Sri Akal [U]Takht [/U]Sahib.[/FONT][/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Arial][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT][/FONT] [FONT=Arial][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]An example of an individual penalized for disobeying the Akal [U]Takht [/U]edict was that of[/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]Bhai Santa Singh, the Nihang, who for the charge brought against him, was excommunicated from the Panth [I]([I]Hukamnama,[/I] [/I]8 Savan 515 Nanak Shahij22 July 1984). [I]Hukamnamas [/I]have also been issued to settle points of religious and political disputation; also for commending the services to the Panth of individuals and for adding passages to Sikh[I] [I]ardas[/I][/I][I], [/I]the daily prayer of supplication, as a particular historical situation might demand. On 26 Jeth 1984 Bkl8 June 1927, the Akal [U]Takht [/U]eulogized in a [I]hukamnama[/I][I] [/I]Bhai Sahib Sardar Kharak Sirigh for his qualities of determination and steadfastness and for his sacrifices in the cause of the Panth; likewise, on 30 Bhadon 1988 Bk/15 September 1931, Bhai Sahib Randhir Singh was honored for his outstanding services to the Panth. On 20 Asuj 1970 Bk/4 October 1913, [U]Takht [/U]Sachkhand Sri Hazur Sahib promulgated a [I]hukamnama[/I][I] [/I]fixing the length of [I]kirpan [/I]or sword a Sikh will carry slung from across his shoulder at a minimum of one foot. On 12 Magh 483 Nanak Shahi/25 January 1952, Akal [U]Takht [/U]enjoined upon the "entire [U]Khalsa [/U]and all Gurdwara ministers" to add these lines to the[I] [I]ardas.[/I][/I][I][/I][/FONT][/SIZE] [I][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT][/I] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]0 Timeless Lord, the Benevolent One, ever the succourer of Thy Panth, we pray grant the [U]Khalsaji [/U]the privilege of unhindered access to and control and maintenance of Sri Nankana Sahib and other holy shrines and sites from which the Panth has been parted [after the partition of the Punjab in 1947].[/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]Such writs promulgated under the seal of a [U]Takht [/U]carry sanction for the entire Sikh people.[/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]BIBLIOGRAPHY[/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]1. Gordon, John J. H. , [I]The Sikhs. [/I]Patiala, 1970[/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]2. Dilgeer, Harjinder Sirigh, [I]The Akal Takht [/I]Jalandhar, 1980[/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]3. Kapur Sirigh, "Akal [U]Takht, [/U]" in [I]The Sikh Sansar. [/I]June 1976[/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]4. Harbans Singh, [I]The Heritage of the Sikhs. [/I]Delhi, 1983[/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]5. Sukhdial Sirigh, [I]Akal [U]Takht [/U]Sahib. [/I]Patiala, 1984[/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]6. Gian Singh, Giani, [U][I]Twarikh [/I][/U][I]Guru [U]Khalsa [/U][/I][Reprint]. Patiala, 1970 7. [I]Gurbilas Chhevin Patshahi. [/I]Patiala, 1970[/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]8. GaQQa Sirigh, [I]Hukamname. [/I]Patiala, 1967[/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]9. Ashok, Shamsher Sirigh, [I]NlsalJ te Hukamname. [/I]Amritsar, 1967[/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Arial][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT][/FONT] Cordially, Virinder S. Grewal [/QUOTE]
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