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Guru Granth Sahib
Composition, Arrangement & Layout
ਜਪੁ | Jup
ਸੋ ਦਰੁ | So Dar
ਸੋਹਿਲਾ | Sohilaa
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਿਰੀਰਾਗੁ | Raag Siree-Raag
Gurbani (14-53)
Ashtpadiyan (53-71)
Gurbani (71-74)
Pahre (74-78)
Chhant (78-81)
Vanjara (81-82)
Vaar Siri Raag (83-91)
Bhagat Bani (91-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
Ashtpadi (109)
Ashtpadiyan (110-129)
Ashtpadi (129-130)
Ashtpadiyan (130-133)
Bara Maha (133-136)
Din Raen (136-137)
Vaar Maajh Ki (137-150)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
Quartets/Couplets (185-220)
Ashtpadiyan (220-234)
Karhalei (234-235)
Ashtpadiyan (235-242)
Chhant (242-249)
Baavan Akhari (250-262)
Sukhmani (262-296)
Thittee (296-300)
Gauree kii Vaar (300-323)
Gurbani (323-330)
Ashtpadiyan (330-340)
Baavan Akhari (340-343)
Thintteen (343-344)
Vaar Kabir (344-345)
Bhagat Bani (345-346)
ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
Chaupaday (348-364)
Panchpadde (364-365)
Kaafee (365-409)
Aasaavaree (409-411)
Ashtpadiyan (411-432)
Patee (432-435)
Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
Bhagat Bani (475-488)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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Punjab, Punjabi, Punjabiyat
Devanagari As A Writing System For Punjabi: Plus Or Minus For Punjabi?
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<blockquote data-quote="Gyani Jarnail Singh" data-source="post: 188960" data-attributes="member: 189"><p>Part 3 of 3</p><p></p><p>ARTICLE ON HISTORICAL STATUS OF PUNJABI LANGUAGE </p><p></p><p><a href="http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/IJPS/" target="_blank">http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/IJPS/</a></p><p></p><p>The Learning of Punjabi by Punjabi Muslims: A Historical Account</p><p></p><p>Tariq Rahman Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad</p><p></p><p>International Journal of Punjab Studies, Volume 8, Number 2, July-December 2001</p><p>__________________________________________________________________</p><p></p><p>However, in response to Q.4 Should your Mother Tongue be used as Medium of Instruction in schools (if it is not being used)? Yes No-, 40,32 per cent students answered 'Yes'; 58.33 per cent said 'No' and 1,34 per cent did not respond at all, This question, however, always elicits a more 'ethnic' response than other questions of a similar nature where students appear to bring pragmatic and practical factors into consideration not only for themselves but for other students as well, This is probably because people evaluate language according to their position in the power index (who uses them and where and whether they lead to powerful positions in society),</p><p></p><p>Several Punjabi publications, such as the monthly Ravel, kept reporting that a movement for teaching Punjabi was going on, A number of enthusiasts did promise books for students and teachers were demanded (several issues of Ravel in 1991-92). The Maan Soli Parhao movement held workshops (13 act 1991 at Gujar Khan reported in Ravel November 1991). The movement got more</p><p></p><p>momentum in 1994 but nothing substantial came about. Punjabi publications pounced upon every little event, for example a school's headmaster starting classes in Punjabi, a teacher reporting success and so on, but no major breakthrough came about.</p><p></p><p>Informal Learning of Punjabi</p><p></p><p>This account of Punjabi activists' failure appears to suggest that literacy in Punjabi must be almost non-existent. However, there is a considerable body of the public, ordinary people and not only activists, who read chapbooks in Punjabi. Among other people, the Punjabi scholar and activist Asif Khan told me that his mother knew a number of Punjabi poems which she would read out to him (Khan 1998: 51 and Int. 1999). Punjabi is also the informal medium of instruction in the rural schools of the Punjab. According to Ahmed Saleem, for instance, he was taught in Punjabi at the primary level in the fifties and even now the teaching at that level is actually in Punjabi though the textbooks are in Urdu. Some madrassas also reported that they used in Punjabi to explain difficult concepts to younger students. In the cities, however, Urdu is mostly used even for teaching though here too Punjabi sometimes takes over as the language of explanation (Saleem. Int. 1999). Books containing stories in verse and prose as well as other matters of popular interest are still available in the older, inner city bazaars of the cities of Punjab. As mentioned earlier, Hanaway and Nasir (1996) have listed hundreds of such chapbooks and the present author has read many of them. As in the case of Pashto, they are of three major kinds: religious; romantic and utilitarian. The religious ones generally have the same themes and even the same titles as their predecessors mentioned earlier (Nur Nama, Jang Nama, Lahad Nama etc). The romances are about the mythical lovers such as Laila Majnun, Mirza Sahiban, Heer Ranjha, Sassi Punnun etc. but they are much smaller than the classical books available in Punjabi and other languages. They are in simple Punjabi verse and do not exceed sixty or so pages. There are also stories about princes and princesses from exotic countries in the Alf Laila, fairytale, tradition. The utilitarian books, again as in the case of Pashto, are about magic, astrology, sexology, medicine and more mundane matters such as letter writing. Almost all the myths of Pashto books, whether they are about the qualities of plants, medicines, women or about invoking the supernatural -are also part of these books. This is not surprising since the pre-modern, magical worldview of the Pashto books is also one which the common people of the Punjab share even now.</p><p></p><p>Apart from chapbooks, serious literature in Punjabi is also read by a number of people though it is not possible to determine their numbers. According to Ahmed Saleem, he met many students and lecturers who had taught themselves Gurmukhi. Moreover, private study circles such as the one organized by Sarwat Mohiuddin in Islamabad, teach Punjabi classical literature and the kind of language necessary for understanding it. Visitors sometimes bring books in Gunnukhi from the Indian Punjab and they are passed around among the cognoscenti (Saleem. Int. 1999). Thus, while Punjabi is not taught, it is still learned both at the elitist level by language activists and at the popular one by ordinary people who still remain comfortable in the pre-modern worldview of popular texts which they read for pleasure.</p><p></p><p>_______________________________________________________________________</p><p></p><p>Notes</p><p></p><p>1. However, Punjabi was not discouraged by some British officers in the Sikh regiments as the following report indicates:</p><p></p><p> With an esprit de corps that does him honour, he [the Commanding Officer] desires to have his men animated with the old warlike spirit of Sikhs, and fancies that the national feeling can best be preserved, by their being educated in their own familiar tongue (Edn.P 1864: 69).</p><p></p><p>Captain Fuller, the Director of Public Instruction who wrote the above report, was not otherwise in favour of teaching Punjabi, which he considered 'a barbarous dialect'. However, he, and other British officers, felt that the creation of in-group, or nationalistic, feeling in the army under British command would help in using sections of the army against Indians of other nationalities while teaching it to all could set them against the British themselves. In any case by 1858, the British were sure of the loyalty ofPunjabi soldiers and the reasons for not teaching Punjabi do not appear to be fear of consolidation and revolt.</p><p></p><p>2. Incidentally, Aurangzeb is reported to have said in his harangue to his tutor:</p><p></p><p>Can we repeat our prayers, or acquire a knowledge of law and of the sciences, only through the medium of Arabic? May not our devotions be offered up as acceptably, and solid information communicated as easily, in our mother tongue? (Bernier 1826: 178). No answer is given by any historian to this question but Imam Abu Hanifa, founder of the Hanfi school of Islamic jurisprudence said that languages other than Arabic, such as Persian, could be used for prayers. The Ain ul Hidaya which records this opinion also adds that Imam Hanifa eventually agreed with the other scholars of law and that the overwhelming consensus now is that prayers may only be said in Arabic (Ali c. 12C: 349).</p><p></p><p> </p><p></p><p>Bibliography</p><p></p><p>Akhtar, Syed Akhtar Husain. (1986). 'Masood Khaddarposh: Kutch Gallan; Kutch Yadan', [Punjabi: Masood Khadarposh, Some Thoughts; Some Memoirs], Lahran [Punjabi] (March), 5-9.</p><p></p><p>Akram, Mohammad Junaid. (1992). Baba-e-Punjabi: Doctor Faqir Mohammad Faqir [Punjabi] Lahore: Pakistan Punjabi Board.</p><p></p><p>Ali, Syed Ameer (Trans). c. 12C. A ' in ul HiJaya VI. By Sheikh Burhanuddin Abul Hasan. Translated from Arabic to Urdu. Lahore: Qanoone Kutab Khan, n.d.</p><p></p><p>Ambalvi, Waqar. (1955). 'Pak Punjabi', Punjabi (November), 9.</p><p></p><p>Anand, Som. (1998). Lahore: Portrait of a Lost City Lahore: Vanguard Books (Pvt) Ltd.</p><p></p><p>Baloch, Murad. (1992). ' Aspects of Punjab's Language Policies', Frontier Post [English daily, Peshawar] 11 June.</p><p></p><p>Bernier, Francis. (1826). Travels in the Mogul Empire. Trans. From the French by Irving Brock. 2 vols. London: William Pickering.</p><p></p><p>Bhatti, M. Ishaq. (1982). Fuqhae Pak-o-Hind [Urdu: Religious Jurists -13 Century Hijra] Vol. I Lahore: idara Saqafat Islamia.</p><p></p><p>Blumhardt, J.F. (1893). Catalogues of Hindi, Punjabi, Sindhi and Pushtu Printed Books in the Library of the British Museum London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, Quaritch, Longmans, Green & Co.</p><p></p><p>Chaudhry, Nazir Ahmad (comp & ed).(1977). Development of Urdu as Official Language in the Punjab (1849-1974) Lahore: Government of the Punjab.</p><p></p><p>Chowdhry, Shahid. (1991). Weekend Post 11 January.</p><p></p><p>'Punjabi is a Living Language', Friday Post:</p><p></p><p>Committee Report of the Treasury Committee on the Organisation of Oriental Studies in London. (1909) London: Printed for His Majesty's Stationery Office. Appendix XIII, Part XX.</p><p></p><p>Cooper, Robert L. (1989). Language Planning and Social Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</p><p></p><p>Dass. (1867). Letter from Junma Dass to Captain J.S. Tighe, Deputy Commisioner, Amballa. Extracts From Punjab Records (Education) February (National Documentation Centr~ Islamabad, Pakistan. Henceforth abbreviated as NCD).</p><p></p><p>Edn. P. (1864). Report on Popular Education in the Punjab and its Dependencies for the Year 1861-62 by Capt. A. R. Puller, DPI, Punjab. Lahore: Reprinted at the Dependent Press.</p><p></p><p>.(1883). Report on the State of Education in the Punjab and Its Dependencies for the Year 1882-83. By Lt. Col W.R.M. Holroyd, Director Public Instruction, Punjab. Lahore: Printed at the Central Jail Press.</p><p></p><p>.(1901). Report on Public Instruction in the Punjab and Its Dependencies for 1900-1901, Lahore: The 'Civil and Military Gazette' Press.</p><p></p><p>.(1906). Punjab Education Reportfor the Year 1905-1906 Lahore: The Civil and Military Gazette Press.</p><p></p><p>.(1908). Report on Education for the Punjab 1907-8 Lahore: Printed at the Government Press.</p><p></p><p>.( 1911 ). Report on Education in the Punjab for 1910-1911 Lahore: Printed at the Punjab Government Press.</p><p></p><p>.(1916). Report on the Progress of Education in the Punjab for the Year 1915-16 Lahore: Printed by the Superintendent, Govt. Printing, Punjab.</p><p></p><p>Edn. Pro. (1969). Proposals for a New Education Policy Islamabad: Ministry of Education, Govt. of Pakistan.</p><p></p><p>Faqir, Faqir Mohamrnad. (1953a). 'Ikhtiari Mazmoon te Punjab University',</p><p></p><p>Punjabi (November-December), 5-6. .(1953b). ' Ai Gai' [Punjabi: In Passing], Punjabi (March-April), 2-3</p><p></p><p>Ghumrnan, Ilyas. (ed). (1995). Aalmi Punjabi Conference [Punjabi: World Punjabi Conference] Lahore, 1992. Lahore: Institute of Punjabi Language and Culture.</p><p></p><p>Goldsby, J.C. (1908). Letter from J.C. Goldsby, officiating Director of Public Instruction to the Senior Secretary to the Financial Commisioner, Punjab. Simla, 14 October 1908. No.7285. ACC No.1688 (NDC).</p><p></p><p>Hanaway, William L. & Nasir, Mumtaz. (1996). 'Chapbook Publishing in Pakistan'. In Hanaway, W & Heston, Wilma (eds). (1996). Studies in Pakistani Popular Culture Lahore: Sang-e-Meel publications. pp. 343-615.</p><p></p><p>Haq, Qazi Mahmud ul. (1993). Handlist of Urdu and Punjabi Manuscripts London: The British Library.</p><p></p><p>Hurnayun, Khalid. (1986). 'Nazaryati dhare bandi-ik Vaddi Rukawat' [Punjabi: Ideological Fractionalism: A Great Impediment]. In Qaisar and Pa11988: 227 233.</p><p></p><p>Hurnayun, Khalid, Assistant Professor of Punjabi, Department of Punjabi, Oriental College, Punjab University. Interview, 13 February 1999. Lahore.</p><p></p><p>Jafri, Syed Akhtar. (1991). Babae Punjabi [Urdu: The Father of Punjabi] Lahore: Aziz Publishers.</p><p></p><p>Jones, Earl; Jarnshed Bashir; Nagris Naim and Tanveer Bashir. (1986). Case Studies of Primary, Middle, Literacy, and Skills Education Islarnabad: U.S. Agency for International Development.</p><p></p><p>Khan, Asif. (1998). 'Varlian Mooan Jamdian Narns Jenam De Nan'. Interview of Asif Khan by the panel of Chetar. In Chetar [Punjabi: Department of Punjabi, Oriental College, Lahore], pp. 48-70.</p><p></p><p>Khan, Asif. Well known writer on Punjabi language and literature and Secretary, Pakistan Punjabi Adabi Board. Interview, 13 February 1999, Lahore</p><p></p><p>Khan, Sardar Mohamrnad. (1957). 'Punjabi Naqadri Kiyun?', [Punjabi: Why is Punjabi Developed?] Punjabi (September), 25-30.</p><p></p><p>Khawaja, Safraz. (1982). 'Sikh Revivalism and Punjabi-Hindi-Urdu Language Controversy in the Punjab (India) 1908-1911', Journal of the University of Baluchistan 2: 2 (Autumn), 45-58.</p><p></p><p>Khuhro, Hamida. (1998). Mohammad Ayub Khuhro: A Life of Courage in Politics Lahore: Feroz Sons (Pvt) Ltd.</p><p></p><p>King, Christopher R. (1994). One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India Bombay: Oxford University Press.</p><p></p><p>Leitner, G. W. (1882). History of the Indigenous Education in the Punjab since Annexation and in 1882 Repr. Lahore: Republican Books, 1991.</p><p></p><p>Malik, Shahbazo (1991). Punjabi Kitabiat : A Bib/iography of Punjabi Printed Book Written in Perso-Arabic Script Islamabad: Pakistan Academy of Letters.</p><p></p><p>Malik, Shaheen. (ed). (n.d). Entry Vocabu/ary of Pre-Schoo/ Chi/dren Lahore: Curriculum Research & Development Centre, Punjab Education Dept.</p><p></p><p>.(Comp & ed). (1986). Punjabi Parhai: Ustadan Noon Sikhawan di ~op 02 Apri/ to 06 Apri/ 1986 [Urdu and Punjabi: Workshop on the Teaching ofPunjabi for Teachers] Lahore: Markaz Taqiq-o-Taraqqi Nisab.</p><p></p><p>Mansoor, Sabiha. (1993). Punjabi, Urdu, Eng/ish in Pakistan: A Socio/inguistic Study Lahore: Vanguard.</p><p></p><p>Massod, M. (1969). 'Zaban ka Masla' [Urdu: The Problem of Language], Punjabi Adab (September), 7-12.</p><p></p><p>Memorandum-R. (1969). 'Memorandum on the New Education Policy'. Punjabi Adab 10: 9 (September), no pagination.</p><p></p><p>Milr, Vishwa. (1989a). 'Sakar da Punjabi Piyar'. [Punjabi: The Government's Love for Punjabi]. Sajjan 1 November.</p><p></p><p>.(1989b). 'Kuj Punjabi Shobe Bare' [Punjabi: Something About the Punjabi Department]. Sajjan 21 September.</p><p></p><p>Mirza, Shafqat Tanwir. (1994). 'Pakistan Wich Man Boli Laher' [Punjabi: The mother tongue movement in Pakistan], Interview by Maqsood Saqib, Maan Bo/i (January), 83-96.</p><p></p><p>.(1995b). 'The Teachers are to blame', The Nation 29 April.</p><p></p><p>Mobbs, Michael C. (1991). 'Language as Identity Symbols: An Investigation into Language Attitudes and Behaviour Amongst Second Generation South Asian School children in Britain, Including the Special Case of Hindi and Urdu'. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, University of London.</p><p></p><p>M.R.T. (1942). 'Language Problem in the Punjab -I to VII'. Dawn (12 July; 19 July; 02 August; 09 August; 13 September 19420.</p><p></p><p>Muhammad, Zia. (n.d). Qaumi Kutab Khana.</p><p></p><p>Yadger-e-Waris (Urdu: Memoir of Waris] Lahore:</p><p></p><p>Nabael, Thad. (1997). 'Interview'. Likhari (January), 62-64. Native Members. (1879). Draft of a memorandum submitted by the Native members of the executive committee to the senate, Punjab University College, on the subject of the report of the Government Examination Committee'. In Proceedings of the Home Department December 1879. ACC No.799 (NDC).</p><p></p><p>Nazeer, Khalid. (1994). 'Punjab Ki Awaz Suno'. [Urdu: Listen to the Voice of the Punjab]. Report of Nazeer Kahut's press conference. Genius Nov-Dec 1994: 11-15.</p><p></p><p>Nizami, Hameed. (1951). 'Punjabi di Ibitidai Ta'aleem', [Punjabi: Basic Education in Punjabi], Punjabi (November), 11-12.</p><p></p><p>PUC. (1877). Proceedings of the Senate of the Punjab University College In Proceedings of the Home Department June 1877, ACC No.1686 (NDC).</p><p></p><p>Qaisar, Iqbal and Pal, Jamil Ahmad. (1988). Aalmi Punjabi Conference 1986 [Punjabi: World Punjabi Conference]. Lahore: Classic.</p><p></p><p>Quraishi, S (Comp) (1990). Catalogue of the Urdu, Punjabi, Pashto, and Kashmiri Manuscripts and Documents in the India Office Library and Records London: The British Library.</p><p></p><p>Rehman, I.A. (1984). 'The People of Punjab Must Regain Their Identity', Interview of Masood Khaddarposh. Herald (July).</p><p></p><p>Rahman, Tariq. (1996). Language and Politics in Pakistan Karachi: Oxford University Press.</p><p></p><p>Randhawa, Afzal. (1990). 'Interview' by Zafaryab Ahmed. In Viewpoint 25 January.</p><p></p><p>Sabir, Shareef, (ed). (1986). Heer Waris Shah Lahore: Waris Shah Memorial Committee.</p><p></p><p>Saleem, Ahmed. Writer of Urdu and Punjabi and Editor of the Urdu Section, Sustainable Development Policy Institute. Interview, 07 April 1999, Islamabad.</p><p></p><p>Shackle, Christopher. (Comp). (1977). Catalogue of the Punjabi and Sindhi Manuscripts in the India Office Library London: The British Library.</p><p></p><p>Sheerani, Hafiz Mahmood. (1934). 'Punjab Men Urdu Ki Sarguzisht Ka Aik Faramosh Shuda Varq' [Urdu: A Forgotten Page of the Story of Urdu in the Punjab]. Karwan (1934). In Sheerani 1966: 117-129.</p><p></p><p>.(1966). Muqalat-e-Hafiz Mahmood ,~heerani Vol 2. (Comp & ed) Sheerani, Mazhar Mahmood. Lahore: Majlis Taraqqi-e-Adab. .(n.d). Hifzul Lisan Marujba Khaliq Bari Delhi: Anjuman Taraqqi-eUrdu.</p><p></p><p>Singh, Attar. (1877). 'The Punjabi Language Memorandum'. In Singh et. al 1877: 478-479.</p><p></p><p>Singh, S. Hukum, Rikhi Kesh, Pundit; Singh, Chiranjeet. ( 1877). 'The Punjabi Language: Memorandum'. In Proceedings of the Senate of the Punjab University College, Lahore. Home Department Proceedings June 1877. ACC No.1686</p><p></p><p>(NDC).</p><p></p><p>Singh Sabha. (1881). 'Translation of an Address presented to the Punjab University College Senate by the Singh Sabha Association'. In Proceedings of the Senate of the Punjab University College. In Home Department Proceedings April 1881 ACC No.799 (NDC).</p><p></p><p>Sufi, G.M.D. (1941). AI-Minhaj Being The Evolution of Curriculum in the Muslim Educational Institutions of India, Delhi: Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i Dilli. Edition used 1977 reprint.</p><p></p><p>Sultana, Sarwar. (1975). 'Sadi Maan Boli' [Punjabi: Our Mother Tongue]. Ganj Darya (May): 19-27.</p><p></p><p>Syed, Najam Husain, Scholar of Punjabi and former Chairman of the Department of Punjabi at the Punjab University. Interview, 12 February 1999. Lahore.</p><p></p><p>Yameen, Agha. (1969). 'Punjab Vich Mudhli Ta'aleem' [Punjabi: Basic Education in Punjabi], Punjabi Adab Vol. 10: No.10 (October), 7-11.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Gyani Jarnail Singh, post: 188960, member: 189"] Part 3 of 3 ARTICLE ON HISTORICAL STATUS OF PUNJABI LANGUAGE [url]http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/IJPS/[/url] The Learning of Punjabi by Punjabi Muslims: A Historical Account Tariq Rahman Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad International Journal of Punjab Studies, Volume 8, Number 2, July-December 2001 __________________________________________________________________ However, in response to Q.4 Should your Mother Tongue be used as Medium of Instruction in schools (if it is not being used)? Yes No-, 40,32 per cent students answered 'Yes'; 58.33 per cent said 'No' and 1,34 per cent did not respond at all, This question, however, always elicits a more 'ethnic' response than other questions of a similar nature where students appear to bring pragmatic and practical factors into consideration not only for themselves but for other students as well, This is probably because people evaluate language according to their position in the power index (who uses them and where and whether they lead to powerful positions in society), Several Punjabi publications, such as the monthly Ravel, kept reporting that a movement for teaching Punjabi was going on, A number of enthusiasts did promise books for students and teachers were demanded (several issues of Ravel in 1991-92). The Maan Soli Parhao movement held workshops (13 act 1991 at Gujar Khan reported in Ravel November 1991). The movement got more momentum in 1994 but nothing substantial came about. Punjabi publications pounced upon every little event, for example a school's headmaster starting classes in Punjabi, a teacher reporting success and so on, but no major breakthrough came about. Informal Learning of Punjabi This account of Punjabi activists' failure appears to suggest that literacy in Punjabi must be almost non-existent. However, there is a considerable body of the public, ordinary people and not only activists, who read chapbooks in Punjabi. Among other people, the Punjabi scholar and activist Asif Khan told me that his mother knew a number of Punjabi poems which she would read out to him (Khan 1998: 51 and Int. 1999). Punjabi is also the informal medium of instruction in the rural schools of the Punjab. According to Ahmed Saleem, for instance, he was taught in Punjabi at the primary level in the fifties and even now the teaching at that level is actually in Punjabi though the textbooks are in Urdu. Some madrassas also reported that they used in Punjabi to explain difficult concepts to younger students. In the cities, however, Urdu is mostly used even for teaching though here too Punjabi sometimes takes over as the language of explanation (Saleem. Int. 1999). Books containing stories in verse and prose as well as other matters of popular interest are still available in the older, inner city bazaars of the cities of Punjab. As mentioned earlier, Hanaway and Nasir (1996) have listed hundreds of such chapbooks and the present author has read many of them. As in the case of Pashto, they are of three major kinds: religious; romantic and utilitarian. The religious ones generally have the same themes and even the same titles as their predecessors mentioned earlier (Nur Nama, Jang Nama, Lahad Nama etc). The romances are about the mythical lovers such as Laila Majnun, Mirza Sahiban, Heer Ranjha, Sassi Punnun etc. but they are much smaller than the classical books available in Punjabi and other languages. They are in simple Punjabi verse and do not exceed sixty or so pages. There are also stories about princes and princesses from exotic countries in the Alf Laila, fairytale, tradition. The utilitarian books, again as in the case of Pashto, are about magic, astrology, sexology, medicine and more mundane matters such as letter writing. Almost all the myths of Pashto books, whether they are about the qualities of plants, medicines, women or about invoking the supernatural -are also part of these books. This is not surprising since the pre-modern, magical worldview of the Pashto books is also one which the common people of the Punjab share even now. Apart from chapbooks, serious literature in Punjabi is also read by a number of people though it is not possible to determine their numbers. According to Ahmed Saleem, he met many students and lecturers who had taught themselves Gurmukhi. Moreover, private study circles such as the one organized by Sarwat Mohiuddin in Islamabad, teach Punjabi classical literature and the kind of language necessary for understanding it. Visitors sometimes bring books in Gunnukhi from the Indian Punjab and they are passed around among the cognoscenti (Saleem. Int. 1999). Thus, while Punjabi is not taught, it is still learned both at the elitist level by language activists and at the popular one by ordinary people who still remain comfortable in the pre-modern worldview of popular texts which they read for pleasure. _______________________________________________________________________ Notes 1. However, Punjabi was not discouraged by some British officers in the Sikh regiments as the following report indicates: With an esprit de corps that does him honour, he [the Commanding Officer] desires to have his men animated with the old warlike spirit of Sikhs, and fancies that the national feeling can best be preserved, by their being educated in their own familiar tongue (Edn.P 1864: 69). Captain Fuller, the Director of Public Instruction who wrote the above report, was not otherwise in favour of teaching Punjabi, which he considered 'a barbarous dialect'. However, he, and other British officers, felt that the creation of in-group, or nationalistic, feeling in the army under British command would help in using sections of the army against Indians of other nationalities while teaching it to all could set them against the British themselves. 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(1881). 'Translation of an Address presented to the Punjab University College Senate by the Singh Sabha Association'. In Proceedings of the Senate of the Punjab University College. In Home Department Proceedings April 1881 ACC No.799 (NDC). Sufi, G.M.D. (1941). AI-Minhaj Being The Evolution of Curriculum in the Muslim Educational Institutions of India, Delhi: Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i Dilli. Edition used 1977 reprint. Sultana, Sarwar. (1975). 'Sadi Maan Boli' [Punjabi: Our Mother Tongue]. Ganj Darya (May): 19-27. Syed, Najam Husain, Scholar of Punjabi and former Chairman of the Department of Punjabi at the Punjab University. Interview, 12 February 1999. Lahore. Yameen, Agha. (1969). 'Punjab Vich Mudhli Ta'aleem' [Punjabi: Basic Education in Punjabi], Punjabi Adab Vol. 10: No.10 (October), 7-11. [/QUOTE]
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