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Hard Talk
Bachittar Natak
Dasam Granth And The 'Bani' Recited In Khande Di Pahul
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<blockquote data-quote="Serjinder Singh" data-source="post: 183563" data-attributes="member: 13216"><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">Ganda Singh the famous Sikh historian in 1951 looked at the banis that were recited at the time of Khalsa creation at Anandpur in 1699. He looked at all the writings mentioning this event and any mention of banis recited. This was done chronologically scanning the writings on this issue.<?"urn:<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite9" alt=":eek:" title="Eek! :eek:" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":eek:" />ffice<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite9" alt=":eek:" title="Eek! :eek:" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":eek:" />ffice" /></span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">What we find is that upto 1769, we only find one mention of the banis recited at the Khande di Pahul ceremony. And the banis mentioned are Japuji and Anand. The first time any bani from Dasam Granth is mentioned is in 1811 when Sukha Singh, a granthi of Anandpur mentions Jaap and Swayyias but no mention of Chaupi. In the same year a Nirmala Sant Bhoop Singh writes a Granth named “Sudharam Marg Granth” in which for the first time ‘Chaupai’ is mentioned but it is not specified whether it is the one that is part of Charitaropakhyan or the one that is in the beginnig of Akal Ustat. However, a Farsi writer Khushwaqat Rai writing in the same year 1811 mentions only five Sawayyias that begin with “Srawag Sudh Samooh Sidhan ke …” and no other bani.</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">This varying list becomes even more odd when in 1841, Rattan Singh Bhangoo in his ‘Prachin Panth Parkash mentions that Guru ji first recited the first pauri of Chandi di vaar we recite to begin Ardas, followed by 32 swayyias. This was followed by Chandi Charitar and then the first stanza (Tribhangi Chhand) of Bachittar Natak, “Khal khand bihandang khal dal khandang…” There is no mention of Jaap Sahib Chaupai. Bhangoo was as per his writing a Nihang and of course must have taken Amrit and known which banis were recited at the time of his initiation. If he does not mention Jaap Sahib or Chaupi of the present day set of five banis then how authentic could be the assertion to include the Dasam Granth banis.</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">Kavi Santokh Singh the writer of Gurpartap Sooraj Granth, who also must have taken Amrit mentions only Japuji, five pauris of Anand, and Swayyias. There is no mention of Jaap Sahib or Chaupai.</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">The mention of the currently popular five banis begins to be regularly and consistently mentioned after about 1860. The most popular writing in this regard is that of Nirmala writer Giani Gian Singh who wrote his Twarikh Guru Khalsa in 1882. Ever since then the detail of Khande di Pahul ceremony of 1699 has became the standard version that was later adopted by SGPC. However, Gyan Singh does not give any clue to any previous source to authenticate the details of the ceremony or the banis recited.</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">Other writings during the twentieth century simply repeat his version. Thus, we find no evidence of Guru ji commanding to recite the currently prescribed Dasam Granth banis for the ceremony.</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">Here are given the details of the actual quotes from the historical sources available. I have given the examples where the banis recited at Khande di Pahul ceremony are only mentioned. The Nitnem bani mention is left out for the moment. </span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">The first writer Kavi Sainapat wrote about the event but did not mention anything about the banis recited at the time of Khande di Pahul initiation. Sainapat was contemporary of tenth Guruji and he completed his book Gur Sobha a few years after the event and gives an eye witness account of the various events in Guruji’s life.</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">After this, leaning mainly on Gur Sobha another writer Koer Singh Kalal wrote his Gurbilas book in 1751. He mentions the tenth Guruji recited some Mantar while standing very quietly and was therefore unable to identify whether it was some bani or just Gurmantar.</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">Next in time is Sarup Das Bhalla who wrote ‘Mahim Parkash’ in 1776-77. Although he mentions the Khande di Pahul ceremony he does not make any mention of any Bani being recited.</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">A contemporary of Sarup Das Bhalla is Kesar Singh Chhibber who was the son of Gurbax Singh Chibber, the Diwan of the Guru’s household. Therefore his writing in 1769 could be more authentic. He mentions that Guru ji recited Japu, and Anand bani.</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">“</span><span style="font-family: 'Raavi'">ਜਪੁ ਅਤੇ ਅਨੰਦ ਰਸਨੀ ਕਰਿ ਉਚਾਰੁ</span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-family: 'Raavi'">”</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">“Japu ate Anand rasani kar uchaar” </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">“having recited ‘Japu’ and ‘Anand’ from his own mouth”</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">Upto this time, there is no mention of any Dasam Granth Bani although by this time we begin to find the mention of Dasven Pathshah ka Granth etc.</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">Bhai Sukha Singh Granthi of Anandpur wrote his ‘Gurbilas Patshahi 10’ in 1811 AD. It is in this Granth that we find for the first time the mention of a Dasam Granth banis being recited. The banis are Jaap and Swayyias (no mention of Chaupai).</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">"</span><span style="font-family: 'Raavi'">ਪਠਿਓ ਪਾਠੁ ਜਪੁਜੀ ਅਰੁ ਜਾਪੁਜੀ ਆਪ ਸਵੈਯੇ ਅਨੰਦੁ"</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">“Pathio paath japuji ar Jaapji aap swayyia Anand.”</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">(He) recited the Japuji and Jaapji himself and swayyias and Anand”</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">A Farsi writer Khushwaqat Rai also writes in 1811 in Farsi that Guru ji recited five swayyias and blew over the water being consecrated five times.</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">"</span><span style="font-family: 'Raavi'">ਵ ਈਂ ਪੰਜ ਅਫ਼ਸੂਨਹਾਇ ਹਿੰਦੀ ਭਾਖਾ ਦਰ ਕੁਤਬਤ ਤਸਨੀਫ ਸਵੈਯਾ ਖ਼ੁਦ ਰਾ ਮੇ ਖਵਾਂਦ</span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">; </span><span style="font-family: 'Raavi'">ਵ ਦਮ ਕਰਦ"</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'"><span style="font-size: 12px">“And these five swayyias he himnself wrote in Hindi language he himself recited; and blew (over the water being consecrated ) </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">"</span><span style="font-family: 'Raavi'">ਵ ਕਬਿੱਤ ਸਵੈਯਾਹਾ ਮਜ਼ਕੂਰ ਈਂ ਅੰਦ:- ਕਬਿੱਤ ਸਵੈਯਾ ਅੱਵਲ - ਸਰਾਵਗ ਸੁਧ ਸਮੂਹ ਸਿਧਾਨ ਕੇ ਦੇਖ ਫਿਰਿਓ ਘਰਿ ਜੋਗਿ ਜਤੀ ਕੇ... ਵਗ਼ੈਰਾ।"</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Raavi'"><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">“And the Kabit Swayyias are:- First Swayyia – Srawag sudh samooh sidhaan ke dekh phirio ghar jog jati ke …… etc.”</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Raavi'"><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">One Niramala Sant Bhoop Singh also wrote a Granth in 1811 named ‘Sudharam Marg Granth’ and said that Guru ji recited Japuji, Anand, Swayyiey 10, and Chaupai. However there is no mention of full Jaap Sahib but only the Chhand of Jaap. This writing was published by one Sant Sampooran Singh in 1923 and someone took some parts of this writing and published it under the title of ‘Rehatnama Bahi Daya Singh.’</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">Ratan Singh Bhangoo in Prachin Panth Parkash writes in 1841 that tenth Guru ji recited the first pauri of Chandi di Vaar (the one Sikh Ardaas begins with) followed by 32 Swayyias. This was followed by the Chandi Bani (Chandi Charitar ?). In the end the first stanza (Tribhangi Chhand) of Bachittar Natak “Khag khand bihandang, khal dal khandang….” was recited.</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">Bhai Santokh Singh the Shiromani Kavi of Sikhs mentions that Japuji, Sawayyieys, five pauris of Anand were recited (No mention of Jaap Sahib or Chaupai).</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">In 1892 Gyani Gyan Singh mentions in his Twarikh Guru Khalsa for the first time all the five banis that are associated with the Amrit Sanskar in 1699. That is, the banis recited were Japuji, Japji, Swayyias 10, Chaupai, and Anand. </span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">Other writings written after or during this period seem to have just followed the trend set during this period.</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">Ganda Singh is of the view that the swayyias from their internal evidence show that these were written after the 1699 baisakhi event because some of these address the hill Rajputs urging them to join the Khalsa recently created, this they refused. The 10 Swayyias (Srawag Sudh Samooh Sidhan ke.. ) were written right at the time Guruji invited the hill Rajput Rajas to urge them to become Khalsa. However, they made several excuses and refused. The reasoning that Guru ji gave in reply took the form of these Swayyias. Thus, we have the internal evidence:</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">“Etey bhaye to kaha bhaye bhoopat</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">Ant ko nangey hi payen padharey”</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">O kings, if you are so great what is the use, in the end you have go bare foot (after death)</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">“Sri Bhagwan bhajey bin bhoopat,</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">Ek rati bin ek na lekhai”</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">Without remembering God, o kings, your account would have nothing in it may just a tiny bit (after death).</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">Gurbilas of Sukha Singh gives further evidence in this regard when he says, “ …all the hill rajas were invited near. The Guru addressed them, “Listen to me the masters of hills, come to the shelter of the Khalsa and enjoy the kingdom of all the land. On hearing their refusal Guruji then recited the Swayyias “Danav Dev fanind nisachar bhoot bhwikh bhawaan japaigey ……”</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">Therefore these Swayyias were composed at this point in history, after the Khalsa had already been created. Hence were never recited on the baisakhi event. </span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">Thus we can see that the banis from Dasam Granth were not recited at the 1699 event. As Dasam Granth came into the picture in the second half of the eighteenth century these banis haphazardly crept in rather than as an ordained instruction by tenth Guruji. As we can see in the case of Rattan Singh Bhangoo, who proclaimed himself a Nihang, even he did not seem to give the Amrit banis as these are adopted for the last century or so. This set of banis became popular with writers like Gyani Gyan Singh, Panch Khalsa Diwan, and other Singh Sabha leaders.</span></span></p><p><o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />> </o<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite7" alt=":p" title="Stick Out Tongue :p" loading="lazy" data-shortname=":p" />></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">Humbly</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri'">Serjinder Singh </span></span></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Serjinder Singh, post: 183563, member: 13216"] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]Ganda Singh the famous Sikh historian in 1951 looked at the banis that were recited at the time of Khalsa creation at Anandpur in 1699. He looked at all the writings mentioning this event and any mention of banis recited. This was done chronologically scanning the writings on this issue.<?"urn::office:office" />[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]What we find is that upto 1769, we only find one mention of the banis recited at the Khande di Pahul ceremony. And the banis mentioned are Japuji and Anand. The first time any bani from Dasam Granth is mentioned is in 1811 when Sukha Singh, a granthi of Anandpur mentions Jaap and Swayyias but no mention of Chaupi. In the same year a Nirmala Sant Bhoop Singh writes a Granth named “Sudharam Marg Granth” in which for the first time ‘Chaupai’ is mentioned but it is not specified whether it is the one that is part of Charitaropakhyan or the one that is in the beginnig of Akal Ustat. However, a Farsi writer Khushwaqat Rai writing in the same year 1811 mentions only five Sawayyias that begin with “Srawag Sudh Samooh Sidhan ke …” and no other bani.[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]This varying list becomes even more odd when in 1841, Rattan Singh Bhangoo in his ‘Prachin Panth Parkash mentions that Guru ji first recited the first pauri of Chandi di vaar we recite to begin Ardas, followed by 32 swayyias. This was followed by Chandi Charitar and then the first stanza (Tribhangi Chhand) of Bachittar Natak, “Khal khand bihandang khal dal khandang…” There is no mention of Jaap Sahib Chaupai. Bhangoo was as per his writing a Nihang and of course must have taken Amrit and known which banis were recited at the time of his initiation. If he does not mention Jaap Sahib or Chaupi of the present day set of five banis then how authentic could be the assertion to include the Dasam Granth banis.[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]Kavi Santokh Singh the writer of Gurpartap Sooraj Granth, who also must have taken Amrit mentions only Japuji, five pauris of Anand, and Swayyias. There is no mention of Jaap Sahib or Chaupai.[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]The mention of the currently popular five banis begins to be regularly and consistently mentioned after about 1860. The most popular writing in this regard is that of Nirmala writer Giani Gian Singh who wrote his Twarikh Guru Khalsa in 1882. Ever since then the detail of Khande di Pahul ceremony of 1699 has became the standard version that was later adopted by SGPC. However, Gyan Singh does not give any clue to any previous source to authenticate the details of the ceremony or the banis recited.[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]Other writings during the twentieth century simply repeat his version. Thus, we find no evidence of Guru ji commanding to recite the currently prescribed Dasam Granth banis for the ceremony.[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]Here are given the details of the actual quotes from the historical sources available. I have given the examples where the banis recited at Khande di Pahul ceremony are only mentioned. The Nitnem bani mention is left out for the moment. [/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]The first writer Kavi Sainapat wrote about the event but did not mention anything about the banis recited at the time of Khande di Pahul initiation. Sainapat was contemporary of tenth Guruji and he completed his book Gur Sobha a few years after the event and gives an eye witness account of the various events in Guruji’s life.[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]After this, leaning mainly on Gur Sobha another writer Koer Singh Kalal wrote his Gurbilas book in 1751. He mentions the tenth Guruji recited some Mantar while standing very quietly and was therefore unable to identify whether it was some bani or just Gurmantar.[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]Next in time is Sarup Das Bhalla who wrote ‘Mahim Parkash’ in 1776-77. Although he mentions the Khande di Pahul ceremony he does not make any mention of any Bani being recited.[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]A contemporary of Sarup Das Bhalla is Kesar Singh Chhibber who was the son of Gurbax Singh Chibber, the Diwan of the Guru’s household. Therefore his writing in 1769 could be more authentic. He mentions that Guru ji recited Japu, and Anand bani.[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]“[/FONT][FONT=Raavi]ਜਪੁ ਅਤੇ ਅਨੰਦ ਰਸਨੀ ਕਰਿ ਉਚਾਰੁ[/FONT][FONT=Calibri][FONT=Raavi]”[/FONT][/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]“Japu ate Anand rasani kar uchaar” [/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]“having recited ‘Japu’ and ‘Anand’ from his own mouth”[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]Upto this time, there is no mention of any Dasam Granth Bani although by this time we begin to find the mention of Dasven Pathshah ka Granth etc.[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]Bhai Sukha Singh Granthi of Anandpur wrote his ‘Gurbilas Patshahi 10’ in 1811 AD. It is in this Granth that we find for the first time the mention of a Dasam Granth banis being recited. The banis are Jaap and Swayyias (no mention of Chaupai).[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]"[/FONT][FONT=Raavi]ਪਠਿਓ ਪਾਠੁ ਜਪੁਜੀ ਅਰੁ ਜਾਪੁਜੀ ਆਪ ਸਵੈਯੇ ਅਨੰਦੁ"[/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]“Pathio paath japuji ar Jaapji aap swayyia Anand.”[/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri](He) recited the Japuji and Jaapji himself and swayyias and Anand”[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]A Farsi writer Khushwaqat Rai also writes in 1811 in Farsi that Guru ji recited five swayyias and blew over the water being consecrated five times.[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]"[/FONT][FONT=Raavi]ਵ ਈਂ ਪੰਜ ਅਫ਼ਸੂਨਹਾਇ ਹਿੰਦੀ ਭਾਖਾ ਦਰ ਕੁਤਬਤ ਤਸਨੀਫ ਸਵੈਯਾ ਖ਼ੁਦ ਰਾ ਮੇ ਖਵਾਂਦ[/FONT][FONT=Calibri]; [/FONT][FONT=Raavi]ਵ ਦਮ ਕਰਦ"[/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3]“And these five swayyias he himnself wrote in Hindi language he himself recited; and blew (over the water being consecrated ) [/SIZE][/FONT] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]"[/FONT][FONT=Raavi]ਵ ਕਬਿੱਤ ਸਵੈਯਾਹਾ ਮਜ਼ਕੂਰ ਈਂ ਅੰਦ:- ਕਬਿੱਤ ਸਵੈਯਾ ਅੱਵਲ - ਸਰਾਵਗ ਸੁਧ ਸਮੂਹ ਸਿਧਾਨ ਕੇ ਦੇਖ ਫਿਰਿਓ ਘਰਿ ਜੋਗਿ ਜਤੀ ਕੇ... ਵਗ਼ੈਰਾ।"[/FONT][FONT=Raavi][/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Raavi][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]“And the Kabit Swayyias are:- First Swayyia – Srawag sudh samooh sidhaan ke dekh phirio ghar jog jati ke …… etc.”[/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Raavi]<o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p>[/FONT] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]One Niramala Sant Bhoop Singh also wrote a Granth in 1811 named ‘Sudharam Marg Granth’ and said that Guru ji recited Japuji, Anand, Swayyiey 10, and Chaupai. However there is no mention of full Jaap Sahib but only the Chhand of Jaap. This writing was published by one Sant Sampooran Singh in 1923 and someone took some parts of this writing and published it under the title of ‘Rehatnama Bahi Daya Singh.’[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]Ratan Singh Bhangoo in Prachin Panth Parkash writes in 1841 that tenth Guru ji recited the first pauri of Chandi di Vaar (the one Sikh Ardaas begins with) followed by 32 Swayyias. This was followed by the Chandi Bani (Chandi Charitar ?). In the end the first stanza (Tribhangi Chhand) of Bachittar Natak “Khag khand bihandang, khal dal khandang….” was recited.[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]Bhai Santokh Singh the Shiromani Kavi of Sikhs mentions that Japuji, Sawayyieys, five pauris of Anand were recited (No mention of Jaap Sahib or Chaupai).[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]In 1892 Gyani Gyan Singh mentions in his Twarikh Guru Khalsa for the first time all the five banis that are associated with the Amrit Sanskar in 1699. That is, the banis recited were Japuji, Japji, Swayyias 10, Chaupai, and Anand. [/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]Other writings written after or during this period seem to have just followed the trend set during this period.[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]Ganda Singh is of the view that the swayyias from their internal evidence show that these were written after the 1699 baisakhi event because some of these address the hill Rajputs urging them to join the Khalsa recently created, this they refused. The 10 Swayyias (Srawag Sudh Samooh Sidhan ke.. ) were written right at the time Guruji invited the hill Rajput Rajas to urge them to become Khalsa. However, they made several excuses and refused. The reasoning that Guru ji gave in reply took the form of these Swayyias. Thus, we have the internal evidence:[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]“Etey bhaye to kaha bhaye bhoopat[/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]Ant ko nangey hi payen padharey”[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]O kings, if you are so great what is the use, in the end you have go bare foot (after death)[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]“Sri Bhagwan bhajey bin bhoopat,[/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]Ek rati bin ek na lekhai”[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]Without remembering God, o kings, your account would have nothing in it may just a tiny bit (after death).[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]Gurbilas of Sukha Singh gives further evidence in this regard when he says, “ …all the hill rajas were invited near. The Guru addressed them, “Listen to me the masters of hills, come to the shelter of the Khalsa and enjoy the kingdom of all the land. On hearing their refusal Guruji then recited the Swayyias “Danav Dev fanind nisachar bhoot bhwikh bhawaan japaigey ……”[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]Therefore these Swayyias were composed at this point in history, after the Khalsa had already been created. Hence were never recited on the baisakhi event. [/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]Thus we can see that the banis from Dasam Granth were not recited at the 1699 event. As Dasam Granth came into the picture in the second half of the eighteenth century these banis haphazardly crept in rather than as an ordained instruction by tenth Guruji. As we can see in the case of Rattan Singh Bhangoo, who proclaimed himself a Nihang, even he did not seem to give the Amrit banis as these are adopted for the last century or so. This set of banis became popular with writers like Gyani Gyan Singh, Panch Khalsa Diwan, and other Singh Sabha leaders.[/FONT][/SIZE] <o:p>[FONT=Calibri][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT]</o:p> [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]Humbly[/FONT][/SIZE] [SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]Serjinder Singh [/FONT][/SIZE] [/QUOTE]
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Bachittar Natak
Dasam Granth And The 'Bani' Recited In Khande Di Pahul
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