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Guru Granth Sahib
Composition, Arrangement & Layout
ਜਪੁ | Jup
ਸੋ ਦਰੁ | So Dar
ਸੋਹਿਲਾ | Sohilaa
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਿਰੀਰਾਗੁ | Raag Siree-Raag
Gurbani (14-53)
Ashtpadiyan (53-71)
Gurbani (71-74)
Pahre (74-78)
Chhant (78-81)
Vanjara (81-82)
Vaar Siri Raag (83-91)
Bhagat Bani (91-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
Ashtpadi (109)
Ashtpadiyan (110-129)
Ashtpadi (129-130)
Ashtpadiyan (130-133)
Bara Maha (133-136)
Din Raen (136-137)
Vaar Maajh Ki (137-150)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
Quartets/Couplets (185-220)
Ashtpadiyan (220-234)
Karhalei (234-235)
Ashtpadiyan (235-242)
Chhant (242-249)
Baavan Akhari (250-262)
Sukhmani (262-296)
Thittee (296-300)
Gauree kii Vaar (300-323)
Gurbani (323-330)
Ashtpadiyan (330-340)
Baavan Akhari (340-343)
Thintteen (343-344)
Vaar Kabir (344-345)
Bhagat Bani (345-346)
ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
Chaupaday (348-364)
Panchpadde (364-365)
Kaafee (365-409)
Aasaavaree (409-411)
Ashtpadiyan (411-432)
Patee (432-435)
Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
Bhagat Bani (475-488)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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Animals Of India - The Brown Mongoose
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<blockquote data-quote="spnadmin" data-source="post: 110978" data-attributes="member: 35"><p><strong> 'Cooperative begging' helps mongoose pups score food </strong></p><p></p><p> </p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"> 17:00 05 April 2007 by <a href="http://www.newscientist.com/search?rbauthors=Roxanne+Khamsi" target="_blank"><strong>Roxanne Khamsi</strong></a></li> </ul><p> Mongoose pups seem to know the value of teamwork when it comes to nagging their parents for a treat. </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p> A study of the animals in Uganda suggests they use "cooperative begging" to get more <a href="http://www.newscientist.com/topic/food-drink" target="_blank">food</a> from their elders, creating a deafening chorus of chirps in the process. When one mongoose pup stops begging, all of the youngsters in the group receive less food as a result.</p><p></p><p></p><p> Matt Bell at the University of Cambridge in the UK spent three years in Uganda observing the behaviour of the banded mongoose, <em>Mungos mungo</em>. They are small, ferret-like carnivores with black bands of colour marking the fur on their backs. They live in groups of roughly 50 individuals, and females generally give birth at the same time.</p><p></p><p></p><p> When mongoose pups first leave the den, each one searches out and finds an elder in the group - often a male - and follows this adult continually for the next two months. The pups beg for food from their chaperones by making a chirping sound and receive food, such as beetles, as a result. Each dedicated chaperone feeds only its associated pup, so there is no competition among the youngsters for food. </p><p> <strong>Sleep easy</strong></p><p></p><p> Bell was curious to know how the begging of a single pup might influence the behaviour of the others in the same brood. So he conducted some experimental interventions. If there were seven pups in a mongoose group, for example, he would place two of the pups in a darkened cage for half a day.</p><p></p><p></p><p> The two pups that were removed from the group would sleep soundly in the cage. But the other pups had to beg even louder to get food from their associated chaperones.</p><p> In another part of the study, Bell removed two chaperones instead of two pups. The pups whose chaperones had gone missing fell silent because they had no chaperone to beg. But the other pups again turned up the volume of their own begging calls, by about 15%.</p><p></p><p></p><p> Bell says the results of the study suggest that mongoose pups use cooperative begging to get food. He explains that the chirping from other pups reduces the effort a given youngster has to put into its own begging. </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p> The "deafening sound" made when all of the pups beg at once raises the levels of stress hormone in the chaperones, making them more annoyed with the noise and more likely to pass over a beetle.</p><p></p><p></p><p> Journal reference: <em>Current Biology</em> (DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.015)</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="spnadmin, post: 110978, member: 35"] [B] 'Cooperative begging' helps mongoose pups score food [/B] [LIST] [*] 17:00 05 April 2007 by [URL="http://www.newscientist.com/search?rbauthors=Roxanne+Khamsi"][B]Roxanne Khamsi[/B][/URL] [/LIST] Mongoose pups seem to know the value of teamwork when it comes to nagging their parents for a treat. A study of the animals in Uganda suggests they use "cooperative begging" to get more [URL="http://www.newscientist.com/topic/food-drink"]food[/URL] from their elders, creating a deafening chorus of chirps in the process. When one mongoose pup stops begging, all of the youngsters in the group receive less food as a result. Matt Bell at the University of Cambridge in the UK spent three years in Uganda observing the behaviour of the banded mongoose, [I]Mungos mungo[/I]. They are small, ferret-like carnivores with black bands of colour marking the fur on their backs. They live in groups of roughly 50 individuals, and females generally give birth at the same time. When mongoose pups first leave the den, each one searches out and finds an elder in the group - often a male - and follows this adult continually for the next two months. The pups beg for food from their chaperones by making a chirping sound and receive food, such as beetles, as a result. Each dedicated chaperone feeds only its associated pup, so there is no competition among the youngsters for food. [B]Sleep easy[/B] Bell was curious to know how the begging of a single pup might influence the behaviour of the others in the same brood. So he conducted some experimental interventions. If there were seven pups in a mongoose group, for example, he would place two of the pups in a darkened cage for half a day. The two pups that were removed from the group would sleep soundly in the cage. But the other pups had to beg even louder to get food from their associated chaperones. In another part of the study, Bell removed two chaperones instead of two pups. The pups whose chaperones had gone missing fell silent because they had no chaperone to beg. But the other pups again turned up the volume of their own begging calls, by about 15%. Bell says the results of the study suggest that mongoose pups use cooperative begging to get food. He explains that the chirping from other pups reduces the effort a given youngster has to put into its own begging. The "deafening sound" made when all of the pups beg at once raises the levels of stress hormone in the chaperones, making them more annoyed with the noise and more likely to pass over a beetle. Journal reference: [I]Current Biology[/I] (DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.015) [/QUOTE]
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Animals Of India - The Brown Mongoose
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