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Guru Granth Sahib
Composition, Arrangement & Layout
ਜਪੁ | Jup
ਸੋ ਦਰੁ | So Dar
ਸੋਹਿਲਾ | Sohilaa
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਿਰੀਰਾਗੁ | Raag Siree-Raag
Gurbani (14-53)
Ashtpadiyan (53-71)
Gurbani (71-74)
Pahre (74-78)
Chhant (78-81)
Vanjara (81-82)
Vaar Siri Raag (83-91)
Bhagat Bani (91-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
Ashtpadi (109)
Ashtpadiyan (110-129)
Ashtpadi (129-130)
Ashtpadiyan (130-133)
Bara Maha (133-136)
Din Raen (136-137)
Vaar Maajh Ki (137-150)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
Quartets/Couplets (185-220)
Ashtpadiyan (220-234)
Karhalei (234-235)
Ashtpadiyan (235-242)
Chhant (242-249)
Baavan Akhari (250-262)
Sukhmani (262-296)
Thittee (296-300)
Gauree kii Vaar (300-323)
Gurbani (323-330)
Ashtpadiyan (330-340)
Baavan Akhari (340-343)
Thintteen (343-344)
Vaar Kabir (344-345)
Bhagat Bani (345-346)
ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
Chaupaday (348-364)
Panchpadde (364-365)
Kaafee (365-409)
Aasaavaree (409-411)
Ashtpadiyan (411-432)
Patee (432-435)
Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
Bhagat Bani (475-488)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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"Ain't" We Racist?
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<blockquote data-quote="Ambarsaria" data-source="post: 154956" data-attributes="member: 14194"><p><strong>Re: Ain't we Racist?</strong></p><p></p><p></p><p>Tejwant Singh ji great article with information new for me,</p><p></p><p><a href="http://www.colorq.org/MeltingPot/article.aspx?d=Asia&x=Habshi" target="_blank">http://www.colorq.org/MeltingPot/article.aspx?d=Asia&x=Habshi</a></p><p></p><p> In old times, some East Africans came to India through the slave trade.There is, however, no evidence of great numbers of African slaves in India. Africans also visited India as free people - as merchants and ambassadors from East African states.<sup>1</sup> Africans are called <em>Habshi</em> or <em>Habashi</em> in India. <em>Habashi</em> is the Arabic word for "Ethiopian". Numerous Habshis achieved political and military success in South Asia.<sup>2</sup></p><p> </p><p>A group of African freedmen converted to Islam and became known as the <em>Siddis</em>. The Siddis were sailors and established kingdoms in Western India as early as 1100 AD. They functioned as security forces for the Muslim fleets in West India and were famed for their bravery as "guarantors of safety on the Indian Ocean" (in the words of Ibn Battuta). Their commanders were titled Admirals of the Mogul Empire and received an annual salary of 300,000 rupees.<sup>3</sup> The Siddis were active up to the end of the 19th century. </p><p> </p><p>In the 16th century, there were many powerful Habshis in the political scene of India. Indian states employed foreign slaves as military officers and government administrators. Chingiz Khan, the prime minister to Nizam mul-Mulk Bani, King of Ahmadnagar in 1575, was of African origin. After the king's death, the king's son Murtaza I led a successful revolt with several Habshis against his mother's claim to power. <sup>4</sup> In 1595, during the reign of Murtaza II, the prime minister Abhangar Khan was also a Habshi.<sup>5</sup></p><p> </p><p>During the same period, Ambar, an Ethiopian slave, commanded Arab troops for the king of Bijapur<sup>6</sup>. In 1590, Ambar broke away from Bijapur and built an independent mercenary army of over 1500 African, Arab and local Dakani men. He eventually joined the state of Ahmadnagar and later imprisoned King Murtaza II, naming himself regent minister. Ambar promoted minorities of various ethnic groups to key positions and implemented financial, educational and agricultural reforms.<sup>7</sup> Ferista, an contemporary Arab historian, praised Ambar: "he appears to have been the most enlightened financier of whom we read in Indian history." Ambar also organized a 60,000 horse army and successfully beat back the Moguls for the next 20 years. The Moguls could not conquer Dakan until after his death.<sup>8</sup></p><p> </p><p>Many Habshi officers were prominent in the Muslim courts of Dakan and the Mogul empire in the 17th century. Today, the Habshi communities have been diminished due to widespread intermarriage with other Muslims.<sup>9</sup></p><p> </p><p>Africans also found a place among the Baluchis, a large Indo-Iranian ethnic group living in Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan and the Arab Emirates. Baluchi ethnicity is defined more by language than by 'race', which made it easy for them to absorb people from other ethnic groups, including expatriate Africans. The Baluchis practice a number of different trance rituals, one type of which (the <em>guati</em>) invokes spirits of African origin and is performed to music with African rhythmic structures. Some of the melodies used for the rituals were composed by Baluchi musicians of African origin.<sup>10</sup></p><p> <strong>Notes:</strong></p><p></p><p> </p><ol> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">James de V. Allen, Swahili Origins, p137</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">Omar Khalidi, "Research Note: The Case of the Habashis of the Dakan", African Presence in Early Asia, ed. Runoko Rashidi, p153</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">Runoko Rashidi, "Black Bondage in Asia", African Presence in Early Asia, ed. Runoko Rashidi, p139</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">Joseph E. Harris, "Malik Ambar: African Regent-Minister in India", African Presence in Early Asia, ed. Runoko Rashidi, p147</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">Harris p148</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">Harris p148</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">Harris p148</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">Harris p151</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">Harris p154</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">"The Baluchi Ensemble of Karachi" album literature</li> </ol></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Ambarsaria, post: 154956, member: 14194"] [b]Re: Ain't we Racist?[/b] Tejwant Singh ji great article with information new for me, [URL]http://www.colorq.org/MeltingPot/article.aspx?d=Asia&x=Habshi[/URL] In old times, some East Africans came to India through the slave trade.There is, however, no evidence of great numbers of African slaves in India. Africans also visited India as free people - as merchants and ambassadors from East African states.<sup>1</sup> Africans are called [I]Habshi[/I] or [I]Habashi[/I] in India. [I]Habashi[/I] is the Arabic word for "Ethiopian". Numerous Habshis achieved political and military success in South Asia.<sup>2</sup> A group of African freedmen converted to Islam and became known as the [I]Siddis[/I]. The Siddis were sailors and established kingdoms in Western India as early as 1100 AD. They functioned as security forces for the Muslim fleets in West India and were famed for their bravery as "guarantors of safety on the Indian Ocean" (in the words of Ibn Battuta). Their commanders were titled Admirals of the Mogul Empire and received an annual salary of 300,000 rupees.<sup>3</sup> The Siddis were active up to the end of the 19th century. In the 16th century, there were many powerful Habshis in the political scene of India. Indian states employed foreign slaves as military officers and government administrators. Chingiz Khan, the prime minister to Nizam mul-Mulk Bani, King of Ahmadnagar in 1575, was of African origin. After the king's death, the king's son Murtaza I led a successful revolt with several Habshis against his mother's claim to power. <sup>4</sup> In 1595, during the reign of Murtaza II, the prime minister Abhangar Khan was also a Habshi.<sup>5</sup> During the same period, Ambar, an Ethiopian slave, commanded Arab troops for the king of Bijapur<sup>6</sup>. In 1590, Ambar broke away from Bijapur and built an independent mercenary army of over 1500 African, Arab and local Dakani men. He eventually joined the state of Ahmadnagar and later imprisoned King Murtaza II, naming himself regent minister. Ambar promoted minorities of various ethnic groups to key positions and implemented financial, educational and agricultural reforms.<sup>7</sup> Ferista, an contemporary Arab historian, praised Ambar: "he appears to have been the most enlightened financier of whom we read in Indian history." Ambar also organized a 60,000 horse army and successfully beat back the Moguls for the next 20 years. The Moguls could not conquer Dakan until after his death.<sup>8</sup> Many Habshi officers were prominent in the Muslim courts of Dakan and the Mogul empire in the 17th century. Today, the Habshi communities have been diminished due to widespread intermarriage with other Muslims.<sup>9</sup> Africans also found a place among the Baluchis, a large Indo-Iranian ethnic group living in Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan and the Arab Emirates. Baluchi ethnicity is defined more by language than by 'race', which made it easy for them to absorb people from other ethnic groups, including expatriate Africans. The Baluchis practice a number of different trance rituals, one type of which (the [I]guati[/I]) invokes spirits of African origin and is performed to music with African rhythmic structures. Some of the melodies used for the rituals were composed by Baluchi musicians of African origin.<sup>10</sup> [B]Notes:[/B] [LIST=1] [*]James de V. Allen, Swahili Origins, p137 [*]Omar Khalidi, "Research Note: The Case of the Habashis of the Dakan", African Presence in Early Asia, ed. Runoko Rashidi, p153 [*]Runoko Rashidi, "Black Bondage in Asia", African Presence in Early Asia, ed. Runoko Rashidi, p139 [*]Joseph E. Harris, "Malik Ambar: African Regent-Minister in India", African Presence in Early Asia, ed. Runoko Rashidi, p147 [*]Harris p148 [*]Harris p148 [*]Harris p148 [*]Harris p151 [*]Harris p154 [*]"The Baluchi Ensemble of Karachi" album literature [/LIST] [/QUOTE]
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"Ain't" We Racist?
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