Prof Hardev Singh Virk
SPNer
Concept of Reality in Sri Guru Granth Sahib (SGGS) and its Physical, Metaphysical and Mystical Aspects[/FONT]
ABSTRACT
The concept of Reality and its various interpretations exist both in science and religion. There has been a dynamic change in the physical interpretation of Reality from Aristotle to Einstein. The advent of Relativity theory and Quantum mechanics in modem physics led to formulations of new concepts regarding space, time, matter and reality. The introduction of Uncertainty Principle by Heisenberg and the concept of dual nature of matter and radiation by Louis de Broglie gave a serious blow to the philosophy of determinism based on Newtonian world-view. The great debates between Einstein and Bohr at Solvay Conferences about the inadequacy of quantum mechanics to describe physical aspect of Reality are a part of history of science now. EPR paradox and Bell’s theorem have introduced the idea of connectedness and consciousness in quantum Reality.[/FONT]
To the Indian philosopher, experience is the ultimate test of truth or Reality. Since the Reality is trans-empirical, it cannot be known through sense experience in the way in which empirical /scientific knowledge is gained. Reality is comprehended through intuitive experience for it transcends both the rational and the sensory aspects of human experience. The concept of Ultimate Reality in the Sri Guru Granth Sahib (SGGS) is most scientific, precise and dynamic in nature. It is summed up in Manglacharan (the Commencing Verse of the SGGS). According to the Sikh philosophy, Reality is both transcendental and immanent, i.e., it has dual nature as nirguna and sarguna at the same time. It was experienced by Guru Nanak in Nature and the whole of the SGGS is a vision of Ultimate Reality. [/FONT]
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INTRODUCTION[/FONT]
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What is real? What is the universe made of? How does it work? What is the origin of life in this universe? Who created this universe? Physicists and philosophers have been asking these questions since the dawn of civilization. The concept of Reality has undergone a revolutionary change ever since the time of Greek Philosophers. It was from the observation of celestial motions, of the regularity of the planetary motions and change of seasons that the ancient astronomers came to the profound message of the order of the Universe. The philosophical quest for the ultimate Reality, using reason and speculation, transcended the boundaries of physical Reality. Recent developments in physics have turned out to be a boomerang experience for the physicist’s conception of Reality. Today many scientists explore the “metaphysics” of physics with their powerful instruments. The new insights of the modern physics into the mystery of the universe have prepared the stage for a dialogue between science and religion. Our aim in this study is to probe analogical parallels that exist between physics and mysticism for a new understanding of Reality, with special reference to Sri Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of the Sikh religion.[/FONT]
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PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF REALITY[/FONT]
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Classical notions about Reality: [/FONT]Aristotle introduced many metaphysical principles in physics. In his system, everything had a natural place and every object had its own nature. He made a sharp distinction between celestial and terrestrial world, the latter being imperfect, corruptible, and prone to constant change; while the former perfect, incorruptible and immutable. Aristotle’s philosophy of nature was comprehensive and highly appealing to the common sense wisdom of the day. It gave birth to monotheistic conceptions of God and a dualistic vision of Reality. The germs of an anthropocentric worldview were inherent in Aristotle’s philosophy of science.[/FONT]
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Newtonian mechanics gave birth to a mechanical philosophy of nature. It claimed that everything could be explained in terms of matter in motion and the interaction between the material particles. This meant that all things could be explained in terms of just four fundamental concepts: space, time, mass and force. A mechanistic worldview or the clockwork universe was the immediate consequence of Newtonian physics. The divine hand, having set it right in the beginning, left it undisturbed. There was not scope for divine intervention, chance and indeterminacy in a deterministic worldview. Reality can be known by using mathematical tools and all events become predictable in future.[/FONT]
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In the beginning of 20th century, the advent of special theory of relativity dealt a death blow to mechanical philosophy of nature. Newtonian mechanics held space, time and mass to be absolute, but relativity theory showed them to be relative. Quantum mechanics introduced the concept of indeterminacy and chance in physical measurements. It gave a serious jolt to the mechanical philosophy of nature. [/FONT]
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Scientists of Vienna circle, better known as Logical Positivists, believed that knowledge of Reality should be based on sense experience. All valid statements must have an empirical basis, otherwise they are meaningless. Logical positivists were antagonist to the use of metaphysics in science. However, mechanical philosophy of nature seems to be an internally inconsistent, experientially unrealistic and philosophically unreflective approach to Reality. Einstein2 had a dig at mathematical approach to Reality: “As for as the laws of mathematics refer to Reality, they are not certain, as far as they are certain, they do not refer to Reality.”[/FONT]
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Newtonian mechanics was extremely successful in the growth of technology. For the general public, science became a worldly “Almighty”. Modern technological “explosion” has blindfolded our inner realms. Society and culture necessitates a new vision of holistic Reality which can bring in a humanisation of science. Scientific descriptions of the enigma of Reality may cause a re-mystification of our universe.[/FONT]
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Einstein realized a new vision of the universe. His theory of relativity has altered the long-held scientific assumptions of Newtonian mechanics and changed radically the way we look at the world. Relativity shows that our knowledge of Reality is not limited by sense perception only, but brings home to us that Reality is often much deeper than what can be perceived by our senses. Materialism which refuses to go beyond what is observable by the senses has been shown to be an inadequate philosophy of nature. [/FONT]
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Quantum Nature of Reality:[/FONT] The Copenhagen interpretation3 of quantum mechanics was the first and the most prevalent response to the quantum Reality question. Neils Bohr and Werner Heisenberg were the founding fathers of Copenhagen interpretation which was not acceptable to Einstein, the father of Relativity theory. The key idea in the Copenhagen denial of deep Reality was that the quantum entities did not have dynamic attributes of their own; it was only in the act of measurement that they received dynamic attributes. Principles of Uncertainty and Complementarity were the corner stones of Copenhagen interpretation, proposed by Heisenberg and Bohr, respectively.[/FONT]
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The discovery of Uncertainty principle is the most significant development in the history of science. It puts a natural limit to the precision attainable in the quantum world. It must be noted that this limitation is imposed not by practical difficulties of measurement but by theoretical considerations, by the very nature of Reality itself. There will always be a finite inaccuracy and uncertainty; this is a law of nature. Since precise knowledge of the present state of affairs of a phenomenon is not possible, precise prediction of its behaviour also becomes impossible. Hence the quantum world and its Reality are indeterminate. [/FONT]
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Principle of Complementarity highlights the linkage between different aspects of Reality. For instance, the particle nature and wave nature of light are mutually exclusive in the sense that the presence of one excludes that of the other. Thus this principle argues that even items which appear incompatible are united at a deeper level. What appear opposites need not be contradictory, but may be two poles of the same deeper reality. The principles of Complementarity and Uncertainty show the unbreakable link between the act of observation and our picture of Reality. Bohr sums up his outlook on quantum Reality4. “There is no quantum world. There is only an abstract quantum physical description. The task of physics is not to find out how nature is; Physics concerns what we can say about nature.” In the Copenhagen interpretation, there is no Reality in the absence of observation, or in the other words, observation creates Reality. The conceptual weakness of the Copenhagen interpretation is that it regards both the measuring device and the measurement act as ultimately unanalysable. [/FONT]
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Consciousness and Quantum Reality: [/FONT]David Bohm5 explains the limitation of Copenhagen interpretation by introduction of a new concept: the implicate order. The implicate order is a process of enfoldment and unfoldment in a multi-dimensional space. The entire universe with all its fields and particles is an unfoldment of this implicate order. It implies an organic vision of the universe unlike the classical emphasis on fragmentation.[/FONT]
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Another important aspect of the quantum revolution is that it highlights the role of consciousness in creating Reality. According to Eugene Wigner6: “It is not possible to formulate the laws of quantum mechanics in a fully consistent way without reference to the consciousness. It will remain remarkable that the very study of the external world led to the conclusion that the content of the consciousness is an ultimate Reality”.[/FONT]
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John Stewart Bell7 developed a model of Reality known as Bell’s theorem: Reality must be non-local, which means that at a fundamental level, the different isolated objects of our experience are connected in an intimate and immediate way. Where quantum physics revealed the inadequacy of our common sense ideas to deal with the microscopic world, Bell’s theorem showed the inadequacy of the same to deal with the macroscopic phenomena. [/FONT]
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EPR (Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen) Paradox aims to show that quantum theory was incomplete since it fails to give a full description of nature. The key idea of EPR is the assumption of locality or the principle of local causes. According to this principle, what happens in one place is in no way dependent on an experimenter or an event at another place, where the distance between the two places are ‘space-like’ separated. EPR effect seems to indicate a super – luminal (faster than light) communication8.[/FONT]
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Bell[/FONT]’s theorem resolves the contradictions of EPR Paradox. Bell stated that either the statistical predictions of quantum mechanics or the principle of local causes must be wrong. Experimental proof of Bell’s theorem established that assumption of locality collapses while statistical assumptions on which Bell based his theorem are correct. To show that the principle of locality is false, it should be shown that what happens in one area is dependent on the changes that an experimenter makes in a distant space - like separated area. Thus in Bell’s theorem, non-locality imposes itself as a fundamental Reality against our common sense idea of the world as consisting of different parts.[/FONT]
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Einstein believed that quantum theory was incomplete and hence inadequate to describe the nature of Reality. As a whole, there seems to be contradictions, logical paradoxes and speculative jumps inherent in quantum theory in explaining the physical Reality. Bell9 and some of his supporters share the view that the quantum mechanical description of natural phenomena will be superseded in future. Each model of Reality of the physicists is thus also indicative of the unexplored regions of Reality. Concept of Reality has undergone a sea change since the times of Aristotle. Let us probe the metaphysical and mystical roots of Reality and explore the possibilities of a dialogue between Science and Religion.[/FONT]
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METAPHYSICAL NATURE OF REALITY
Metaphysics is a systematic and sustained inquiry into the nature of ultimate reality. It is an attempt to know the reality as against mere appearance. Metaphysics is the bridge between science and religion. Religion relies both on reason and revelation in its attempt to study the nature of Reality. In the Mandukya Upanishad, the method of inquiry into the states of experiencing, waking, dreaming and deep sleep is frequently adopted.[/FONT]
To the Indian philosopher, experience is the ultimate test of truth10. Since the reality is trans-empirical, it cannot be known through sense experience in the way in which empirical objects are known. It is known through intuitive experience (anubhuti), it is the experience of the highest level, for it transcends both the rational and the sensory aspects of human experience with which we are normally acquainted. [/FONT]
Since the ultimate reality is trans-empirical, the Hindu philosophers rely on scripture (sruti) for obtaining the knowledge of the real. Discursive reasoning functions at the relational level. Since the ultimate reality is distinction-less, reason is not competent to comprehend it. So the proper ground of rational knowledge is immediate experience, which differs from experimentation in science. [/FONT]
The truth, which the scripture speaks about, is the direct outcome of the intuitive or mystic experience of the ancient seers. It contains what is borne out by their direct and authentic experience. Though the scripture is authoritative, the knowledge which one derives from it is only mediate. The knowledge, which is revealed by the scripture, must become a matter of experience; only then revelation would have fulfilled its mission. A man who has realised the integral experience, there is no need for him to depend on any external authority in the form of a scripture. His wisdom is self-certifying or self - revealed. [/FONT]
According to Upanishads, Brahman or Atman, which is the ultimate Reality, is of the nature of existence (sat), consciousness (cit), and bliss (ananda). It is one only and non-dual. The pluralistic universe is only an illusory appearance of Brahman or Atman due to Maya or avidya (ignorance). There are two views of reality in the Upanishads, the cosmic view and the acosmic view. These two views serve as the bases for the theistic and absolutistic schools of Vedanta. Hindu Philosophy of Vedanta considers this word as Maya (illusion) and lays stress on Reality beyond appearance in phenomenal world. [/FONT]
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MYSTICAL VISION OF REALITY [/FONT]
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In contrast to scientific knowledge, mysticism is concerned with a direct experience of Reality. It is by transcending intellectual knowledge and sensory perception that we come to the “absolute knowledge” of the Reality. According to Fritzof Capra11: “The knowledge of Reality in mysticism is the direct experience of undifferentiated, undivided, indeterminate ‘suchness’. In mysticism knowledge of the ultimate Reality cannot be attained through reasoning because it transcends our conventional modes of language”.[/FONT]
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The process of scientific research tells us that an experimental enquiry into the nature of Reality cannot discard either reason or intuition. Since both these abilities are integrated in the one human being, a mutual complementarity of the two is essential. The significance of intuition and reason is quite evident in our life and they must complement each other in our search of Reality. There cannot exist a rebellion between truth and truth. The pragmatism of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory indirectly affirms the desperate quest for integration. As Gary Zukov12 puts it: “ The rational part of our psyche, typified by science, began to merge again with that other part of us which we had ignored since the 1700’s, our irrational side”.[/FONT]
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Modern science has come up with the most exciting discovery of the interconnectedness of the universe. The vastness of the Universe poses no threat to its interconnectedness. This phenomenon is found both at the local and cosmic levels, both in the ontological and epistemological levels. This progressive trend towards greater unification enabled science to transcend the apparent contradictions of several pairs of opposites, e.g., force and matter, particles and waves, motion and rest, existence and non-existence. The scientific research has established interconnectedness of all material beings tracing their common origin to quarks and leptons. The Human Genome Project has proved the unity in diversity of the living world.[/FONT]
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Capra13 has established parallels between the principal theories of modern physics and the mystical traditions of the East, viz., Hinduism, Buddhism and Taoism.[/FONT] For example, we have no direct sensory experience of the four-dimensional space-time continuum, and whenever this 'relativistic' reality manifests itself we find it very hard to deal with it at the level of intuition and ordinary language. A similar situation exists in Eastern mysticism. The mystics seem to be able to attain non-ordinary states of consciousness in which they transcend the three-dimensional world of everyday life to experience a multi-dimensional reality, which is impossible to describe in ordinary language. [/FONT]
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Opposed to the mechanistic conception of the world is the view of the Eastern mystics14 which may be characterized by the word 'organic', as it regards all phenomena in the universe as integral parts of an inseparable harmonious whole. For the Eastern mystic, all things and events perceived by the senses are interrelated, connected, and are but different aspects or manifestations of the same ultimate Reality. Our tendency to divide the world we perceive into individual and separate 'things' and to experience ourselves in this world as isolated egos is seen as an 'illusion' which comes from our measuring and categorizing mentality. The division of nature into separate objects is, of course, useful and necessary to cope with everyday environment, but it is not a fundamental feature of Reality. For the Eastern mystic, any such objects have, therefore, a fluid and ever-changing character.[/FONT]
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The Eastern worldview is thus intrinsically dynamic, and contains time and change as essential features. The cosmos is seen as one inseparable Reality -forever in motion, alive, organic - spiritual and material at the same time. [/FONT]
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Mysticism is the art of union with Reality15. A mystical state has the quality of ineffability. It thus resembles a state of feeling rather than a state of intellect. The mystic experience is imbued with a noetic quality, a quality of transience and of timelessness. There are many stages of evolution in the life of a mystic. Ultimately, the mystic attains the perfect union with God and he cries: 'I am God - aham brahm asmi'. It is a well known fact that mystics feel that exalted state of ecstasy but fail to describe it in ordinary language. The mystics use the simile of a dumb person who cannot describe the taste of candy16. Saith Kabir: "Such state is like the dumb tasting of sugar, which in no way can be described". [/FONT]
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khu kbIr gUMgY guVu KwieAw pUCy qy ikAw khIAY ]
Mystics believe in the integral or holistic experience of Reality. We need not rest content with the partial truths revealed by astronomy, by physics, by biology, by history; each true in its own field, none complete in itself, none giving the whole picture; nor yet with the truth of mathematics or the truth of language, primarily truths of expression, obeying rules which men themselves have made. Beyond all these, beyond the contradictions of each separate truth, lies concealed the supreme and final truth. [/FONT]
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The realm of mystic experience is a Reality beyond the comprehension of our senses. But there is clear evidence in SGGS17 regarding the transcendental nature of this phenomenon:[/FONT]
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"In this realm, one sees but without the eyes; one listens but without the ears;[/FONT]
One walks but without the feet; one works but without the hands;[/FONT]
One speaks but without the tongue; thus attaining life in death.[/FONT]
O[/FONT] Nanak, one meets the God after realisation of the divine law".[/FONT]
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AKI bwJhu vyKxw ivxu kMnw sunxw ]
pYrw bwJhu clxw ivxu hQw krxw ]
jIBY bwJhu bolx ieau jIvq mrxw ]
nwnk hukmu pCwix kY qau KsmY imlxw ]
CONCEPT OF REALITY IN SRI GURU GRANTH SAHIB (SGGS)
The concept of ultimate reality propounded by Guru Nanak in the SGGS is most scientific; as a consequence, it is also dynamic and precise. The Manglacharan (the Commencing Verse of SGGS) is a philosophic testimony of Guru Nanak's poetic and scientific vision of the Supreme Reality18. Reality is one and non-dual. Hence the Manglacharan19 commences with the numeral 1 before 'Open Oora', which represents Existence or Being. It is followed by Satt(i) Naam which means the Supreme Reality is true and it is manifested in Truth, Existence and Being. The other features of Reality are itstranscendence and immanence, creator person, without fear or hatred, beyond time and space, self-existent, transcendental cosmic spirit made manifest by grace of the Guru. [/FONT]
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1E siq nwmu krqw purKu inrBau inrvYr Akwl mUriq AjUnI sYBM gur pRswid]
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Thus Guru Nanak projects the nature, potentialities and characteristics of Supreme Reality or God of his vision. This concept of Reality is unique, scientific and revolutionary and it differs in its connotation from the Vedantic concept. According to Ahluwalia20: “This new conception of God marks a qualitative change in the cognition of the Ultimate Reality from Being to Spirit. This evolutionary change, heralded by the Sikh metaphysics in the history of the Indian religious thought, leads to a new conception of time."[/FONT]
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The very first sloka21 after Manglacharan elaborates further the nature of ultimate Reality. Reality or God was in existence before the commencement of creation and time (yugas) during the epoch of cosmic void. God existed at the beginning of this universe, i.e., creation of space and time. God exists now and will also exist in the future (even when the universe is annihilated).[/FONT]
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Awid scu jugwid scu ] hY BI scu nwnk hosI BI scu ]
The Sikh philosophy dialectically unites the ideas of God and the world. Transcendence shows that God is prior to and distinct from the world. Immanence of God represents God's connection with the world. God himself transforms into creation, i.e., changing His nirguna form into sarguna form22:[/FONT]
"The Formless is attributed and un-attributed;[/FONT]
And gone into absorption in the cosmic void.[/FONT]
Saith Nanak[/FONT]: He has made creation,[/FONT]
Himself on it meditates [/FONT]".[/FONT]
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srgnu inrgun inrMkwr suMn smwDI Awip ]
Awpn kIAw nwnkw Awpy hI iPir jwip ]
The Manglacharan in the SGGS is an expression of Guru Nanak's intuitive insight into the metaphysical realm, which presents an integrated view of the basic Reality that is monistic, but whose manifestation is pluralistic23: [/FONT]
inrMkwr Awkwr Awip inrgun srgun eyk]
eykih eyk bKwnno nwnk eyk Anyk ]
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"Limitless the creation; Limitless the expansion[/FONT]"[/FONT]
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AMq n jwpY kIqw Awkwru] AMqu n jwpY pwrwvwru]
The Guru assures us that the light and grace of the Absolute are ever with man in his search for Supreme Reality. A person of cosmic consciousness (brahm gyani) can experience Reality and all his doubts are dispelled25:[/FONT]
“He, who receives faith of Lord in himself,[/FONT]
His mind is illumined by the Reality of the Real".[/FONT]
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jw kY irdy ibsÍws pRBu AwieAw ]
qqu igAwnu iqsu min pRgtwieAw ]
"The Lord is the subtle, unfathomable entity;[/FONT]
So how is one to attain Him?[/FONT]
It is through Guru's Word that our doubt is dispelled[/FONT]
And the self-dependent Being cometh into our minds [/FONT]".[/FONT]
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hir jI sUKmu Agmu hY ikqu ibiD imilAw jwie ]
gur kY sbid BRmu ktIAY AicMqu vsY min Awie ]
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"All that is created is His manifestation”[/FONT][/FONT]
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jyqw kIqw qyqw nwau ]ivxu nwvY nwhI ko Qwau ]
"Real are Thy continents; Real is the universe;[/FONT]
Real are these[/FONT] forms and material objects;[/FONT]
Thy doings are Real, [/FONT]0 Lord".[/FONT]
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scy qyry KMf scy bRhmMf ]scy qyry loA scy Awkwru ]
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"This moving universe is the divine mansion of the true Lord;[/FONT]
And the true one lives therein [/FONT]".[/FONT]
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iehu jgu scY kI hY koTVI scy kw ivic vwsu ]
"Nanak, the beneficent Lord alone is true and[/FONT]
He is revealed through His Nature [/FONT]".[/FONT]
nwnk sc dwqwru isnwKqu kudrqI ]
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"His-self He created and manifested His Name;[/FONT]
And then He created Nature and abiding within it,[/FONT]
He revelled in His wonder".[/FONT]
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AwpInY Awpu swijE AwpInY ricE nwau]
dXI kudirq swjIAY kir Awsxu ifTo cwau]
"All that is visible is His Nature;[/FONT]
All that is heard too is His Nature….[/FONT]
In the nether regions and skies[/FONT]
is the manifestation of His Nature;[/FONT]
Of His Nature are all the manifestations"[/FONT].[/FONT]
kudriq idsY kudriq suxIAY kudriq Bau suK swru]
kudriq pwqwlI AwkwsI kudirq srb Awkwr ]
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"The Guru hath revealed the Lord's presence to Nanak in the three worlds;[/FONT]
In the woods, waters and over the earth [/FONT]".[/FONT]
sWiq pwvih hovih mnu sIql Agin n AMqir DuKI ]
gur nwnk kau pRBu idKwieAw jil Qil iqRBvix ruKI ]
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SGGS = Sri Guru Granth Sahib. Publishers: Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar. (M = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, represents the succession number of the Sikh Gurus to the House of Guru Nanak, P = Page of the SGGS, Printed at Golden Temple Press, Amritsar). [/FONT]
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1. [/FONT][/FONT]A. Pamplany and J. Kozhamthadam, East – West Interface of Reality, ASSR Publications, Pune, p. 13-33[/FONT]
2. [/FONT][/FONT]Fritzof Capra, The Tao of Physics, Bantam Books : New York, 1984, p. 27[/FONT]
3. [/FONT][/FONT]Pampalany and Kozhamthadam, East-West Interface of Reality, ASSR Publications Pune, p. 45 (Copenhagen interpretation was developed at Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, hence known by its name).[/FONT]
4. [/FONT][/FONT]Richard Morris, The Nature of Reality, Noonday Press : New York, 1987, p. 104[/FONT]
5. [/FONT][/FONT]W. Kilmister, Review Article on David Bohm: Wholeness and the Implicate Order, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 32 (1981) p. 305[/FONT]
6. [/FONT][/FONT]Nick Herbert, Quantum Reality, Anchor Books : New York, 1987, p. 27-28[/FONT]
7. [/FONT][/FONT]Henry Stapp, S-Matrix Interpretation of Quantum Theory, Physical Review D, 3(1971), p. 1303[/FONT]
8. [/FONT][/FONT]Paul Schilpp, Albert Einstein : Philosopher – Scientist, Harper and Row : New York, 1944, p. 85[/FONT]
9. [/FONT][/FONT]J.S. Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press : Cambridge, 1988, p. 27[/FONT]
10. [/FONT][/FONT]Mahadevan, T.P. Essays on Hinduism (Ed. L.M. Joshi), Punjabi University, Patiala, India, 1968.[/FONT][/FONT]
11. [/FONT][/FONT]Fritzof Capra, The Tao of Physics, Bantam Books: New York, 1984, p.16.[/FONT]
12. [/FONT][/FONT]Gary Zukov, p. 62 (cited in ref. 7).[/FONT]
13. [/FONT][/FONT]Capra, F. The Tao of Physics. Shambhala, Berkeley, USA, 1975.[/FONT]
14. [/FONT][/FONT]Capra,F. Modern Physics & Eastern Mysticism. J. Transpersonal Psychology, 8(1)(1976),20-40[/FONT]
15. [/FONT][/FONT]Happold, F.C. Mysticism, Viking Penguin, 1991.[/FONT]
16. [/FONT][/FONT]SGGS, Kabir, P. 334 [/FONT]
17. [/FONT][/FONT]SGGS, M 2, P. 139 [/FONT]
18. [/FONT][/FONT]Singh, Wazir. Philosophy of Mul Mantra, In: Sikh Concept of the Divine. Ed. Pritam Singh). Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India,1985, pp. 143-150.[/FONT]
19. [/FONT][/FONT]SGGS. Manglacharan/Commencing Verse, p.1 [/FONT]
20. [/FONT][/FONT]Ahluwalia, J.S. Time, Reality and Religion, In:The Doctrine and Dynamics of Sikhism. Punjabi University, Patiala, 1999. pp. 29-50[/FONT]
21. [/FONT][/FONT]SGGS, Japu. P.1[/FONT]
22. [/FONT][/FONT]SGGS, M. 5, P. 290[/FONT]
23. [/FONT][/FONT]SGGS, M. 5, P. 250 [/FONT]
24. [/FONT][/FONT]SGGS, Japu 24, P. 5[/FONT]
25. [/FONT][/FONT]SGGS, M. 5, P. 285. [/FONT]
26. SGGS, M. 3, P. 756 [/FONT]
27. SGGS, Japu 18, P. 4 [/FONT]
28. SGGS, M. 1, P. 463[/FONT]
29. SGGS, M. 2, P. 463 [/FONT]
30. SGGS, M. 1, P. 141 [/FONT]
31. SGGS, M. 1, P. 463 [/FONT]
32. SGGS, M. 1, P. 464 [/FONT]
33. SGGS, M. 5, P. 617[/FONT]
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