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ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
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ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
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Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
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ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
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ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
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Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
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Gurbani (1294-96)
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Travels of Guru Nanak: A Brief
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<blockquote data-quote="dalvinder45" data-source="post: 225167" data-attributes="member: 26009"><p style="text-align: center"><strong>GURU NANAK IN JAVA </strong></p><p>[ATTACH=full]22480[/ATTACH]</p><p><strong> Map 30.1 Guru Nanak Dev Ji in Java</strong></p><p>From Tenasserim, Guru Nanak came to Singapore by ship and moved further by ship to the capital of Majapahit. As per the existing records the capital of Majapahit up to 15th-16th centuries was in Trowulan in Java. The capital Trowulan was grand and known for its great annual festivities. Buddhism, Shaivism, and Vaishnav were all practised. The king was regarded as the incarnation of the three Ram, Shiv and Buddha. The <em>Nagarakertagama</em> does not mention Islam, but there were certainly Muslim courtiers by this time.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit#cite_note-ricklefs-7" target="_blank">[1]</a>(p19) Trowulan is located in Trowulan Subdistrict, Mojokerto Regency in the Indonesian province of East Java.</p><p>[ATTACH=full]22478[/ATTACH]</p><p><strong> Map . 30.2 of Java</strong></p><p>[ATTACH=full]22479[/ATTACH]</p><p><strong> Map 30.3.Jakarta</strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p> <strong>Java</strong> (Indonesian: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 150 million, Java is home to 51 percent of the Indonesian population, and is the most populous island on earth. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is located on western Java. Much of Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the center of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies. Java was also the center of the Indonesian struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally.</p><p></p><p>Formed mostly as the result of volcanic eruptions, Java is the 13th largest island in the world and the fifth largest in Indonesia. A chain of volcanic mountains forms an east–west spine along the island. Three main languages are spoken on the island, with Javanese being the dominant; it is the native language of about 60 million people in Indonesia, most of whom live on Java. Most residents are bilingual, with Indonesian as their first or second language. While the majority of the people of Java are Muslim, Java has a diverse mixture of religious beliefs, ethnicities, and cultures.</p><p></p><p>Java was under Majapahit kingdom in 15th-16th century especially during the period of Guru Nanak’s visit to the area. Majaphit was controlled by a Hindu king Prabhu Udara styled Brawijaya VII (1489–1517). In Janamsakhi Bhai Bala however the name given is Kawal Nain under whom 17 other kings were ruling the vessel states of majapahit kingdom. Prior to Indianization the island had different names; in Sanskrit yava means barley, a plant for which the island was famous [2]. "Yawadvipa" is mentioned in IOndia's earliest epic, the Ramayana. Sugriv the chief of Ram's army dispatched his men to Yawadvipa, the island of Java, in search of Sita. [3] It was hence referred to in Indian by the Sanskrit name "yāvaka dvīpa" (dvīpa = island). Java is mentioned in the ancient Tamil text Manimekalai that states that Java had a kingdom with a capital called Nagapuram. [4][5][6] Another source states that the "Java" word is derived from a Proto-Astronesian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" target="_blank"> </a>root word, meaning 'home'. [7] The great island of Iabadiu or Jabadiu was mentioned in Ptolemy's Geographia composed around 150 CE. Iabadiu is said to means "barley island", to be rich in gold, and have a silver town called Argyra at the west end. The name indicate Java,[8] and seems to be derived from Hindu name Java-dvipa (<em>Yawadvipa</em>).</p><p></p><p>Java is almost entirely of volcanic origin; it contains thirty-eight mountains forming an east–west spine that have at one time or another been active volcanoes. The highest volcano in Java is Mount Semeru (3,676 m). The most active volcano in Java and also in Indonesia is Mount Merapi (2,930 m). More mountains and highlands help to split the interior into a series of relatively isolated regions suitable for wet-rice cultivation; the rice lands of Java are among the richest in the world. [9]</p><p></p><p>The area of Java is approximately 150,000 km2.[10] It is about 1,000 km (620 mi) long and up to 210 km (130 mi) wide. The island's longest river is the 600 km long Solo River. [11] The river rises from its source in central Java at the Lawu volcano, then flows north and eastward to its mouth in the Java sea near the city of Surbaya. The average temperature ranges from 22 °C to 29 °C; average humidity is 75%. The northern coastal plains are normally hotter, averaging 34 °C during the day in the dry season. The south coast is generally cooler than the north, and highland areas inland are even cooler.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java#cite_note-12" target="_blank">[12]</a> The wet season begins in November and ends in April. During that rain falls mostly in the afternoons and intermittently during other parts of the year. The wettest months are January and February. However, Java is also home to large numbers of humans. With an estimated population of 114,733,500 in 1995, Java contains well over half of Indonesia's population. [12] </p><p></p><p>Java is comparatively homogeneous in ethnic composition. Only two ethnic groups are native to the island—the Javanese and Sundanese. [13] The three major languages spoken on Java are Javanese, Sundanese and Madurese. The Javanese comprise about two-thirds of the island's population, while the Sundanese and Madurese account for 20% and 10% respectively.[13]</p><p></p><p>Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region[14] and as a result, many literary works have been written by Javanese authors. These include Ken Arok<em> andKen Dedes</em>, the story of the orphan who usurped his king, and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom; and translations of Ramayana and Mahabharta.</p><p></p><p>The Taruma and Sunda kingdoms of western Java appeared in the 4th and 7th centuries respectively, while the Kalinga Kingdom sent embassies to China starting in 640. [15] p.53,79 However, the first major principality was the Medang Kingdom that was founded in central Java at the beginning of the 8th century. Medang's religion centred on the Hindu god Shiva, and the kingdom produced some of Java's earliest Hindu temples on the Dieng Plateau. Around the 8th century the Sailendra dynasty rose in Kedu Plain and become the patron of Mahayana Buddhism. This ancient kingdom built monuments such as the 9th century Borobunder and Prambanan in central Java.</p><p></p><p>Indian influences came first with Shaivism and Buddhism penetrating deeply into society, blending with indigenous tradition and culture. [16] One conduit for this was the ascetics, called <em>resi</em>, who taught mystical practices. A <em>resi</em> lived surrounded by students, who took care of their master's daily needs. Resi's authorities were merely ceremonial. At the courts, Brahmin clerics and Pudjangga (sacred literati) legitimised rulers and linked Hindu cosmology to their political needs. [16] Small Hindu enclaves are scattered throughout Java, but there is a large Hindu population along the eastern coast nearest Bali, especially around the town of Banyuwangi. Islam, which came after Hinduism, from Gujrat India. It strengthened the status structure of this traditional religious pattern. More than 90 percent of the people of Java are now Muslims, on a broad continuum between <em>Anagan</em> (more traditional) and <em>Santri</em> (more modernist).</p><p>[ATTACH=full]22481[/ATTACH][ATTACH=full]22482[/ATTACH]</p><p style="text-align: center"><strong>30.1. Hindu Temple and 30.2. Bodh temples of early period</strong></p><p></p><p>In his book <em>Yingyai Shenglan</em>, Ma Huan also describes the Majapahit cities: most of them do not have walls surrounding the city or the suburbs. He describes the king's palace in Majapahit. The king’s residence is surrounded with thick red brick walls more than three <em>chang</em> high (about 30.5 feet or 9.3 metres), with length of more than 200 paces (340 yards or 310 metres) and on the wall there are two layers of gates, the palace is very well guarded and clean. The king's palace was a two storey building, each of them 3 or 4 <em>chang</em> high (9–14.5 metres or 30–48 feet). It had wooden plank floors and exposed mats made from rattan or reeds (presumably palm leaves), where people sat cross-legged. The roof was made of hardwood shingles (Javanese:<em>sirap</em>) laid as tiles. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit#cite_note-yingyai-17" target="_blank">[14]</a></p><p></p><p>[ATTACH=full]22483[/ATTACH]</p><p><strong> Map 30.4. Guru Nanak's Route of tavel to East Asia</strong></p><p></p><p>Guru Nanak visited<strong> the capital of Majapahit known as Trowulan </strong>where <strong>King Kawal Nain</strong> ruled. Going for Seven months and thirteen days on the islands of sea [Note 3], they (Guru Nanak and his companions Bala and Mardana) reached near a city.</p><p></p><p>Mardana Said: “Sir! Will there be any city visible or we will continue going on the secluded lands?”</p><p></p><p>Guru Nanak: “Mardana! Are you feeling hungry?”</p><p></p><p>Mardana: “I feel hungry but what is here to eat?”</p><p></p><p>Guru Nanak: “Don’t worry. See in the front; there is a city. Whatever you feel like you can eat.”</p><p></p><p>Mardana: “This hunger will take my life one day.”</p><p></p><p>Guru Nanak: “Don’t worry. I will save your life.”</p><p>Mardana: “You have no desire; no need. I do not know why we are taking all these troubles with you for our survival.”</p><p>Guru Nanak: “You must know that we are surviving because God wants us to live. See what God does next.”</p><p>The Guru moved close to the city and asked Mardana to go to the city in search for food</p><p>Guru Nanak: “Mardana! We have reached the city. Go and have something”.</p><p>Mardana: “I have no money to buy. What would I get to eat?”</p><p>Guru Nanak: “Mardana! I have handed over the entire city to you. Go and eat whatever you want. If someone catches you taking you as thief; take my name. He will leave you. Just touch whatever you want.”</p><p>Mardana thought that the Guru has old friends all over and went to the city. Where ever he went he found the Gold everywhere. He was astonished at this surprising nature of the land. His hunger was gone.</p><p>Mardana asked someone: “Sir! What is the name of this city?”</p><p>The person replied: “O brother! Which country have you come from?”</p><p>Mardana: “We have come from a far off land. Please tell us the name of this country.”</p><p>He said, “Please let us know your name.”</p><p>Mardana: “My name is Mardana. Please tell the name of city.”</p><p>He replied: “Mardana! Name of this city is Suvarnpur.”</p><p>Mardana: “Who is the king of this place?”</p><p>He replied: “Kawal Nain son of Sur Sinh is the king of this place. All the kings salute him.”</p><p>Mardana: “Brother! What is the system here? Here gold is found everywhere. The land too is golden. What is your name?”</p><p>He replied: “My name is Dharam Singh. Here one can take whatever he wants. Everything is according to religion.”</p><p>Mardana was very much pleased.</p><p>Mardana: “Hear dear Dharam Singh. I am very hungry.”</p><p>Dharam Singh: “No one is stopped from taking anything. Go to any shop and take anything you want.”</p><p>Mardana: “Sir! I cannot do this work of picking up from some one’s shop. I can only take if someone offers me something.”</p><p>Dharam Singh: “Have you got someone else with you”</p><p>Mardana: “There are two more with me.”</p><p>Dharam Singh: “Please bring them as well.”</p><p>Mardana: “Sir! They are contented. They will not come.”</p><p>He took Mardana to one shop and asked Mardana</p><p>Dharam Singh: “Please tell me what you want.”</p><p>Mardana: “I will take whatever someone gives.”</p><p>Dharam Singh: “Please take your share of food.”</p><p>Mardana: “My requirement is of two and a half seer of food.”</p><p>Dharam Singh to the shopkeeper: “Please give two and a half seer of sweets and luchi.”</p><p>Mardana saw even the balance, weights and measures to be of gold. Nothing was refused. No one buys or begs. He took his part of food and enjoyed and enquired from Dharam Singh.</p><p>Mardana: “The land is of gold [Note 4]. Gold is seen everywhere. Show me how this all works out.”</p><p>Dharam Singh: “There is no effort involved. Requirement is of grinding and cooking. The corn is grown enough naturally. Order of the king is that whosoever wants any thing to eat should be given free. Get the corn to home; grind and cook it and enjoy it. All the factories and business centres give the work and get it done. No one asks for labour cost or price; no one begs either. (Accounting is automatic.) This is the order of the king. Mardana! This is the system [Note 5]”</p><p></p><p>Mardana was very much pleased to know the system. He desired that he should come and stay in this country itself. Having had his fill, he returned to Guru Nanak.</p><p>Guru Nanak: “Mardana! Tell me what you saw in the city.”</p><p>Mardana told what he saw. He also told: “In this country of gold no effort is needed. There is no well. The rain water is sufficient in homes and ponds.”</p><p>Guru Nanak: “Have you eaten something?’</p><p>Mardana: “I met a saint like person. Whatever I asked him he told me…. The king is higher than Sudhar Sain.” He explained the details as to how he was treated.</p><p>Guru Nanak: “By Grace of God Sudhar Sain is now higher. Otherwise he used to salute this king.”</p><p>Mardana: “What can I say of this? Sir! You live on air. But now you have come to a city, have something now. If you want I can bring some thing, because you will not go to the city.”</p><p>Guru Nanak: “Mardana! Watch what game God plays. You remain quiet.”</p><p>Mardana remained quiet. Seven days passed.</p><p></p><p>Guru Nanak: “Mardana! Go and have something.”</p><p>As Mardana went again to Dharam Singh; he was asked about his companions.</p><p>Dharam Singh: “O brother! You said: there are two more saints. I have not seen them. You are telling lies about them.”</p><p>Mardana: “I do not tell lies. They both are sitting in the garden. They both are contented. They do not go to any one’s door for food.”</p><p>Dharam Singh: “If someone takes some food for them. Will they take it or not?”</p><p>Mardana: “They live on air. They remain clean. I do not know whether they will eat it or not.”</p><p>Dharam Singh: “You have seen the system here.”</p><p>Mardana: “You can take food for them.”</p><p>Dharam Singh took five seer of food himself and got two and half seer for Mardana and reached where Guru Nanak and Bhai Bala were seated. Dharam Singh asked Mardana as to how the Guru is felicitated. Mardana: “Say Kartar! Kartar!”</p><p>Dharam Singh kept the food in front of them and said: “Kartar! Kartar!”</p><p>Guru Nanak opened his eyes and said, “Welcome. Sat(i) Kartar! O saint”</p><p>Mardana said to the Guru: “I had said to him that two of my companions are sitting in the garden; get food for them as well. They will not come here; they are contented, you have to offer them there”.</p><p>Guru Nanak: “May you always remember God. You have done the right thing. I am pleased with you. How can I be angry?’</p><p>Mardana: “I have seen very exquisite system. How do the things work out at the place?”</p><p></p><p>Guru Nanak: “They have the art of true religion. No one does any crime. You see truth and contentment everywhere. They do not act like Turks; don’t think you as a Turk of the type I say. (His point was towards that Turks who converted others by force; who differentiated between one man and the other; considering one religion better than the other.) Such Turks are not seen here. Considering all equal; All belonging to the same God and all religions being equal; thuis is the religion here.”</p><p></p><p>Mardana: “Shall not we stay in the city itself?”</p><p></p><p>Guru Nanak: “It is not in our hand: it all depends on God’s Will.” …………“God’s ways are a wonder. How many of us can see this? The more you appreciate God’s wonder; the more you appreciate Him and find more wonders. Whosoever has seen even a bit of His wonder; he is overwhelmed. It is beyond the normal man to understand God and His nature. He shows something else and does something else.”</p><p></p><p>Mardana: ‘Where are the boundaries of this kingdom?”</p><p></p><p>Guru Nanak: “Where from we came on land from the sea and travelled thereafter, all is his kingdom. God has made grains for the public to eat; no one can eat gold. The high hills which you see further; all lands beyond this contain gold. It is in 7700 Yojan [Note6]. No other kingdom is as big as this.[Note 7]</p><p></p><p>Bala asked Dharm Singh to be seated. Dharam Singh put the food forward. Guru questioned as to what it was, Dharam Singh mentioned it as offering to the saint. On Guru Nanak’s enquiry he told his name as well. He specifically mentioned that no one used any caste or ancestral suffixes of prefixes with their name and all believed in One God. Telling king’s name he said;</p><p></p><p>Dharam Singh: “King’s name is Kawal Nain. God has given him protection. He does not allow others to salute him, though 17 kings are under him and acecpt his sovereignty, He does not call them to his kingdom. He considers all men equal; all belonging to the same God.”</p><p></p><p>Guru Nanak thought: “We are not going to sleep at his gate but it is important to see him. I have placed Sudhar Sain over him. Let us see what God does’.</p><p></p><p>Dharam Singh approached the Guru with a request: “Please have food.”</p><p></p><p>Guru Nanak: “I do not take this offering.”</p><p></p><p>Dharam Singh: “Why don’t you have this? What wrong have you seen in it?”</p><p></p><p>Guru Nanak, “There is nothing in what you have brought. There is some fault with the king.”</p><p></p><p>Surprised Dharam Singh enquired: “What fault did you find in the king?”</p><p></p><p>Guru Nanak, “Your king knows what fault he has. If he clarifies this, then only I will have the food.” Too surprised and eager to find as to what the wrong could be he went to King Kawal Nain and said: “Sir! Three saints have come to our country. One of them comes to the town and has his food but the other two do not come or take food even when I took it to them. When I asked them as to what was wrong with the food their head said: “There is no fault with the food; the fault is with the king.”</p><p></p><p>King Kawal Nain; “Did you ask him as to what fault was with the king.”</p><p></p><p>Dharam Singh: “I asked him but he said: “Who is at fault knows and accounts for it.”</p><p></p><p>King Kawal Nain: “Dharam Singh! Think over. What could be the fault?”</p><p></p><p>Dharam Singh: “You must go and ask him yourself.”</p><p></p><p>King Kawal Nain: “Where is he?”</p><p></p><p>Dharam Singh: “They are seated down the Silmila hill range.” [Note 8]…….</p><p></p><p>The king asked for the horse. By the time the horse came, he checked up if there was any restriction on food to anyone. There being none he thought of taking food for the two but stopped; thinking that this too may be refused. It was better to go and check up the fault first. Dharam Singh guided the King to the place where they found Guru Nanak, Bala and Mardna in meditation. The King got down from his horse. Having checked up the process of salutation to the saint, the King called “Kartar! Kartar” Guru Nanak came out of meditation and said: “Welcome King Kawal Nain.”</p><p></p><p>King Kawal Nain: “O saint! Why have you not taken food of our stores? What fault lies with me?”</p><p></p><p>Guru Nanak: “The wrong is that you say that everyone belongs to the One God and all are equal; if you know this; then why do you make other kings to salute you? You do not consider all equal.”</p><p></p><p>King Sudhar Sain: “Sir! I do not ask them. They do it themselves. We do not recommend any one to do this either.”</p><p></p><p>Guru Nanak “Listen King Kawal Nain! I have now declared Kawal Nain as the one above all the kings who salute you. What is in your mind about this?”</p><p></p><p>King Kawal Nain, “God is everywhere. I accept whatever you say. Please remove my fault.”</p><p></p><p>Guru Nanak: “We have come 7000 yojan to remove your fault. You do not know me but I know you. If you remain under Sudhar Sain you will be better off. Otherwise it is up to you. Do whatever you feel.”</p><p></p><p>King Kawal Nain: “Sir! I will follow your directions, but please clear my doubt. You said you know me what I do not know you, you are my elder brother; equal to King Janak.”</p><p></p><p>Guru Nanak: “You must accept the superiority of King Sudharsain over you.”</p><p></p><p>King Kawal Nain, “I will accept that, if you order so. I will then be under King Sudhar Nain”.</p><p></p><p>Bala intervened and said, “Whatever Guru Says, the king agrees to it. What else is there to discuss? You should also agree to what the king says.”</p><p></p><p>Guru Nanak: “What does the king say?”</p><p></p><p>King Kawal Nain: “Please come and purify our temple.” Guru Nanak: “Well! Let us go.”</p><p></p><p>King along with Guru Nanak, Bala and Mardana came to the temples of Suvarnpuri. Guru Nanak saw that the kingdom was well maintained. The king cared for all and treated all equally. Truth prevailed everywhere. He has proved the sayings of Raja Janak. Guru Nanak stayed for fifteen months with King Kawal Nain and left thereafter.</p><p></p><p>King said, “Please give my kingdom to anyone else. I will go with you.” Guru Nanak said: “You are following the directions of King Janak in true spirit. You must go on ruling.”</p><p></p><p>King Kawal Nain touched Guru’s feet. Guru Nanak moved further to Sumer.</p><p></p><p>Sea-trade had been going on in the above mentioned islands. Merchant ships moved in the area. Guru Nanak travelled in merchant ships for major centres in the islands. If ever Guru Nanak touched China and Japan by the sea journey, we can assume that the Guru went to Peking and Nanking at this time. He was received respectfully by the king of China and the king and the people of China were so much impressed by the Guru that the city of Nanking was named in his honour.</p><p></p><p>(Note: It is said that when Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India was presented a welcome address in Peking in 1951-52, this fact was specifically mentioned. [14]</p><p></p><p><strong> References</strong></p><p></p><p>[1] Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1993). A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1300 (2nd ed.). Stanford University Press / Macmillans.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" target="_blank">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804721950" target="_blank">9780804721950</a>.</p><p></p><p>[2] Raffles, Thomas E: History of Java, Oxford University Press, 1965. P. 2,</p><p></p><p>[3] <a href="http://books.google.co.id/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&pg=PA465&lpg=PA465&dq=Yawadvipa+is+mentioned+in+India%27s+earliest+epic,+the+Ramayana&source=bl&ots=WxBOr6BCNJ&sig=jc4B_jT3nZ4WQS3Ldu_I1Pl-WmA&hl=id&ei=QR0wTbLrL86HrAfOp4GOCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Yawadvipa%20is%20mentioned%20in%20India%27s%20earliest%20epic%2C%20the%20Ramayana&f=false" target="_blank">History of Ancient India Kapur, Kamlesh</a></p><p></p><p>[4]Hindu culture in ancient India by Sekharipuram Vaidyanatha Viswanatha p.177</p><p></p><p>[5] Tamil Literature by M. S. Purnalingam Pillai p.46</p><p></p><p>[6] The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago by V. Kanakasabhai p.11</p><p></p><p>[7] Hatley, R., Schiller, J., Lucas, A., Martin-Schiller, B., (1984). “Mapping cultural regions of Java” in: Other Javas away from the kraton. Pp. 1–32.</p><p></p><p>[8] J. Oliver Thomson (2013). <a href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=GpP0wKQ1lksC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">History of Ancient Geography</a>. Cambridge University Press. Pp. 316–317. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" target="_blank">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107689923" target="_blank">9781107689923</a>. Retrieved 25 August 2015.</p><p></p><p>[9] Ricklefs, M.C. (1990). A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300 (2nd edition). London: MacMillan. P. 15. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" target="_blank">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-57690-X" target="_blank">0-333-57690-X</a>.</p><p></p><p>[10] Monk,, K.A.; Fretes, Y.; Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1996). The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. P. 7. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" target="_blank">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-593-076-0" target="_blank">962-593-076-0</a>.</p><p></p><p>[11] <a href="http://www.jasatirta1.go.id/english/3WorkArea/20BengawanSolo.htm" target="_blank">Management of Bengawan Solo River Area</a> Jasa Tirta I Corporation 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2006</p><p></p><p>[12] Nguyen, T.T.T., and S. S. De Silva (2006). Freshwater finfish biodiversity and conservation: an asian perspective. Biodiversity & Conservation 15(11): 3543-3568</p><p></p><p>[13] Hefner, Robert (1997). Java. Singapore: Periplus Editions. p. 58. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" target="_blank">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-593-244-5" target="_blank">962-593-244-5</a>.</p><p></p><p>[14] Ma Huan (1970) [1433]. Ying-yai-lan,The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores, Haklyut Society (in Chinese). translated by J.V.G Mills. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521010320.</p><p></p><p>[15]Wallace Stevens's poem "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_(poem)" target="_blank">Tea</a>" for an appreciative allusion to Javanese culture.</p><p></p><p style="text-align: center"></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="dalvinder45, post: 225167, member: 26009"] [CENTER][B]GURU NANAK IN JAVA [/B][/CENTER] [ATTACH type="full"]22480[/ATTACH] [B] Map 30.1 Guru Nanak Dev Ji in Java[/B] From Tenasserim, Guru Nanak came to Singapore by ship and moved further by ship to the capital of Majapahit. As per the existing records the capital of Majapahit up to 15th-16th centuries was in Trowulan in Java. The capital Trowulan was grand and known for its great annual festivities. Buddhism, Shaivism, and Vaishnav were all practised. The king was regarded as the incarnation of the three Ram, Shiv and Buddha. The [I]Nagarakertagama[/I] does not mention Islam, but there were certainly Muslim courtiers by this time.[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit#cite_note-ricklefs-7'][1][/URL](p19) Trowulan is located in Trowulan Subdistrict, Mojokerto Regency in the Indonesian province of East Java. [ATTACH type="full"]22478[/ATTACH] [B] Map . 30.2 of Java[/B] [ATTACH type="full"]22479[/ATTACH] [B] Map 30.3.Jakarta Java[/B] (Indonesian: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 150 million, Java is home to 51 percent of the Indonesian population, and is the most populous island on earth. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is located on western Java. Much of Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the center of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies. Java was also the center of the Indonesian struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally. Formed mostly as the result of volcanic eruptions, Java is the 13th largest island in the world and the fifth largest in Indonesia. A chain of volcanic mountains forms an east–west spine along the island. Three main languages are spoken on the island, with Javanese being the dominant; it is the native language of about 60 million people in Indonesia, most of whom live on Java. Most residents are bilingual, with Indonesian as their first or second language. While the majority of the people of Java are Muslim, Java has a diverse mixture of religious beliefs, ethnicities, and cultures. Java was under Majapahit kingdom in 15th-16th century especially during the period of Guru Nanak’s visit to the area. Majaphit was controlled by a Hindu king Prabhu Udara styled Brawijaya VII (1489–1517). In Janamsakhi Bhai Bala however the name given is Kawal Nain under whom 17 other kings were ruling the vessel states of majapahit kingdom. Prior to Indianization the island had different names; in Sanskrit yava means barley, a plant for which the island was famous [2]. "Yawadvipa" is mentioned in IOndia's earliest epic, the Ramayana. Sugriv the chief of Ram's army dispatched his men to Yawadvipa, the island of Java, in search of Sita. [3] It was hence referred to in Indian by the Sanskrit name "yāvaka dvīpa" (dvīpa = island). Java is mentioned in the ancient Tamil text Manimekalai that states that Java had a kingdom with a capital called Nagapuram. [4][5][6] Another source states that the "Java" word is derived from a Proto-Astronesian [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language'] [/URL]root word, meaning 'home'. [7] The great island of Iabadiu or Jabadiu was mentioned in Ptolemy's Geographia composed around 150 CE. Iabadiu is said to means "barley island", to be rich in gold, and have a silver town called Argyra at the west end. The name indicate Java,[8] and seems to be derived from Hindu name Java-dvipa ([I]Yawadvipa[/I]). Java is almost entirely of volcanic origin; it contains thirty-eight mountains forming an east–west spine that have at one time or another been active volcanoes. The highest volcano in Java is Mount Semeru (3,676 m). The most active volcano in Java and also in Indonesia is Mount Merapi (2,930 m). More mountains and highlands help to split the interior into a series of relatively isolated regions suitable for wet-rice cultivation; the rice lands of Java are among the richest in the world. [9] The area of Java is approximately 150,000 km2.[10] It is about 1,000 km (620 mi) long and up to 210 km (130 mi) wide. The island's longest river is the 600 km long Solo River. [11] The river rises from its source in central Java at the Lawu volcano, then flows north and eastward to its mouth in the Java sea near the city of Surbaya. The average temperature ranges from 22 °C to 29 °C; average humidity is 75%. The northern coastal plains are normally hotter, averaging 34 °C during the day in the dry season. The south coast is generally cooler than the north, and highland areas inland are even cooler.[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java#cite_note-12'][12][/URL] The wet season begins in November and ends in April. During that rain falls mostly in the afternoons and intermittently during other parts of the year. The wettest months are January and February. However, Java is also home to large numbers of humans. With an estimated population of 114,733,500 in 1995, Java contains well over half of Indonesia's population. [12] Java is comparatively homogeneous in ethnic composition. Only two ethnic groups are native to the island—the Javanese and Sundanese. [13] The three major languages spoken on Java are Javanese, Sundanese and Madurese. The Javanese comprise about two-thirds of the island's population, while the Sundanese and Madurese account for 20% and 10% respectively.[13] Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region[14] and as a result, many literary works have been written by Javanese authors. These include Ken Arok[I] andKen Dedes[/I], the story of the orphan who usurped his king, and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom; and translations of Ramayana and Mahabharta. The Taruma and Sunda kingdoms of western Java appeared in the 4th and 7th centuries respectively, while the Kalinga Kingdom sent embassies to China starting in 640. [15] p.53,79 However, the first major principality was the Medang Kingdom that was founded in central Java at the beginning of the 8th century. Medang's religion centred on the Hindu god Shiva, and the kingdom produced some of Java's earliest Hindu temples on the Dieng Plateau. Around the 8th century the Sailendra dynasty rose in Kedu Plain and become the patron of Mahayana Buddhism. This ancient kingdom built monuments such as the 9th century Borobunder and Prambanan in central Java. Indian influences came first with Shaivism and Buddhism penetrating deeply into society, blending with indigenous tradition and culture. [16] One conduit for this was the ascetics, called [I]resi[/I], who taught mystical practices. A [I]resi[/I] lived surrounded by students, who took care of their master's daily needs. Resi's authorities were merely ceremonial. At the courts, Brahmin clerics and Pudjangga (sacred literati) legitimised rulers and linked Hindu cosmology to their political needs. [16] Small Hindu enclaves are scattered throughout Java, but there is a large Hindu population along the eastern coast nearest Bali, especially around the town of Banyuwangi. Islam, which came after Hinduism, from Gujrat India. It strengthened the status structure of this traditional religious pattern. More than 90 percent of the people of Java are now Muslims, on a broad continuum between [I]Anagan[/I] (more traditional) and [I]Santri[/I] (more modernist). [ATTACH type="full"]22481[/ATTACH][ATTACH type="full"]22482[/ATTACH] [CENTER][B]30.1. Hindu Temple and 30.2. Bodh temples of early period[/B][/CENTER] In his book [I]Yingyai Shenglan[/I], Ma Huan also describes the Majapahit cities: most of them do not have walls surrounding the city or the suburbs. He describes the king's palace in Majapahit. The king’s residence is surrounded with thick red brick walls more than three [I]chang[/I] high (about 30.5 feet or 9.3 metres), with length of more than 200 paces (340 yards or 310 metres) and on the wall there are two layers of gates, the palace is very well guarded and clean. The king's palace was a two storey building, each of them 3 or 4 [I]chang[/I] high (9–14.5 metres or 30–48 feet). It had wooden plank floors and exposed mats made from rattan or reeds (presumably palm leaves), where people sat cross-legged. The roof was made of hardwood shingles (Javanese:[I]sirap[/I]) laid as tiles. [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit#cite_note-yingyai-17'][14][/URL] [ATTACH type="full"]22483[/ATTACH] [B] Map 30.4. Guru Nanak's Route of tavel to East Asia[/B] Guru Nanak visited[B] the capital of Majapahit known as Trowulan [/B]where [B]King Kawal Nain[/B] ruled. Going for Seven months and thirteen days on the islands of sea [Note 3], they (Guru Nanak and his companions Bala and Mardana) reached near a city. Mardana Said: “Sir! Will there be any city visible or we will continue going on the secluded lands?” Guru Nanak: “Mardana! Are you feeling hungry?” Mardana: “I feel hungry but what is here to eat?” Guru Nanak: “Don’t worry. See in the front; there is a city. Whatever you feel like you can eat.” Mardana: “This hunger will take my life one day.” Guru Nanak: “Don’t worry. I will save your life.” Mardana: “You have no desire; no need. I do not know why we are taking all these troubles with you for our survival.” Guru Nanak: “You must know that we are surviving because God wants us to live. See what God does next.” The Guru moved close to the city and asked Mardana to go to the city in search for food Guru Nanak: “Mardana! We have reached the city. Go and have something”. Mardana: “I have no money to buy. What would I get to eat?” Guru Nanak: “Mardana! I have handed over the entire city to you. Go and eat whatever you want. If someone catches you taking you as thief; take my name. He will leave you. Just touch whatever you want.” Mardana thought that the Guru has old friends all over and went to the city. Where ever he went he found the Gold everywhere. He was astonished at this surprising nature of the land. His hunger was gone. Mardana asked someone: “Sir! What is the name of this city?” The person replied: “O brother! Which country have you come from?” Mardana: “We have come from a far off land. Please tell us the name of this country.” He said, “Please let us know your name.” Mardana: “My name is Mardana. Please tell the name of city.” He replied: “Mardana! Name of this city is Suvarnpur.” Mardana: “Who is the king of this place?” He replied: “Kawal Nain son of Sur Sinh is the king of this place. All the kings salute him.” Mardana: “Brother! What is the system here? Here gold is found everywhere. The land too is golden. What is your name?” He replied: “My name is Dharam Singh. Here one can take whatever he wants. Everything is according to religion.” Mardana was very much pleased. Mardana: “Hear dear Dharam Singh. I am very hungry.” Dharam Singh: “No one is stopped from taking anything. Go to any shop and take anything you want.” Mardana: “Sir! I cannot do this work of picking up from some one’s shop. I can only take if someone offers me something.” Dharam Singh: “Have you got someone else with you” Mardana: “There are two more with me.” Dharam Singh: “Please bring them as well.” Mardana: “Sir! They are contented. They will not come.” He took Mardana to one shop and asked Mardana Dharam Singh: “Please tell me what you want.” Mardana: “I will take whatever someone gives.” Dharam Singh: “Please take your share of food.” Mardana: “My requirement is of two and a half seer of food.” Dharam Singh to the shopkeeper: “Please give two and a half seer of sweets and luchi.” Mardana saw even the balance, weights and measures to be of gold. Nothing was refused. No one buys or begs. He took his part of food and enjoyed and enquired from Dharam Singh. Mardana: “The land is of gold [Note 4]. Gold is seen everywhere. Show me how this all works out.” Dharam Singh: “There is no effort involved. Requirement is of grinding and cooking. The corn is grown enough naturally. Order of the king is that whosoever wants any thing to eat should be given free. Get the corn to home; grind and cook it and enjoy it. All the factories and business centres give the work and get it done. No one asks for labour cost or price; no one begs either. (Accounting is automatic.) This is the order of the king. Mardana! This is the system [Note 5]” Mardana was very much pleased to know the system. He desired that he should come and stay in this country itself. Having had his fill, he returned to Guru Nanak. Guru Nanak: “Mardana! Tell me what you saw in the city.” Mardana told what he saw. He also told: “In this country of gold no effort is needed. There is no well. The rain water is sufficient in homes and ponds.” Guru Nanak: “Have you eaten something?’ Mardana: “I met a saint like person. Whatever I asked him he told me…. The king is higher than Sudhar Sain.” He explained the details as to how he was treated. Guru Nanak: “By Grace of God Sudhar Sain is now higher. Otherwise he used to salute this king.” Mardana: “What can I say of this? Sir! You live on air. But now you have come to a city, have something now. If you want I can bring some thing, because you will not go to the city.” Guru Nanak: “Mardana! Watch what game God plays. You remain quiet.” Mardana remained quiet. Seven days passed. Guru Nanak: “Mardana! Go and have something.” As Mardana went again to Dharam Singh; he was asked about his companions. Dharam Singh: “O brother! You said: there are two more saints. I have not seen them. You are telling lies about them.” Mardana: “I do not tell lies. They both are sitting in the garden. They both are contented. They do not go to any one’s door for food.” Dharam Singh: “If someone takes some food for them. Will they take it or not?” Mardana: “They live on air. They remain clean. I do not know whether they will eat it or not.” Dharam Singh: “You have seen the system here.” Mardana: “You can take food for them.” Dharam Singh took five seer of food himself and got two and half seer for Mardana and reached where Guru Nanak and Bhai Bala were seated. Dharam Singh asked Mardana as to how the Guru is felicitated. Mardana: “Say Kartar! Kartar!” Dharam Singh kept the food in front of them and said: “Kartar! Kartar!” Guru Nanak opened his eyes and said, “Welcome. Sat(i) Kartar! O saint” Mardana said to the Guru: “I had said to him that two of my companions are sitting in the garden; get food for them as well. They will not come here; they are contented, you have to offer them there”. Guru Nanak: “May you always remember God. You have done the right thing. I am pleased with you. How can I be angry?’ Mardana: “I have seen very exquisite system. How do the things work out at the place?” Guru Nanak: “They have the art of true religion. No one does any crime. You see truth and contentment everywhere. They do not act like Turks; don’t think you as a Turk of the type I say. (His point was towards that Turks who converted others by force; who differentiated between one man and the other; considering one religion better than the other.) Such Turks are not seen here. Considering all equal; All belonging to the same God and all religions being equal; thuis is the religion here.” Mardana: “Shall not we stay in the city itself?” Guru Nanak: “It is not in our hand: it all depends on God’s Will.” …………“God’s ways are a wonder. How many of us can see this? The more you appreciate God’s wonder; the more you appreciate Him and find more wonders. Whosoever has seen even a bit of His wonder; he is overwhelmed. It is beyond the normal man to understand God and His nature. He shows something else and does something else.” Mardana: ‘Where are the boundaries of this kingdom?” Guru Nanak: “Where from we came on land from the sea and travelled thereafter, all is his kingdom. God has made grains for the public to eat; no one can eat gold. The high hills which you see further; all lands beyond this contain gold. It is in 7700 Yojan [Note6]. No other kingdom is as big as this.[Note 7] Bala asked Dharm Singh to be seated. Dharam Singh put the food forward. Guru questioned as to what it was, Dharam Singh mentioned it as offering to the saint. On Guru Nanak’s enquiry he told his name as well. He specifically mentioned that no one used any caste or ancestral suffixes of prefixes with their name and all believed in One God. Telling king’s name he said; Dharam Singh: “King’s name is Kawal Nain. God has given him protection. He does not allow others to salute him, though 17 kings are under him and acecpt his sovereignty, He does not call them to his kingdom. He considers all men equal; all belonging to the same God.” Guru Nanak thought: “We are not going to sleep at his gate but it is important to see him. I have placed Sudhar Sain over him. Let us see what God does’. Dharam Singh approached the Guru with a request: “Please have food.” Guru Nanak: “I do not take this offering.” Dharam Singh: “Why don’t you have this? What wrong have you seen in it?” Guru Nanak, “There is nothing in what you have brought. There is some fault with the king.” Surprised Dharam Singh enquired: “What fault did you find in the king?” Guru Nanak, “Your king knows what fault he has. If he clarifies this, then only I will have the food.” Too surprised and eager to find as to what the wrong could be he went to King Kawal Nain and said: “Sir! Three saints have come to our country. One of them comes to the town and has his food but the other two do not come or take food even when I took it to them. When I asked them as to what was wrong with the food their head said: “There is no fault with the food; the fault is with the king.” King Kawal Nain; “Did you ask him as to what fault was with the king.” Dharam Singh: “I asked him but he said: “Who is at fault knows and accounts for it.” King Kawal Nain: “Dharam Singh! Think over. What could be the fault?” Dharam Singh: “You must go and ask him yourself.” King Kawal Nain: “Where is he?” Dharam Singh: “They are seated down the Silmila hill range.” [Note 8]……. The king asked for the horse. By the time the horse came, he checked up if there was any restriction on food to anyone. There being none he thought of taking food for the two but stopped; thinking that this too may be refused. It was better to go and check up the fault first. Dharam Singh guided the King to the place where they found Guru Nanak, Bala and Mardna in meditation. The King got down from his horse. Having checked up the process of salutation to the saint, the King called “Kartar! Kartar” Guru Nanak came out of meditation and said: “Welcome King Kawal Nain.” King Kawal Nain: “O saint! Why have you not taken food of our stores? What fault lies with me?” Guru Nanak: “The wrong is that you say that everyone belongs to the One God and all are equal; if you know this; then why do you make other kings to salute you? You do not consider all equal.” King Sudhar Sain: “Sir! I do not ask them. They do it themselves. We do not recommend any one to do this either.” Guru Nanak “Listen King Kawal Nain! I have now declared Kawal Nain as the one above all the kings who salute you. What is in your mind about this?” King Kawal Nain, “God is everywhere. I accept whatever you say. Please remove my fault.” Guru Nanak: “We have come 7000 yojan to remove your fault. You do not know me but I know you. If you remain under Sudhar Sain you will be better off. Otherwise it is up to you. Do whatever you feel.” King Kawal Nain: “Sir! I will follow your directions, but please clear my doubt. You said you know me what I do not know you, you are my elder brother; equal to King Janak.” Guru Nanak: “You must accept the superiority of King Sudharsain over you.” King Kawal Nain, “I will accept that, if you order so. I will then be under King Sudhar Nain”. Bala intervened and said, “Whatever Guru Says, the king agrees to it. What else is there to discuss? You should also agree to what the king says.” Guru Nanak: “What does the king say?” King Kawal Nain: “Please come and purify our temple.” Guru Nanak: “Well! Let us go.” King along with Guru Nanak, Bala and Mardana came to the temples of Suvarnpuri. Guru Nanak saw that the kingdom was well maintained. The king cared for all and treated all equally. Truth prevailed everywhere. He has proved the sayings of Raja Janak. Guru Nanak stayed for fifteen months with King Kawal Nain and left thereafter. King said, “Please give my kingdom to anyone else. I will go with you.” Guru Nanak said: “You are following the directions of King Janak in true spirit. You must go on ruling.” King Kawal Nain touched Guru’s feet. Guru Nanak moved further to Sumer. Sea-trade had been going on in the above mentioned islands. Merchant ships moved in the area. Guru Nanak travelled in merchant ships for major centres in the islands. If ever Guru Nanak touched China and Japan by the sea journey, we can assume that the Guru went to Peking and Nanking at this time. He was received respectfully by the king of China and the king and the people of China were so much impressed by the Guru that the city of Nanking was named in his honour. (Note: It is said that when Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India was presented a welcome address in Peking in 1951-52, this fact was specifically mentioned. [14] [B] References[/B] [1] Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1993). A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1300 (2nd ed.). Stanford University Press / Macmillans.[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number']ISBN[/URL] [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804721950']9780804721950[/URL]. [2] Raffles, Thomas E: History of Java, Oxford University Press, 1965. P. 2, [3] [URL='http://books.google.co.id/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&pg=PA465&lpg=PA465&dq=Yawadvipa+is+mentioned+in+India%27s+earliest+epic,+the+Ramayana&source=bl&ots=WxBOr6BCNJ&sig=jc4B_jT3nZ4WQS3Ldu_I1Pl-WmA&hl=id&ei=QR0wTbLrL86HrAfOp4GOCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Yawadvipa%20is%20mentioned%20in%20India%27s%20earliest%20epic%2C%20the%20Ramayana&f=false']History of Ancient India Kapur, Kamlesh[/URL] [4]Hindu culture in ancient India by Sekharipuram Vaidyanatha Viswanatha p.177 [5] Tamil Literature by M. S. Purnalingam Pillai p.46 [6] The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago by V. Kanakasabhai p.11 [7] Hatley, R., Schiller, J., Lucas, A., Martin-Schiller, B., (1984). “Mapping cultural regions of Java” in: Other Javas away from the kraton. Pp. 1–32. [8] J. Oliver Thomson (2013). [URL='https://books.google.co.id/books?id=GpP0wKQ1lksC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false']History of Ancient Geography[/URL]. Cambridge University Press. Pp. 316–317. [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number']ISBN[/URL] [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107689923']9781107689923[/URL]. Retrieved 25 August 2015. [9] Ricklefs, M.C. (1990). A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300 (2nd edition). London: MacMillan. P. 15. [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number']ISBN[/URL] [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-57690-X']0-333-57690-X[/URL]. [10] Monk,, K.A.; Fretes, Y.; Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1996). The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. P. 7. [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number']ISBN[/URL] [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-593-076-0']962-593-076-0[/URL]. [11] [URL='http://www.jasatirta1.go.id/english/3WorkArea/20BengawanSolo.htm']Management of Bengawan Solo River Area[/URL] Jasa Tirta I Corporation 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2006 [12] Nguyen, T.T.T., and S. S. De Silva (2006). Freshwater finfish biodiversity and conservation: an asian perspective. Biodiversity & Conservation 15(11): 3543-3568 [13] Hefner, Robert (1997). Java. Singapore: Periplus Editions. p. 58. [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number']ISBN[/URL] [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-593-244-5']962-593-244-5[/URL]. [14] Ma Huan (1970) [1433]. Ying-yai-lan,The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores, Haklyut Society (in Chinese). translated by J.V.G Mills. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521010320. [15]Wallace Stevens's poem "[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_(poem)']Tea[/URL]" for an appreciative allusion to Javanese culture. [CENTER][/CENTER] [/QUOTE]
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Travels of Guru Nanak: A Brief
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