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Guru Granth Sahib
Composition, Arrangement & Layout
ਜਪੁ | Jup
ਸੋ ਦਰੁ | So Dar
ਸੋਹਿਲਾ | Sohilaa
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਿਰੀਰਾਗੁ | Raag Siree-Raag
Gurbani (14-53)
Ashtpadiyan (53-71)
Gurbani (71-74)
Pahre (74-78)
Chhant (78-81)
Vanjara (81-82)
Vaar Siri Raag (83-91)
Bhagat Bani (91-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
Ashtpadi (109)
Ashtpadiyan (110-129)
Ashtpadi (129-130)
Ashtpadiyan (130-133)
Bara Maha (133-136)
Din Raen (136-137)
Vaar Maajh Ki (137-150)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
Quartets/Couplets (185-220)
Ashtpadiyan (220-234)
Karhalei (234-235)
Ashtpadiyan (235-242)
Chhant (242-249)
Baavan Akhari (250-262)
Sukhmani (262-296)
Thittee (296-300)
Gauree kii Vaar (300-323)
Gurbani (323-330)
Ashtpadiyan (330-340)
Baavan Akhari (340-343)
Thintteen (343-344)
Vaar Kabir (344-345)
Bhagat Bani (345-346)
ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
Chaupaday (348-364)
Panchpadde (364-365)
Kaafee (365-409)
Aasaavaree (409-411)
Ashtpadiyan (411-432)
Patee (432-435)
Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
Bhagat Bani (475-488)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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Sikh History & Heritage
The Turban Helmet?
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<blockquote data-quote="aristotle" data-source="post: 190523" data-attributes="member: 11816"><p>Although there is no definitive evidence to date proving that Sikhs wore Punjab turban helmets, if we look at the collective body of secondary circumstantial evidence, it meets the threshold of evidence to allow us to make the assumption that they may likely have.</p><p></p><p>Looking at the number of 19th century or earlier helmets attributed to Punjab or the Sikhs, we find that there are less than a handful of surviving Punjab turban style helmets in existence in various museum and private collections around the world. On the other hand there are literally hundreds, if not thousands of surviving Indo-Persian style helmets attributed to Punjab and the Sikh Empire in various collections. Visual evidence of many paintings and drawings of Sikhs wearing the Indo-Persian style helmet provide conclusive proof that this style of helmet achieved overwhelming broad appeal in Punjab. The large disparity in adoption indicates that the Punjab turban helmet never achieved anywhere near the level of popularity or appeal that the traditional Indo-Persian style helmet did among 19th century Sikhs of the Sikh Empire in Punjab.</p><p></p><p>The most distinct feature of the turban helmets of Punjab that is shared among all of the surviving examples is their unusual shape. These helmets feature a one-piece design composed of a primary elliptical bowl with a secondary smaller dome-like bowl surmounting it. It is theorized that while the larger bowl is made to accommodate the wearers head, the smaller dome-like bowl is designed to accommodate the wearer’s hair worn in a top-knot bun. The turban helmet also the sliding nasal guard found on Indo-Persian helmets and thus provides no protection to the face of the wearer. </p><p></p><p>Another function of battle helmets, beyond providing safety for the head that was very important was the general appearance of the helmet in terms of its grandeur and intimidation factor directed towards the enemy on the battlefield or other soldiers of the Sikh Empire. Looking at the two helmets at the Royal Armouries display, one can observe that the Indo-Persian style helmet appears much grander and provides a more intimidating form than the relatively benign turban helmet beside it. </p><p></p><p>Description of cavalry officers under the command of its European Generals Jean Baptise Ventura and Claude Auguste Court:</p><p></p><p>Perhaps the best circumstantial evidence comes from a British military journal describing the October 29, 1831 meeting between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the British Governor General of India, Lord William Bentinck at Ropar on the banks of the Sutlej River:</p><p></p><p>Baron Charles Hugel who visited the Sikh Kingdom of Lahore in 1836 wrote:</p><p></p><p>(Source: <a href="http://www.sikhmuseum.com/helmet/turban/index.html#1" target="_blank">http://www.sikhmuseum.com/helmet/turban/index.html#1</a>)</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="aristotle, post: 190523, member: 11816"] Although there is no definitive evidence to date proving that Sikhs wore Punjab turban helmets, if we look at the collective body of secondary circumstantial evidence, it meets the threshold of evidence to allow us to make the assumption that they may likely have. Looking at the number of 19th century or earlier helmets attributed to Punjab or the Sikhs, we find that there are less than a handful of surviving Punjab turban style helmets in existence in various museum and private collections around the world. On the other hand there are literally hundreds, if not thousands of surviving Indo-Persian style helmets attributed to Punjab and the Sikh Empire in various collections. Visual evidence of many paintings and drawings of Sikhs wearing the Indo-Persian style helmet provide conclusive proof that this style of helmet achieved overwhelming broad appeal in Punjab. The large disparity in adoption indicates that the Punjab turban helmet never achieved anywhere near the level of popularity or appeal that the traditional Indo-Persian style helmet did among 19th century Sikhs of the Sikh Empire in Punjab. The most distinct feature of the turban helmets of Punjab that is shared among all of the surviving examples is their unusual shape. These helmets feature a one-piece design composed of a primary elliptical bowl with a secondary smaller dome-like bowl surmounting it. It is theorized that while the larger bowl is made to accommodate the wearers head, the smaller dome-like bowl is designed to accommodate the wearer’s hair worn in a top-knot bun. The turban helmet also the sliding nasal guard found on Indo-Persian helmets and thus provides no protection to the face of the wearer. Another function of battle helmets, beyond providing safety for the head that was very important was the general appearance of the helmet in terms of its grandeur and intimidation factor directed towards the enemy on the battlefield or other soldiers of the Sikh Empire. Looking at the two helmets at the Royal Armouries display, one can observe that the Indo-Persian style helmet appears much grander and provides a more intimidating form than the relatively benign turban helmet beside it. Description of cavalry officers under the command of its European Generals Jean Baptise Ventura and Claude Auguste Court: Perhaps the best circumstantial evidence comes from a British military journal describing the October 29, 1831 meeting between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the British Governor General of India, Lord William Bentinck at Ropar on the banks of the Sutlej River: Baron Charles Hugel who visited the Sikh Kingdom of Lahore in 1836 wrote: (Source: [url]http://www.sikhmuseum.com/helmet/turban/index.html#1[/url]) [/QUOTE]
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