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Guru Granth Sahib
Composition, Arrangement & Layout
ਜਪੁ | Jup
ਸੋ ਦਰੁ | So Dar
ਸੋਹਿਲਾ | Sohilaa
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਿਰੀਰਾਗੁ | Raag Siree-Raag
Gurbani (14-53)
Ashtpadiyan (53-71)
Gurbani (71-74)
Pahre (74-78)
Chhant (78-81)
Vanjara (81-82)
Vaar Siri Raag (83-91)
Bhagat Bani (91-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
Ashtpadi (109)
Ashtpadiyan (110-129)
Ashtpadi (129-130)
Ashtpadiyan (130-133)
Bara Maha (133-136)
Din Raen (136-137)
Vaar Maajh Ki (137-150)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
Quartets/Couplets (185-220)
Ashtpadiyan (220-234)
Karhalei (234-235)
Ashtpadiyan (235-242)
Chhant (242-249)
Baavan Akhari (250-262)
Sukhmani (262-296)
Thittee (296-300)
Gauree kii Vaar (300-323)
Gurbani (323-330)
Ashtpadiyan (330-340)
Baavan Akhari (340-343)
Thintteen (343-344)
Vaar Kabir (344-345)
Bhagat Bani (345-346)
ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
Chaupaday (348-364)
Panchpadde (364-365)
Kaafee (365-409)
Aasaavaree (409-411)
Ashtpadiyan (411-432)
Patee (432-435)
Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
Bhagat Bani (475-488)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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Must Sikhs, Hindus Convert To Get Elected?
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<blockquote data-quote="Randip Singh" data-source="post: 129460" data-attributes="member: 1323"><p>Interestingly Dalip Singh never lost touch with his native Punjab or his religion, he even went to the Harmandhir Sahib with his wife and had a school built in Punjab:</p><p> </p><p><a href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/main2.htm" target="_blank">The Tribune - Windows - Feature</a></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 15px">Remembering the US Congressman from India</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 15px"></span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Roopinder Singh</span></span><p style="text-align: center"><img src="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/us1.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px">Dalip Singh Saund</span></span></strong></p><p></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: #ff0000">F</span></span></span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">ROM Chhajalwadi, near Amritsar, he went to the Congress of the USA and left a mark that still sets him apart from the many who tried to follow him. In the shadow of the changed situation in America following the September 11 attacks, the focus is again on someone who created history many years ago as persons of Indian origin in America celebrate the 45th swearing-in anniversary of Dalip Singh Saund this weekend.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Dalip Singh was the first Asian American to be elected to the US Congress, not once, but three times! No other American of Indian origin has managed this feat even once so far. But it was a long haul for the son of Natha Singh. Born on September 20, 1899, in Chhajalwadi village near Amritsar, Dalip Singh lived in a joint family, the elders of which were engaged in farming as well as construction business. One of his three brothers was Karnail Singh, who retired as Chairman, Railway Board, in 1962 and whose engineering skills were legendary. Unlike his elder brother, Karnail Singh did not use the family name.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center"> <span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">"Dalip Singh was a serious-minded person and interested in public work from an early age. He prevailed upon his parents and made them start a school in the village," says Anup Singh, Karnail Singh’s son and Saund’s nephew.</span></span> <span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Saund studied in a school in Baba Bakala, near Amritsar, and at the Prince of Wales College, Jammu, where he earned his BA degree in mathematics from Panjab University in 1919.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center"><p style="text-align: center"><img src="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/us2.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center"><img src="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/us3.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px">Dalip Singh Saund with Jawaharlal Nehru (L) and J. F. Kennedy (R)</span></span></strong></p> </p></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">He persuaded his family to help him study in America so that he could learn about food canning and open up an industry in India. "I assured my family that I would study in the United States for at least two and not more than three years and would then return home," he later recollected in his book <em>Congressman from India</em> (1960).</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">In 1920, he studied food preservation at the College of Agriculture, University of California, Berkeley, and lived in an accommodation maintained by the oldest gurdwara in the USA — Sikh Temple, Stockton. He also took additional courses in mathematics and later switched to that field, earning first a masters and then a PhD degree. He was active in the Hindustani Association of America and was elected its national president after two years.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center"><img src="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/saundh2.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px">Dalip Singh Saund being welcomed at the school he helped set up</span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px"></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px"></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><img src="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/saundh3.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px">Dalip Singh Saund at the Golden Temple, Amritsar</span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px"></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px"></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><img src="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/saundh4.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px">Dalip Singh Saund being received by Punjab Chief Minister Partap Singh Kairon</span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px"></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px"></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><img src="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/saundh5.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px">With Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru</span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px"></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px"></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><img src="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/saundh6.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px">The Saunds with Punjab Chief Minister Partap Singh Kairon and colleagues</span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px"></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px"></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><img src="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/saundh8.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px">His impassioned speeches in Punjabi attracted large audiences</span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px"></span></span></strong></p></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">By this time it was 1924 and Saund apparently looked for a teaching assignment, but none was forthcoming and his first job as foreman of a cotton picking gang required no schooling! He also worked in various canning facilities.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">"In the summer of 1925, I decided to go to the southern California desert valley and make a living as a farmer." At this time Dalip Singh was still a turbaned Sikh, though later he became clean shaven.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The farming experience was not an easy one. His first lettuce crop was a financial loss because of overproduction. He also took to selling fertiliser. He found the time to write <em>My Mother India</em> (published by the Stockton Gurdwara in 1930), a rebuttal to <em>Mother India</em>, Catherine Mayo's blistering attack on India.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Saund had been involved in politics throughout, and Anup Singh says it was on the advice of Madan Mohan Malaviya that Saund left India. The heat from the colonial authorities regarding his <em>ghadar</em> activities was getting too much.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">In America, too, Saund kept his public-speaking engagements, whether in gurdwaras or elsewhere, and it was during a talk he gave at Masaryak Club that he met Marian Kosta, the woman who became his life partner.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">According to Gurinder Singh Mann, Kapany Professor of Sikh Studies at</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">UC Santa Barbara, Dalip Singh had earlier met Marian "on a ship while travelling from London to New York. In 1928, they married. As an Indian, Saund could not become a U.S. citizen, because a Federal law dating from 1790 declared that only White immigrants were eligible for citizenship. Kosta, although America-born, had to give up her own citizenship to marry him."</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">When they met in California, she was a student of the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). Her father Emil Kosta Sr was an artist who had migrated from Hungry to the USA in 1907. Her brother, Emil Kosta Jr, was a famous Californian painter known for his landscapes. He worked in 20th Century Fox studios as a special effects artist. He won an Oscar in 1963 for his work on the film, <em>Cleopatra</em>, and worked on movies that included <em>Doctor Dolittle</em>, <em>The Sound of Music </em>and</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"> John Goldfarb, Please Come Home.</span></span></em></p> <p style="text-align: center"><em></em><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Dalip and Marian Saund had three children. The eldest, Dalip Jr, was born in 1930, followed by his sisters Julie and Ellie. The children were discriminated against. According to an account by author Tom Patterson, a relative of his, Manha Lyall, referred to the children as "half-breeds".</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">This has to be seen in the background of the 1920s which was a tough period for immigrants since anti-immigration laws were on the rise. The discriminatory attitude in Westmoreland is held responsible for Marian and the children moving to Los Angeles in 1942, though it is publicly ascribed to an "allergy problem" she had. Marian was a teacher and, incidentally, the children did well for themselves, with Dalip Jr studying mechanical engineering at the California Institute of Technology and doing a doctorate in anthropology from his mother’s alma mater, the UCLA. He was also an officer in the Korean war. Later, he was killed in a flying accident. Julie Fisher and Ellie Ford took to their mother’s profession of teaching after graduation from the UCLA. Julie married a famous oceanographer and has four sons who are living in California. Ellie has two children, a son and a daughter, according to family sources in India.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The passage of the 1946 Luce-Celler Bill marked a watershed in the way the Americans treated immigrants. It liberalised immigration and Saund was one of the early petitioners for citizenship. Till then, though active in politics, Saund could not hold any elected office till he became a citizen, which happened only in 1949.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Talking about the contribution of Saund to the Indian diaspora, Dr I. J. Singh, who went as a Guggenheim Fellow to the USA in 1960 and currently teaches anatomy at New York University, says: "He was a man of principles. He supported the <em>Ghadarites</em> because he supported demands for India’s independence. His contribution to the struggle of Asians for citizenship was strong and memorable."</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center"><img src="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/saundh7.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px">At the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar</span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px"></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px"></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: center"><img src="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/saundh9.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px"><strong>At the release of a stamp on Mahatma Gandhi</strong></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 9px"><strong></strong></span></span></p></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Within a year of becoming a citizen, Saund was elected judge of Justice Court, Westmoreland Judicial District, county of Imperial Valley, but following a lawsuit by local businessmen, he was denied the seat because of a technicality of not having been a citizen for one year when elected.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">That there had been resentment about him is obvious from the following anecdote narrated by Saund about his 1952 campaign for the same post:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">"One day, just three days before the election, a prominent citizen who was opposing me bitterly saw me one morning in the town restaurant and said in a loud voice: ‘Doc, tell us, if you're elected, will you furnish the turbans or will we have to buy them ourselves in order to come to your court?’ ‘My friend,’ I answered, ‘you know me for a tolerant man. I don't care what a man has on top of his head. All I'm interested in is what he's got inside of it.’ All the customers had a good laugh at that and the story became the talk of the town during the next few days."</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">He was elected judge of the same court in 1952 and served until his resignation on January 1, 1957. He is credited with cleaning up the red light district of Westmoreland by awarding stiff fines and jail sentences.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Saund’s eyes were now set on a seat in the Congress. His family, including his son Dalip Jr and daughter-in-law Dorothy Saund, took active part in the intense house- to-house canvassing. After winning the party primary, Dalip Singh was eventually pitched against a Republican candidate, the glamorous and wealthy Jacqueline Cochran Odlum who had been a beauty saloon operator and a pilot.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">It was a much-watched fight. Saund was accused of being a "foreigner" and of having been sued by his creditors. Saund successfully negotiated the first issue and explained his position on the second (He had not sought the bankruptcy option that several other farmers had chosen. He had eventually paid off the creditors, something that those who declared bankruptcy did not have to do). He won by 3,300 votes, the first Democrat to have won from the constituency and the first Asian American to do so.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Saund’s fame had already spread and in a rather unusual honour, he was given a seat in the House Foreign Affairs Committee, which would normally have gone to a senior Congressman.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">In 1957, he was sent as an official emissary of the House of Representatives, to tour various Asian countries, including Japan, Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapore, the Philippines and India. Anup Singh recalls that his marriage had been planned to coincide with this visit and the wedding invitations went out in the name of Saund, who was welcomed wherever he went, be it Calcutta, New Delhi, Bombay or various places in Punjab, including his village. "He spoke in beautiful Punjabi," recall old-timers who heard the Congressman at that time.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">Saund was re-elected to the Congress in 1958 and in 1960. But he suffered a severe stroke, as he was preparing to run for the Senate in May, 1962. It left him disabled — he could neither walk, nor speak, but with the devoted attention of his wife, he eventually was able to walk, with the aid of a walker.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">The dynamic man who had created history died on April 22, 1973. He is still remembered by many for his devoted contribution to the public life of America and his uncomplaining attitude towards all problems and the discrimination that he faced at various points of his life.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">"As we now sometimes face discrimination and harassment — often from mistaken identity — it is good to remember how people like Dalip Singh Saund faced heavier odds and prevailed. When we bemoan the glass ceiling that we encounter sometimes, it would be good for us to recall a young PhD in mathematics toiling on a farm for that was all he was allowed to do. Dalip Singh Saund opened many doors to us. In our success in this multicultural land, we stand on the shoulders of giants like him," says Dr I. J. Singh.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px">As Gurinder Singh Mann put it: Saund lived through several phases in the history of Sikhs in America. At the time he began his life in the United States, he could not even become a citizen. By the end of his life, he had not only become a citizen but had taken an active role in the government. His achievements are a landmark in the history not only of Indian but of Asian Immigrants in the U.S. With hard work and commitment to service, one can go very far in the United States of America.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'"><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Randip Singh, post: 129460, member: 1323"] Interestingly Dalip Singh never lost touch with his native Punjab or his religion, he even went to the Harmandhir Sahib with his wife and had a school built in Punjab: [url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/main2.htm]The Tribune - Windows - Feature[/url] [SIZE=4]Remembering the US Congressman from India [/SIZE][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Roopinder Singh[/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][IMG]http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/us1.jpg[/IMG] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=1]Dalip Singh Saund[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][/CENTER] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=4][COLOR=#ff0000]F[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]ROM Chhajalwadi, near Amritsar, he went to the Congress of the USA and left a mark that still sets him apart from the many who tried to follow him. In the shadow of the changed situation in America following the September 11 attacks, the focus is again on someone who created history many years ago as persons of Indian origin in America celebrate the 45th swearing-in anniversary of Dalip Singh Saund this weekend.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Dalip Singh was the first Asian American to be elected to the US Congress, not once, but three times! No other American of Indian origin has managed this feat even once so far. But it was a long haul for the son of Natha Singh. Born on September 20, 1899, in Chhajalwadi village near Amritsar, Dalip Singh lived in a joint family, the elders of which were engaged in farming as well as construction business. One of his three brothers was Karnail Singh, who retired as Chairman, Railway Board, in 1962 and whose engineering skills were legendary. Unlike his elder brother, Karnail Singh did not use the family name. [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER] [FONT=Modern880 BT][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]"Dalip Singh was a serious-minded person and interested in public work from an early age. He prevailed upon his parents and made them start a school in the village," says Anup Singh, Karnail Singh’s son and Saund’s nephew.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Saund studied in a school in Baba Bakala, near Amritsar, and at the Prince of Wales College, Jammu, where he earned his BA degree in mathematics from Panjab University in 1919. [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][IMG]http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/us2.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/us3.jpg[/IMG] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=1]Dalip Singh Saund with Jawaharlal Nehru (L) and J. F. Kennedy (R)[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][/CENTER] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]He persuaded his family to help him study in America so that he could learn about food canning and open up an industry in India. "I assured my family that I would study in the United States for at least two and not more than three years and would then return home," he later recollected in his book [I]Congressman from India[/I] (1960).[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]In 1920, he studied food preservation at the College of Agriculture, University of California, Berkeley, and lived in an accommodation maintained by the oldest gurdwara in the USA — Sikh Temple, Stockton. He also took additional courses in mathematics and later switched to that field, earning first a masters and then a PhD degree. He was active in the Hindustani Association of America and was elected its national president after two years.[/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][IMG]http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/saundh2.jpg[/IMG] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=1]Dalip Singh Saund being welcomed at the school he helped set up [/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [IMG]http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/saundh3.jpg[/IMG] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=1]Dalip Singh Saund at the Golden Temple, Amritsar [/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [IMG]http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/saundh4.jpg[/IMG] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=1]Dalip Singh Saund being received by Punjab Chief Minister Partap Singh Kairon [/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [IMG]http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/saundh5.jpg[/IMG] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=1]With Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru [/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [IMG]http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/saundh6.jpg[/IMG] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=1]The Saunds with Punjab Chief Minister Partap Singh Kairon and colleagues [/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [IMG]http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/saundh8.jpg[/IMG] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=1]His impassioned speeches in Punjabi attracted large audiences [/SIZE][/FONT][/B][/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]By this time it was 1924 and Saund apparently looked for a teaching assignment, but none was forthcoming and his first job as foreman of a cotton picking gang required no schooling! He also worked in various canning facilities.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]"In the summer of 1925, I decided to go to the southern California desert valley and make a living as a farmer." At this time Dalip Singh was still a turbaned Sikh, though later he became clean shaven.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The farming experience was not an easy one. His first lettuce crop was a financial loss because of overproduction. He also took to selling fertiliser. He found the time to write [I]My Mother India[/I] (published by the Stockton Gurdwara in 1930), a rebuttal to [I]Mother India[/I], Catherine Mayo's blistering attack on India.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Saund had been involved in politics throughout, and Anup Singh says it was on the advice of Madan Mohan Malaviya that Saund left India. The heat from the colonial authorities regarding his [I]ghadar[/I] activities was getting too much.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]In America, too, Saund kept his public-speaking engagements, whether in gurdwaras or elsewhere, and it was during a talk he gave at Masaryak Club that he met Marian Kosta, the woman who became his life partner.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]According to Gurinder Singh Mann, Kapany Professor of Sikh Studies at UC Santa Barbara, Dalip Singh had earlier met Marian "on a ship while travelling from London to New York. In 1928, they married. As an Indian, Saund could not become a U.S. citizen, because a Federal law dating from 1790 declared that only White immigrants were eligible for citizenship. Kosta, although America-born, had to give up her own citizenship to marry him."[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]When they met in California, she was a student of the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). Her father Emil Kosta Sr was an artist who had migrated from Hungry to the USA in 1907. Her brother, Emil Kosta Jr, was a famous Californian painter known for his landscapes. He worked in 20th Century Fox studios as a special effects artist. He won an Oscar in 1963 for his work on the film, [I]Cleopatra[/I], and worked on movies that included [I]Doctor Dolittle[/I], [I]The Sound of Music [/I]and[/SIZE][/FONT][I][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] John Goldfarb, Please Come Home.[/SIZE][/FONT] [/I][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Dalip and Marian Saund had three children. The eldest, Dalip Jr, was born in 1930, followed by his sisters Julie and Ellie. The children were discriminated against. According to an account by author Tom Patterson, a relative of his, Manha Lyall, referred to the children as "half-breeds".[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]This has to be seen in the background of the 1920s which was a tough period for immigrants since anti-immigration laws were on the rise. The discriminatory attitude in Westmoreland is held responsible for Marian and the children moving to Los Angeles in 1942, though it is publicly ascribed to an "allergy problem" she had. Marian was a teacher and, incidentally, the children did well for themselves, with Dalip Jr studying mechanical engineering at the California Institute of Technology and doing a doctorate in anthropology from his mother’s alma mater, the UCLA. He was also an officer in the Korean war. Later, he was killed in a flying accident. Julie Fisher and Ellie Ford took to their mother’s profession of teaching after graduation from the UCLA. Julie married a famous oceanographer and has four sons who are living in California. Ellie has two children, a son and a daughter, according to family sources in India.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The passage of the 1946 Luce-Celler Bill marked a watershed in the way the Americans treated immigrants. It liberalised immigration and Saund was one of the early petitioners for citizenship. Till then, though active in politics, Saund could not hold any elected office till he became a citizen, which happened only in 1949.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Talking about the contribution of Saund to the Indian diaspora, Dr I. J. Singh, who went as a Guggenheim Fellow to the USA in 1960 and currently teaches anatomy at New York University, says: "He was a man of principles. He supported the [I]Ghadarites[/I] because he supported demands for India’s independence. His contribution to the struggle of Asians for citizenship was strong and memorable."[/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][IMG]http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/saundh7.jpg[/IMG] [B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=1]At the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar [/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [IMG]http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020112/windows/saundh9.jpg[/IMG] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=1][B]At the release of a stamp on Mahatma Gandhi [/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Within a year of becoming a citizen, Saund was elected judge of Justice Court, Westmoreland Judicial District, county of Imperial Valley, but following a lawsuit by local businessmen, he was denied the seat because of a technicality of not having been a citizen for one year when elected.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]That there had been resentment about him is obvious from the following anecdote narrated by Saund about his 1952 campaign for the same post:[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]"One day, just three days before the election, a prominent citizen who was opposing me bitterly saw me one morning in the town restaurant and said in a loud voice: ‘Doc, tell us, if you're elected, will you furnish the turbans or will we have to buy them ourselves in order to come to your court?’ ‘My friend,’ I answered, ‘you know me for a tolerant man. I don't care what a man has on top of his head. All I'm interested in is what he's got inside of it.’ All the customers had a good laugh at that and the story became the talk of the town during the next few days."[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]He was elected judge of the same court in 1952 and served until his resignation on January 1, 1957. He is credited with cleaning up the red light district of Westmoreland by awarding stiff fines and jail sentences.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Saund’s eyes were now set on a seat in the Congress. His family, including his son Dalip Jr and daughter-in-law Dorothy Saund, took active part in the intense house- to-house canvassing. After winning the party primary, Dalip Singh was eventually pitched against a Republican candidate, the glamorous and wealthy Jacqueline Cochran Odlum who had been a beauty saloon operator and a pilot.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]It was a much-watched fight. Saund was accused of being a "foreigner" and of having been sued by his creditors. Saund successfully negotiated the first issue and explained his position on the second (He had not sought the bankruptcy option that several other farmers had chosen. He had eventually paid off the creditors, something that those who declared bankruptcy did not have to do). He won by 3,300 votes, the first Democrat to have won from the constituency and the first Asian American to do so.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Saund’s fame had already spread and in a rather unusual honour, he was given a seat in the House Foreign Affairs Committee, which would normally have gone to a senior Congressman.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]In 1957, he was sent as an official emissary of the House of Representatives, to tour various Asian countries, including Japan, Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapore, the Philippines and India. Anup Singh recalls that his marriage had been planned to coincide with this visit and the wedding invitations went out in the name of Saund, who was welcomed wherever he went, be it Calcutta, New Delhi, Bombay or various places in Punjab, including his village. "He spoke in beautiful Punjabi," recall old-timers who heard the Congressman at that time.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Saund was re-elected to the Congress in 1958 and in 1960. But he suffered a severe stroke, as he was preparing to run for the Senate in May, 1962. It left him disabled — he could neither walk, nor speak, but with the devoted attention of his wife, he eventually was able to walk, with the aid of a walker.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The dynamic man who had created history died on April 22, 1973. He is still remembered by many for his devoted contribution to the public life of America and his uncomplaining attitude towards all problems and the discrimination that he faced at various points of his life.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]"As we now sometimes face discrimination and harassment — often from mistaken identity — it is good to remember how people like Dalip Singh Saund faced heavier odds and prevailed. When we bemoan the glass ceiling that we encounter sometimes, it would be good for us to recall a young PhD in mathematics toiling on a farm for that was all he was allowed to do. Dalip Singh Saund opened many doors to us. In our success in this multicultural land, we stand on the shoulders of giants like him," says Dr I. J. Singh.[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]As Gurinder Singh Mann put it: Saund lived through several phases in the history of Sikhs in America. At the time he began his life in the United States, he could not even become a citizen. By the end of his life, he had not only become a citizen but had taken an active role in the government. His achievements are a landmark in the history not only of Indian but of Asian Immigrants in the U.S. With hard work and commitment to service, one can go very far in the United States of America. [/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [/QUOTE]
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