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Guru Granth Sahib
Composition, Arrangement & Layout
ਜਪੁ | Jup
ਸੋ ਦਰੁ | So Dar
ਸੋਹਿਲਾ | Sohilaa
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਿਰੀਰਾਗੁ | Raag Siree-Raag
Gurbani (14-53)
Ashtpadiyan (53-71)
Gurbani (71-74)
Pahre (74-78)
Chhant (78-81)
Vanjara (81-82)
Vaar Siri Raag (83-91)
Bhagat Bani (91-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
Ashtpadi (109)
Ashtpadiyan (110-129)
Ashtpadi (129-130)
Ashtpadiyan (130-133)
Bara Maha (133-136)
Din Raen (136-137)
Vaar Maajh Ki (137-150)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
Quartets/Couplets (185-220)
Ashtpadiyan (220-234)
Karhalei (234-235)
Ashtpadiyan (235-242)
Chhant (242-249)
Baavan Akhari (250-262)
Sukhmani (262-296)
Thittee (296-300)
Gauree kii Vaar (300-323)
Gurbani (323-330)
Ashtpadiyan (330-340)
Baavan Akhari (340-343)
Thintteen (343-344)
Vaar Kabir (344-345)
Bhagat Bani (345-346)
ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
Chaupaday (348-364)
Panchpadde (364-365)
Kaafee (365-409)
Aasaavaree (409-411)
Ashtpadiyan (411-432)
Patee (432-435)
Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
Bhagat Bani (475-488)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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<blockquote data-quote="findingmyway" data-source="post: 134921" data-attributes="member: 12855"><p><a href="http://news.mongabay.com/2006/0126-forests.html" target="_blank">http://news.mongabay.com/2006/0126-forests.html</a></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><strong>Mother nature encourages diversity in rainforest trees</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><strong><a href="http://www.mongabay.com/about.htm" target="_blank">Rhett A. Butler</a>, mongabay.com</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><strong>January 26, 2006</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><strong></strong> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"> Older forests have a greater diversity of trees than younger forests according to research published in Friday's issue of the journal Science. The study — conducted by 33 ecologists from 12 countries — found that nature encourages diversity by selecting for less common trees as the trees mature, indicating that diversity has ecological importance to tropical forests. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"> "Ecologists have debated for decades over whether there is something of ecological value to species diversity," said Christopher Wills, a University of California at San Diego biology professor who is lead author of the study. "We found that in forests throughout the New and Old World tropics, older trees are more diverse than younger ones. In other words, diversity is actually selected for as each of the forests matures. This means diversity does indeed matter and is an essential property of these complex ecosystems." </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">The study was conducted on seven undisturbed tropical forest plots maintained and studied by research institutions in <a href="http://www.mongabay.com/borneo.html" target="_blank">Borneo</a>, India, Malaysia, Panama, Puerto Rico and Thailand, under the coordination of the Center for Tropical Forest Science of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), based in Panama. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">"The great scientific value of these tropical forest observatories is that each of them has undergone a complete census more than once, so that the researchers know what has happened to hundreds of thousands of trees from one census to the next," says Stuart Davies, the director of the Center for Tropical Forest Science at STRI. "These tropical forest observatories, along with others in our network, represent some of the most important, detailed and long-running ecological studies in the world today." </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 10px"><a href="http://www.mongabay.com/images/external/2006/CTFSmap-copy2006.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.mongabay.com/images/external/2006/CTFSmap-copy2006-th.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a> <span style="font-size: 9px">Map of Center for Tropical Forest Science permanent study sites</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 9px"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 9px"><strong>Related articles</strong> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 9px"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 9px"><a href="http://news.mongabay.com/2005/1130-ualberta.html" target="_blank">Study uncovers how thousands of tree species coexist in rain forest</a></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 9px">A group of scientists have a developed a new theory to explain why the biodiversity of tropical rain forests is so high and how species are assembled in an ecological community. According to their research presented in Nature, the answer can be found in "neutral theory" whereby community membership is determined by just five fundamental processes. The scientists say that species will regulate themselves to make room for each other if they follow the "membership rules." The new theory undermines the conventional "niche theory" which has been traditionally used to explain community assemblages. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 9px"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 9px"><a href="http://news.mongabay.com/2005/0927-uic.html" target="_blank">Birds and Bats Responsible for Seed Dispersal in Tropical Forests</a></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 9px">Scientists believe they may have found a way to regrow tropical forest on deforested lands. The plan would involve planting fast-growing, fruit-producing trees, like figs, in the formerly forested areas. These trees would attract birds and bats which would deposit seeds from nearby forests onto the ground below. The dropping of these seeds would, in effect, return native forest species to the deforested patch. Scientists will test the theory in Veracruz, Mexico to see if coaxing birds and bats back into the area will help restore the forest's biodiversity. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 9px"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 9px"></span> The study found that all the monitored forests showed the same pattern of increasing local diversity as trees age even across variable forest types from tropical rainforest to drier, open forest. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">"Each forest in our study is a highly dynamic community," says Kyle Harms, a Louisiana State University professor of biology who collaborated on the project. "We found that the diversity of each local area increased regardless of the species that were present. This is because trees that were locally common tended to die more often than those that were locally rare, giving a survival advantage to rare species." The effect was even seen within species, he adds. "If a species was common in one part of a plot and rare in another, its death rate was higher where it was common." </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">While the study uncovered patterns of diversity among tree species in tropical forests, the exact mechanism responsible for this diversity remains unknown. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">In a news release announcing the research, the authors cite three possibilities, all of which are likely to play a role: </span></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><span style="font-size: 10px">First, rare species may be at an advantage because the animals, fungi, bacteria and viruses that prey on them are less likely to cause damage when their hosts are rare. Second, the rare species may be at an advantage in competition for certain physical resources, because individuals of the same species tend to share more similar resource requirements than individuals of different species. And third, rare species would be at an advantage when tree species have direct, positive influences on one another, because trees of rare species are on average surrounded by a high proportion of trees that are different from themselves. </span></li> </ul><p> <a href="http://www.mongabay.com/images/external/2006/Elephants-Mudumalai.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.mongabay.com/images/external/2006/Elephants-Mudumalai-th.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a> <span style="font-size: 9px">Fires and elephants are the greatest source of mortality to trees at the Mudumalai study site. Photo courtesy of STRI photo archives </span> </p><p> <span style="font-size: 10px">The authors note that these diversity-enhancing processes are generally absent from "monoculture" tree plantations and forests that have been badly damaged by logging or fire. The researchers say that when forests are cleared, soils are rapidly eroded and leached of nutrients, while symbiotic microorganisms, insects and fungi are lost, making it difficult for tree diversity to be re-established. However, note the authors, in forests that have been carefully logged using selective logging techniques, ecosystems can quickly regain former levels of diversity. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="findingmyway, post: 134921, member: 12855"] [URL]http://news.mongabay.com/2006/0126-forests.html[/URL] [SIZE=2][B]Mother nature encourages diversity in rainforest trees [URL="http://www.mongabay.com/about.htm"]Rhett A. Butler[/URL], mongabay.com January 26, 2006 [/B] Older forests have a greater diversity of trees than younger forests according to research published in Friday's issue of the journal Science. The study — conducted by 33 ecologists from 12 countries — found that nature encourages diversity by selecting for less common trees as the trees mature, indicating that diversity has ecological importance to tropical forests. "Ecologists have debated for decades over whether there is something of ecological value to species diversity," said Christopher Wills, a University of California at San Diego biology professor who is lead author of the study. "We found that in forests throughout the New and Old World tropics, older trees are more diverse than younger ones. In other words, diversity is actually selected for as each of the forests matures. This means diversity does indeed matter and is an essential property of these complex ecosystems." The study was conducted on seven undisturbed tropical forest plots maintained and studied by research institutions in [URL="http://www.mongabay.com/borneo.html"]Borneo[/URL], India, Malaysia, Panama, Puerto Rico and Thailand, under the coordination of the Center for Tropical Forest Science of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), based in Panama. "The great scientific value of these tropical forest observatories is that each of them has undergone a complete census more than once, so that the researchers know what has happened to hundreds of thousands of trees from one census to the next," says Stuart Davies, the director of the Center for Tropical Forest Science at STRI. "These tropical forest observatories, along with others in our network, represent some of the most important, detailed and long-running ecological studies in the world today." [URL="http://www.mongabay.com/images/external/2006/CTFSmap-copy2006.jpg"][IMG]http://www.mongabay.com/images/external/2006/CTFSmap-copy2006-th.jpg[/IMG][/URL] [SIZE=1]Map of Center for Tropical Forest Science permanent study sites [B]Related articles[/B] [URL="http://news.mongabay.com/2005/1130-ualberta.html"]Study uncovers how thousands of tree species coexist in rain forest[/URL] A group of scientists have a developed a new theory to explain why the biodiversity of tropical rain forests is so high and how species are assembled in an ecological community. According to their research presented in Nature, the answer can be found in "neutral theory" whereby community membership is determined by just five fundamental processes. The scientists say that species will regulate themselves to make room for each other if they follow the "membership rules." The new theory undermines the conventional "niche theory" which has been traditionally used to explain community assemblages. [URL="http://news.mongabay.com/2005/0927-uic.html"]Birds and Bats Responsible for Seed Dispersal in Tropical Forests[/URL] Scientists believe they may have found a way to regrow tropical forest on deforested lands. The plan would involve planting fast-growing, fruit-producing trees, like figs, in the formerly forested areas. These trees would attract birds and bats which would deposit seeds from nearby forests onto the ground below. The dropping of these seeds would, in effect, return native forest species to the deforested patch. Scientists will test the theory in Veracruz, Mexico to see if coaxing birds and bats back into the area will help restore the forest's biodiversity. [/SIZE] The study found that all the monitored forests showed the same pattern of increasing local diversity as trees age even across variable forest types from tropical rainforest to drier, open forest. "Each forest in our study is a highly dynamic community," says Kyle Harms, a Louisiana State University professor of biology who collaborated on the project. "We found that the diversity of each local area increased regardless of the species that were present. This is because trees that were locally common tended to die more often than those that were locally rare, giving a survival advantage to rare species." The effect was even seen within species, he adds. "If a species was common in one part of a plot and rare in another, its death rate was higher where it was common." While the study uncovered patterns of diversity among tree species in tropical forests, the exact mechanism responsible for this diversity remains unknown. In a news release announcing the research, the authors cite three possibilities, all of which are likely to play a role: [/SIZE] [LIST] [*][SIZE=2]First, rare species may be at an advantage because the animals, fungi, bacteria and viruses that prey on them are less likely to cause damage when their hosts are rare. Second, the rare species may be at an advantage in competition for certain physical resources, because individuals of the same species tend to share more similar resource requirements than individuals of different species. And third, rare species would be at an advantage when tree species have direct, positive influences on one another, because trees of rare species are on average surrounded by a high proportion of trees that are different from themselves. [/SIZE] [/LIST] [URL="http://www.mongabay.com/images/external/2006/Elephants-Mudumalai.jpg"][IMG]http://www.mongabay.com/images/external/2006/Elephants-Mudumalai-th.jpg[/IMG][/URL] [SIZE=1]Fires and elephants are the greatest source of mortality to trees at the Mudumalai study site. Photo courtesy of STRI photo archives [/SIZE] [SIZE=2]The authors note that these diversity-enhancing processes are generally absent from "monoculture" tree plantations and forests that have been badly damaged by logging or fire. The researchers say that when forests are cleared, soils are rapidly eroded and leached of nutrients, while symbiotic microorganisms, insects and fungi are lost, making it difficult for tree diversity to be re-established. However, note the authors, in forests that have been carefully logged using selective logging techniques, ecosystems can quickly regain former levels of diversity. [/SIZE] [/QUOTE]
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