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Guru Granth Sahib
Composition, Arrangement & Layout
ਜਪੁ | Jup
ਸੋ ਦਰੁ | So Dar
ਸੋਹਿਲਾ | Sohilaa
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਿਰੀਰਾਗੁ | Raag Siree-Raag
Gurbani (14-53)
Ashtpadiyan (53-71)
Gurbani (71-74)
Pahre (74-78)
Chhant (78-81)
Vanjara (81-82)
Vaar Siri Raag (83-91)
Bhagat Bani (91-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
Ashtpadi (109)
Ashtpadiyan (110-129)
Ashtpadi (129-130)
Ashtpadiyan (130-133)
Bara Maha (133-136)
Din Raen (136-137)
Vaar Maajh Ki (137-150)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
Quartets/Couplets (185-220)
Ashtpadiyan (220-234)
Karhalei (234-235)
Ashtpadiyan (235-242)
Chhant (242-249)
Baavan Akhari (250-262)
Sukhmani (262-296)
Thittee (296-300)
Gauree kii Vaar (300-323)
Gurbani (323-330)
Ashtpadiyan (330-340)
Baavan Akhari (340-343)
Thintteen (343-344)
Vaar Kabir (344-345)
Bhagat Bani (345-346)
ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
Chaupaday (348-364)
Panchpadde (364-365)
Kaafee (365-409)
Aasaavaree (409-411)
Ashtpadiyan (411-432)
Patee (432-435)
Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
Bhagat Bani (475-488)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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Japan: Why The Killer Quake Was Never Expected
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<blockquote data-quote="spnadmin" data-source="post: 148124" data-attributes="member: 35"><p>Subduction zones, where one plate dives under another, are the regions where major quakes occur. But they are hardly monitored</p><p></p><p>The 9 magnitude Tohoku-Oki megathrust earthquake that rocked Japan on March 11 was caused by a sudden slip of the plate interface of a relatively small area of 400 km length and 200km width.</p><p></p><p>That no seismologists had expected such a powerful quake to strike Japan (off the coast of Sendai) now is well known. Though precise prediction of quakes has not been possible till date, how and why did the scientists get it so wrong?</p><p></p><p>In the Japan Trench, the Pacific plate dives (subducts) under the Okhotsk plate. If the subduction (diving) is indeed smooth then no stress would build up, and therefore no earthquakes would happen.</p><p></p><p>PLATES LOCKED</p><p></p><p>Unfortunately the plates do not always subduct smoothly. At times they get locked or stuck to each other in some portions of the fault resulting in stress build-up.</p><p></p><p>This had indeed happened in the case of the Tohoku-Oki megathrust.</p><p></p><p>Being situated in the Pacific ring of fire, Japan is prone to quakes and the country is heavily monitored for quakes by land-based instruments and GPS. Unfortunately, as in the case of other countries, only a couple of faults are present on land.</p><p></p><p>HARDLY MONITORED</p><p></p><p>More than 90 per cent of known tectonic plate boundaries in the world are present under water and at great depths. Believe it or not, these deadliest regions where major quakes occur are hardly monitored. This has been the case even in the case of Japan.</p><p></p><p>Land based instruments have limitations in assessing the actual stress build-up at the locked regions of the fault. In fact, published data did not reveal any locking in the fault region where the March 11 quake occurred.</p><p></p><p>The loss of human lives could have been minimised and the deadly nuclear accident thwarted if there were monitors based near the trench to reveal the build up of stress. Indeed, Japan has a few sonar transponders located on the seafloor to provide ground-deformation data.</p><p></p><p>According to a paper published in Nature today (June 23), data from these transponders was not collected frequently, as should have been the case. So what prevented Japan from collecting the data?</p><p></p><p>The prohibitive cost, the paper notes. True, as these instruments are located on the seafloor, the ships first identify their locations using global positioning system (GPS) and then use the triangulation method to locate the exact location of each transponder. The exercise when carried out regularly and at regular time intervals can help in understanding the change in the instruments' location.</p><p></p><p>While manufacturing and deploying these transponders cost several hundreds of thousands of dollars, the use of ships to collect the data costs an additional hundred thousand dollars.</p><p></p><p>According to Andrew V. Newman, the author of the paper, the total cost would work out to as much as half a million dollars!</p><p></p><p>That was the reason why Japan did not collect the data from these transponders regularly.</p><p></p><p>Is there a way out to make it cheaper and hence know the stress accumulation in the faults at the subduction zones?</p><p></p><p>POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS</p><p></p><p>Dr. Newman thinks there is. Locating the sonar transponders without using ships is one way out. According to him, real-time transmission of data from the seafloor instruments can be made possible by hooking them to existing underwater cables. Probably even laying new cables for data transmission should not be ruled out.</p><p></p><p>by R PRASAD</p><p></p><p>The other possible solution he suggests is the use of buoys for collecting data from the transponders and transmitting them to satellites. Such a system is actually being developed at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego, California.</p><p></p><p>The time has come to develop a cheaper system to collect and convey the data either in real-time or at regular intervals.</p><p></p><p>Such a system will enable scientists to densely populate the seafloor, especially the trenches where subductions occur, with sensitive instruments. The Japan Trench alone would need 100-400 such sensors.</p><p></p><p>According to the author, the total cost to equip the Japan Trench with sensors would be around 5 million to 20 million dollars. This pales in comparison with the over $300 billion projected cost of the Japan tragedy.</p><p></p><p><a href="http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/article2126868.ece" target="_blank">http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/article2126868.ece</a></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="spnadmin, post: 148124, member: 35"] Subduction zones, where one plate dives under another, are the regions where major quakes occur. But they are hardly monitored The 9 magnitude Tohoku-Oki megathrust earthquake that rocked Japan on March 11 was caused by a sudden slip of the plate interface of a relatively small area of 400 km length and 200km width. That no seismologists had expected such a powerful quake to strike Japan (off the coast of Sendai) now is well known. Though precise prediction of quakes has not been possible till date, how and why did the scientists get it so wrong? In the Japan Trench, the Pacific plate dives (subducts) under the Okhotsk plate. If the subduction (diving) is indeed smooth then no stress would build up, and therefore no earthquakes would happen. PLATES LOCKED Unfortunately the plates do not always subduct smoothly. At times they get locked or stuck to each other in some portions of the fault resulting in stress build-up. This had indeed happened in the case of the Tohoku-Oki megathrust. Being situated in the Pacific ring of fire, Japan is prone to quakes and the country is heavily monitored for quakes by land-based instruments and GPS. Unfortunately, as in the case of other countries, only a couple of faults are present on land. HARDLY MONITORED More than 90 per cent of known tectonic plate boundaries in the world are present under water and at great depths. Believe it or not, these deadliest regions where major quakes occur are hardly monitored. This has been the case even in the case of Japan. Land based instruments have limitations in assessing the actual stress build-up at the locked regions of the fault. In fact, published data did not reveal any locking in the fault region where the March 11 quake occurred. The loss of human lives could have been minimised and the deadly nuclear accident thwarted if there were monitors based near the trench to reveal the build up of stress. Indeed, Japan has a few sonar transponders located on the seafloor to provide ground-deformation data. According to a paper published in Nature today (June 23), data from these transponders was not collected frequently, as should have been the case. So what prevented Japan from collecting the data? The prohibitive cost, the paper notes. True, as these instruments are located on the seafloor, the ships first identify their locations using global positioning system (GPS) and then use the triangulation method to locate the exact location of each transponder. The exercise when carried out regularly and at regular time intervals can help in understanding the change in the instruments' location. While manufacturing and deploying these transponders cost several hundreds of thousands of dollars, the use of ships to collect the data costs an additional hundred thousand dollars. According to Andrew V. Newman, the author of the paper, the total cost would work out to as much as half a million dollars! That was the reason why Japan did not collect the data from these transponders regularly. Is there a way out to make it cheaper and hence know the stress accumulation in the faults at the subduction zones? POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS Dr. Newman thinks there is. Locating the sonar transponders without using ships is one way out. According to him, real-time transmission of data from the seafloor instruments can be made possible by hooking them to existing underwater cables. Probably even laying new cables for data transmission should not be ruled out. by R PRASAD The other possible solution he suggests is the use of buoys for collecting data from the transponders and transmitting them to satellites. Such a system is actually being developed at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego, California. The time has come to develop a cheaper system to collect and convey the data either in real-time or at regular intervals. Such a system will enable scientists to densely populate the seafloor, especially the trenches where subductions occur, with sensitive instruments. The Japan Trench alone would need 100-400 such sensors. According to the author, the total cost to equip the Japan Trench with sensors would be around 5 million to 20 million dollars. This pales in comparison with the over $300 billion projected cost of the Japan tragedy. [url]http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/article2126868.ece[/url] [/QUOTE]
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