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Guru Granth Sahib
Composition, Arrangement & Layout
ਜਪੁ | Jup
ਸੋ ਦਰੁ | So Dar
ਸੋਹਿਲਾ | Sohilaa
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਿਰੀਰਾਗੁ | Raag Siree-Raag
Gurbani (14-53)
Ashtpadiyan (53-71)
Gurbani (71-74)
Pahre (74-78)
Chhant (78-81)
Vanjara (81-82)
Vaar Siri Raag (83-91)
Bhagat Bani (91-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਝ | Raag Maajh
Gurbani (94-109)
Ashtpadi (109)
Ashtpadiyan (110-129)
Ashtpadi (129-130)
Ashtpadiyan (130-133)
Bara Maha (133-136)
Din Raen (136-137)
Vaar Maajh Ki (137-150)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗਉੜੀ | Raag Gauree
Gurbani (151-185)
Quartets/Couplets (185-220)
Ashtpadiyan (220-234)
Karhalei (234-235)
Ashtpadiyan (235-242)
Chhant (242-249)
Baavan Akhari (250-262)
Sukhmani (262-296)
Thittee (296-300)
Gauree kii Vaar (300-323)
Gurbani (323-330)
Ashtpadiyan (330-340)
Baavan Akhari (340-343)
Thintteen (343-344)
Vaar Kabir (344-345)
Bhagat Bani (345-346)
ਰਾਗੁ ਆਸਾ | Raag Aasaa
Gurbani (347-348)
Chaupaday (348-364)
Panchpadde (364-365)
Kaafee (365-409)
Aasaavaree (409-411)
Ashtpadiyan (411-432)
Patee (432-435)
Chhant (435-462)
Vaar Aasaa (462-475)
Bhagat Bani (475-488)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੂਜਰੀ | Raag Goojaree
Gurbani (489-503)
Ashtpadiyan (503-508)
Vaar Gujari (508-517)
Vaar Gujari (517-526)
ਰਾਗੁ ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ | Raag Dayv-Gandhaaree
Gurbani (527-536)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਹਾਗੜਾ | Raag Bihaagraa
Gurbani (537-556)
Chhant (538-548)
Vaar Bihaagraa (548-556)
ਰਾਗੁ ਵਡਹੰਸ | Raag Wadhans
Gurbani (557-564)
Ashtpadiyan (564-565)
Chhant (565-575)
Ghoriaan (575-578)
Alaahaniiaa (578-582)
Vaar Wadhans (582-594)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੋਰਠਿ | Raag Sorath
Gurbani (595-634)
Asatpadhiya (634-642)
Vaar Sorath (642-659)
ਰਾਗੁ ਧਨਾਸਰੀ | Raag Dhanasaree
Gurbani (660-685)
Astpadhiya (685-687)
Chhant (687-691)
Bhagat Bani (691-695)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਤਸਰੀ | Raag Jaitsree
Gurbani (696-703)
Chhant (703-705)
Vaar Jaitsaree (705-710)
Bhagat Bani (710)
ਰਾਗੁ ਟੋਡੀ | Raag Todee
ਰਾਗੁ ਬੈਰਾੜੀ | Raag Bairaaree
ਰਾਗੁ ਤਿਲੰਗ | Raag Tilang
Gurbani (721-727)
Bhagat Bani (727)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸੂਹੀ | Raag Suhi
Gurbani (728-750)
Ashtpadiyan (750-761)
Kaafee (761-762)
Suchajee (762)
Gunvantee (763)
Chhant (763-785)
Vaar Soohee (785-792)
Bhagat Bani (792-794)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਿਲਾਵਲੁ | Raag Bilaaval
Gurbani (795-831)
Ashtpadiyan (831-838)
Thitteen (838-840)
Vaar Sat (841-843)
Chhant (843-848)
Vaar Bilaaval (849-855)
Bhagat Bani (855-858)
ਰਾਗੁ ਗੋਂਡ | Raag Gond
Gurbani (859-869)
Ashtpadiyan (869)
Bhagat Bani (870-875)
ਰਾਗੁ ਰਾਮਕਲੀ | Raag Ramkalee
Ashtpadiyan (902-916)
Gurbani (876-902)
Anand (917-922)
Sadd (923-924)
Chhant (924-929)
Dakhnee (929-938)
Sidh Gosat (938-946)
Vaar Ramkalee (947-968)
ਰਾਗੁ ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ | Raag Nat Narayan
Gurbani (975-980)
Ashtpadiyan (980-983)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ | Raag Maalee Gauraa
Gurbani (984-988)
Bhagat Bani (988)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਾਰੂ | Raag Maaroo
Gurbani (889-1008)
Ashtpadiyan (1008-1014)
Kaafee (1014-1016)
Ashtpadiyan (1016-1019)
Anjulian (1019-1020)
Solhe (1020-1033)
Dakhni (1033-1043)
ਰਾਗੁ ਤੁਖਾਰੀ | Raag Tukhaari
Bara Maha (1107-1110)
Chhant (1110-1117)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕੇਦਾਰਾ | Raag Kedara
Gurbani (1118-1123)
Bhagat Bani (1123-1124)
ਰਾਗੁ ਭੈਰਉ | Raag Bhairo
Gurbani (1125-1152)
Partaal (1153)
Ashtpadiyan (1153-1167)
ਰਾਗੁ ਬਸੰਤੁ | Raag Basant
Gurbani (1168-1187)
Ashtpadiyan (1187-1193)
Vaar Basant (1193-1196)
ਰਾਗੁ ਸਾਰਗ | Raag Saarag
Gurbani (1197-1200)
Partaal (1200-1231)
Ashtpadiyan (1232-1236)
Chhant (1236-1237)
Vaar Saarang (1237-1253)
ਰਾਗੁ ਮਲਾਰ | Raag Malaar
Gurbani (1254-1293)
Partaal (1265-1273)
Ashtpadiyan (1273-1278)
Chhant (1278)
Vaar Malaar (1278-91)
Bhagat Bani (1292-93)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਾਨੜਾ | Raag Kaanraa
Gurbani (1294-96)
Partaal (1296-1318)
Ashtpadiyan (1308-1312)
Chhant (1312)
Vaar Kaanraa
Bhagat Bani (1318)
ਰਾਗੁ ਕਲਿਆਨ | Raag Kalyaan
Gurbani (1319-23)
Ashtpadiyan (1323-26)
ਰਾਗੁ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਤੀ | Raag Prabhaatee
Gurbani (1327-1341)
Ashtpadiyan (1342-51)
ਰਾਗੁ ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ | Raag Jaijaiwanti
Gurbani (1352-53)
Salok | Gatha | Phunahe | Chaubole | Swayiye
Sehskritee Mahala 1
Sehskritee Mahala 5
Gaathaa Mahala 5
Phunhay Mahala 5
Chaubolae Mahala 5
Shaloks Bhagat Kabir
Shaloks Sheikh Farid
Swaiyyae Mahala 5
Swaiyyae in Praise of Gurus
Shaloks in Addition To Vaars
Shalok Ninth Mehl
Mundavanee Mehl 5
ਰਾਗ ਮਾਲਾ, Raag Maalaa
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Health & Nutrition
Do Overfed Males Pass On Diabetes Risk To Their Offspring?
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<blockquote data-quote="spnadmin" data-source="post: 195652" data-attributes="member: 35"><p><strong>Overfed males pass on diabetes risk to their offspring</strong></p><p><em></em></p><p><em>A glimpse from animal models.</em></p><p></p><p>N. Gopal Raj</p><p></p><p><a href="http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/overfed-males-pass-on-diabetes-risk-to-their-offspring/article5606216.ece" target="_blank">http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/overfed-males-pass-on-diabetes-risk-to-their-offspring/article5606216.ece</a></p><p></p><p>Offspring of prediabetic male mice mated with normal females had impaired glucose tolerance</p><p></p><p>Males who develop diabetic tendencies by eating too much can pass on an increased susceptibility for the disease to offspring through changes that occur in their sperm, a study carried out in mice suggests.</p><p></p><p>In research published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a team of Chinese scientists examined whether overfed male mice could, along with their DNA, also pass on chemically tagged genes to the pups they sired.</p><p></p><p>There has been growing interest in epigenetics, which deals with how traits change without alterations to genes encoded in the DNA. The tagging of genes with a carbon and three hydrogen atoms, known as a methyl group, is one way that traits are modified. Such methylation typically reduces the amount of protein that cells produce from a tagged gene.</p><p></p><p>Human studies and animal experiments have indicated that parental diet can act through epigenetic mechanisms and affect their offspring's disease risk.</p><p></p><p>The PNAS paper demonstrated that such transgenerational inheritance was indeed possible, commented Sanjeev Khosla of the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics at Hyderabad, who was not involved in the research. A trait acquired by a father — of prediabetes brought on by diet — could, at least in mice, be transmitted to the next generation through changes in the methylation of sperm DNA.</p><p></p><p>Qing-Yuan Sun of the Institute of Zoology in Beijing and his colleagues fed male mice a high-fat diet and then injected them with a low dose of a drug that affected the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.</p><p>The proof</p><p></p><p>The mice showed characteristics associated with the development of diabetes, including greater body weight, impaired glucose tolerance and decreased sensitivity to insulin. Mice that received the usual lab diet and were injected with an identical dose of the drug did not develop such prediabetic symptoms.</p><p></p><p>When prediabetic male mice were mated with normal females, the pups too showed impaired glucose tolerance and decreased insulin sensitivity that worsened as they got older.</p><p></p><p>Paternal prediabetes was found to have altered the expression of 402 genes in the pups’ insulin-producing pancreatic cells. A large proportion of those genes were associated with insulin and glucose metabolism, Dr. Sun and his colleagues noted. The methylation of many such genes in the pancreatic cells had changed.</p><p></p><p>The scientists then compared the methylation of genes in sperm from prediabetic mice with those of normal mice. “Of particular interest, we observed that a large proportion of differentially methylated genes identified in sperm overlapped with that of pancreatic islets,” their paper said.</p><p></p><p>The methylation carried on sperm DNA was typically removed after fertilisation, pointed out Dr. Khosla. “This paper provides strong evidence that something is protecting at least some of this methylation, thereby allowing it to be expressed in the offspring.”</p><p></p><p>When male progeny of prediabetic fathers were mated with normal female mice, their pups too exhibited impaired glucose tolerance and decreased insulin sensitivity. These second generation mice also had altered methylation patterns.</p><p></p><p>“These findings may have implications in explaining the prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other chronic metabolic diseases,” remarked Dr. Sun and his colleagues in their paper.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="spnadmin, post: 195652, member: 35"] [B]Overfed males pass on diabetes risk to their offspring[/B] [I] A glimpse from animal models.[/I] N. Gopal Raj [url]http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/overfed-males-pass-on-diabetes-risk-to-their-offspring/article5606216.ece[/url] Offspring of prediabetic male mice mated with normal females had impaired glucose tolerance Males who develop diabetic tendencies by eating too much can pass on an increased susceptibility for the disease to offspring through changes that occur in their sperm, a study carried out in mice suggests. In research published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a team of Chinese scientists examined whether overfed male mice could, along with their DNA, also pass on chemically tagged genes to the pups they sired. There has been growing interest in epigenetics, which deals with how traits change without alterations to genes encoded in the DNA. The tagging of genes with a carbon and three hydrogen atoms, known as a methyl group, is one way that traits are modified. Such methylation typically reduces the amount of protein that cells produce from a tagged gene. Human studies and animal experiments have indicated that parental diet can act through epigenetic mechanisms and affect their offspring's disease risk. The PNAS paper demonstrated that such transgenerational inheritance was indeed possible, commented Sanjeev Khosla of the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics at Hyderabad, who was not involved in the research. A trait acquired by a father — of prediabetes brought on by diet — could, at least in mice, be transmitted to the next generation through changes in the methylation of sperm DNA. Qing-Yuan Sun of the Institute of Zoology in Beijing and his colleagues fed male mice a high-fat diet and then injected them with a low dose of a drug that affected the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. The proof The mice showed characteristics associated with the development of diabetes, including greater body weight, impaired glucose tolerance and decreased sensitivity to insulin. Mice that received the usual lab diet and were injected with an identical dose of the drug did not develop such prediabetic symptoms. When prediabetic male mice were mated with normal females, the pups too showed impaired glucose tolerance and decreased insulin sensitivity that worsened as they got older. Paternal prediabetes was found to have altered the expression of 402 genes in the pups’ insulin-producing pancreatic cells. A large proportion of those genes were associated with insulin and glucose metabolism, Dr. Sun and his colleagues noted. The methylation of many such genes in the pancreatic cells had changed. The scientists then compared the methylation of genes in sperm from prediabetic mice with those of normal mice. “Of particular interest, we observed that a large proportion of differentially methylated genes identified in sperm overlapped with that of pancreatic islets,” their paper said. The methylation carried on sperm DNA was typically removed after fertilisation, pointed out Dr. Khosla. “This paper provides strong evidence that something is protecting at least some of this methylation, thereby allowing it to be expressed in the offspring.” When male progeny of prediabetic fathers were mated with normal female mice, their pups too exhibited impaired glucose tolerance and decreased insulin sensitivity. These second generation mice also had altered methylation patterns. “These findings may have implications in explaining the prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other chronic metabolic diseases,” remarked Dr. Sun and his colleagues in their paper. [/QUOTE]
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Do Overfed Males Pass On Diabetes Risk To Their Offspring?
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