- Jan 3, 2010
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The Dark Energy as Depicted in Adi Guru Granth
Dr. Dalvinder Singh Grewal
(Arbad Narbad Dhundukara (AGGS P. 1037))
(Arbad Narbad Dhundukara (AGGS P. 1037))
Adi Guru Granth Sahib (AGGS), the sacred scripture of Sikhs, contains hymns of Sikh Gurus and Hindu and Muslim saints in 1430 pages. Compiled in 1604 by Guru Arjun and penned by Bhai Gurdas, it consists of hymns of devotion to God, inspired reflections on the cosmic order, the vision of the higher life, and exhortation to man towards lifting himself to the state of spiritual peace and the attainment of liberation. The universal doctrines of Adi Guru Granth Sahib are based on truth, compassion, and justice and provide light to the spiritual as well as scientific community, especially regarding the origin and development of the universe, i.e., cosmology. Adi Guru Granth Sahib has recorded details of dark energy and dark matter specifically in the hymns of Guru Nanak and also in the hymns of Guru Amar Dass, Guru Arjan, other Gurus, and saints in some form. These details recorded more than 500 years ago are proving emphatic and can provide guiding light for the scientists that are unable to go beyond the Big Bang.
The scientific community is engaged in evaluating the Big Bang theory for its suitability to reach the origin and development of the universe. Many questions like 'Who created the universe?’ ‘Where from did the big bang occur?’ ‘What was before the creation of the universe?’ "What was the activity before the occurrence of the Big Bang?" ‘What is the universe heading to?’ remain the cause of quarry of the scientists.
The scientific community has two most important in their mind: “What was before the Big Bang or wherefrom the Big Bang occurred?” and “Who/what caused the Big Bang?” They are not able to provide answers to these questions because the situation before and at the time of Big Bang is neither observable nor calculable so far.
This is because the means of truth adopted by the scientists are faulty; the scope of finding facts is limited; the phenomenon they are working in is closed; the methodologies are linked to five senses, and the experiences and analysis are based on limited channels and faulty methodologies. In his writings
Scientists have been basing their results on whatever is observable or calculable. But the solution to the two main questions lies in what is not observable or calculable. The answer remains in the dark. Modern science teaches us that the entire universe is made of energy, which keeps on changing forms from one form to another. The observable or perceivable energy in the form of materials is our observable world; the remaining is the dark matter or dark energy. It is an irony of nature that the most abundant form of energy, dark energy, in the universe is also the most mysterious for the scientists.
The scientific community describes it as dark matter or dark energy. Measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), most recently by the WMAP satellite are consistent with a Universe made up of 74% dark energy, 22% dark matter, and 4% ordinary matter.According to them ,’the observable or visible universe is only about 4% as only about 4% of the total energy density in the universe (as inferred from gravitational effects) can be seen directly. About 22% is thought to be composed of dark matter. The dark matter component has vastly more mass than the "visible" component of the universe’. (1) ‘The remaining 74% is thought to consist of dark energy, an even stranger component, distributed diffusely in space’.(2) They thus speak of ‘dhundhukara’; the darkness prevalent in the universe in the form of dark matter and dark energy.
Dark matter refers to hypothetical matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. According to present observations of structures larger than galaxy-sized as well as Big Bang cosmology, dark matter accounts for the vast majority of mass in the observable universe. Evidence suggests that galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and the universe as a whole contain far more matter than that which interacts with electromagnetic radiation: the remainder is called the "dark matter component." Astronomers have long been aware of a missing-energy problem: the luminous mass of galaxies and clusters falls far short of the gravitational mass. This difference is attributed to the presence of dark matter—a cold, non-relativistic material most likely in the form of exotic particles that interact very weakly with atoms and light. The composition of dark matter is unknown but may include new elementary particles such as WIMPs, axions, and ordinary and heavy neutrinos, as well as astronomical bodies such as dwarf stars and planets (collectively called MACHOs) and clouds of nonluminous gas. Current evidence favors models in which the primary component of dark matter is new elementary particles, collectively called non-baryonic dark matter. The dark matter component has vastly more mass than the "visible" component of the universe. (3) Although dark matter was detected by its gravitational lensing in August 2006, (4) many aspects of dark matter remain speculative
The name "dark energy" here refers to the fact that some kind of "stuff" must fill the vast reaches of mostly empty space in the universe in order to be able to make space accelerate in its expansion. In this sense, it is a "field" just like an electric field or a magnetic field, both of which are produced by electromagnetic energy. But this analogy can only be taken so far because we can readily observe electromagnetic energy via the particle that carries it, the photon. Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to increase the rate of expansion of the universe.(5) Dark energy causes expansion because it has strong negative pressure. The exact nature of this dark energy is a matter of speculation. It is known to be very homogeneous and not very dense and is not known to interact through any of the fundamental forces other than gravity. Since it is not very dense—roughly 10−29 grams per cubic centimeter—it is hard to imagine experiments to detect it in the laboratory. Dark energy can only have such a profound impact on the universe, making up 74% of all energy, because it uniformly fills otherwise empty space. Two proposed forms for dark energy are the cosmological constant, a constant energy density filling space homogeneously, (6) and quintessence, a dynamic field whose energy density can vary in time and space. The type Ia supernovae provide the most direct evidence for dark energy.
Dark matter can become dark energy, and vice versa dark energy can become dark matter. Dark energy may become dark matter when buffeted by baryonic particles, thus leading to particle-like excitations in some type of dynamical field, referred to as quintessence. Quintessence differs from the cosmological constant in that it can vary in space and time. In order for it not to clump and form structure like matter, it must be very light so that it has a large Compton wavelength. The universe is expanding, and the density of dark matter in this expanding universe disappears more quickly than dark energy, and eventually the dark energy dominates. Specifically, when the volume of the universe doubles, the density of dark matter is halved but the density of dark energy is nearly unchanged.
No one can actually understand the limit of this darkness. The being is too small to understand the vastness of the nature of the Lord and the darkness spread around. For this, one needs to understand the originator of the universe; one has to become One with Him; to understand Him. History has records of only a few who could reach Him; Lord Rama, Lord Krishna, Lord Buddha, Lord Mahavir, Christ, Mohammed, Sikh Gurus and some Saints are stated to be the ones who could reach and know Him and His entire universe.
The stage of darkness is also called the stage of emptiness (shunyta) or the pre-creation stage of the universe. This stage has not been found recorded clearly except in a few references to Shunya in Buddhist texts and in a few Puranas and Smritis. The teachings of Lord Rama, Lord Krishna, Lord Buddha, Lord Mahavir, Christ, and Mohammed is available from secondary sources. There are no direct records available of the experiences of the above except the one provided in Adi Guru Granth Sahib, where the experiences of 6 Gurus and other saints are recorded in the form of hymns.
Buddhism uses two terms, 'Sünyam' and 'Sünyata,' to denote 'emptiness,' 'nothingness,' 'non-substantiality,' and 'the inexhaustible.' During the second century BC, Buddhist teachers in India emphasized 'emptiness' as a basic description of the nature of existing things. They were known as 'teachers of emptiness' or sunyavadins. The emptiness of all things is a significant part of the Buddhisatva path to enlightenment in Mahayana Buddhism. Nagarjuna, the greatest Buddhist philosopher, interprets Sunyata in his treatise, Madhyamika Sutras. (7) His theory of Sunyata is the fundamental principle underlying creation. The doctrine of the void is a method of rejecting all attachments because things have no 'self'; that is, they are empty. 'Void' is not nothingness conceived in negative terms. This positive concept of 'void' is often compared with emptiness inside a vase. The state of Sunyata, or void, is one in which all polarity and all subject-object differentiation have ceased to exist. But for a sunyavadin, this is a positive concept.
The Siddh-Nath-Yogi tradition (8) uses the term "sunya" frequently, stating that sunya is so transcendental that it is neither in nor out of the body. Sunya has been linked with the sabda or nada. In the Hathyogic and Tantrik cults, Nada or Sabda Brahman had been accepted as the original cause of the cosmos. In the Siddh-Natha cult, Sunya was considered a synonym of Sabda or the absolute Nada, which is nothing but a trait of Absolute Reality. In Gorakh Bani, there is a mention of one Sunyadvara in the gaganmandal wherein in complete darkness lightning flashes and the nectar trickles. The Siddha attains this stage by yoga practices. In the Siddh-Natha literature, the word "sunya" has been used in the following contexts:
a. Supreme reality (Nada), supreme knowledge, or supreme nature.
b. Brahmanrandhra, Dasam dwara, the Sahasrara chakra, and Gaganmandal.
c. Siva-loka.
We find an echo of the Sunyata philosophy of Buddhism in Adi Guru Granth Sahib (AGGS) (9). There is also an echo of the Siddha doctrine (12-13) of sunya in the form of Nada in AGGS: (a) The deepest samaadhi and the unstruck sound current of the Naad are there. (AGGS, M.5, p. 293) (b) There, the unstruck sound current of the Absolute Lord vibrates and resounds. (AGGS, M.1, p. 943)
Buddhism, however, does not identify ‘the creator of the universe.’ Adi Guru Granth Sahib identifies itself totally with the ‘Creator of the universe,' who is also Developer and Assimilator. It has elaborate details recorded about the pre-creation stage, mentioned a number of times by Guru Nanak, Guru Amardas, Guru Arjan, other Gurus, and saints. It is a testimony of intuitive knowledge gained by the Sikh Gurus and saints using dib drishti, or spiritual vision, which is of a transcendental nature. We find answers to almost all of the earlier asked questions very scientifically, intelligently, logically, and systematically.
Guru Nanak explains the pre-creation state of the universe. God is the creator of the universe, and He is the annihilator. The First Master, Guru Nanak (1469-1539), describes the pre-creation stage very vividly. He explains shunya while answering Siddhas as recorded in Siddh Gosht (10). Siddhas posed a question to Guru Nanak
Q: What about the pre-cosmos state? Prior to it, where did the Lord of Void abide?
A: The very thought of the pre-cosmos state lands one in a state of wonder. In the profound stillness of the Sunya, the formless one pervaded in continuum then.
Sünya is not equated with void or emptiness in AGGS but represents the state of equipoise where the Absolute Lord exists in a primordial trance called "sünya samaadhi" (11).
The Yogi, the Primal Lord, sat within the celestial sphere of deepest trance (samaadhi) (AGGS, M. 1, p. 685)
God’s existence is stated as permanent
He existed before the beginning of time and space;
He existed through the various ages in the past.
Shall exist in the future. (AGGS, M 1, p. 1)
God is thus shown as Absolute Reality. He existed in the Sünya phase, adi sach; he existed when the creation started and time and space were created i.e., jugad sach; he continues to exist now (hai bhi sach(u)) and will continue to exist forever (hosi bhi sach(u)).
Guru Nanak explained his existence in the pre-creation stage scientifically in Maru Sohile. He said, “For endless eons, there was only utter darkness.” (14) “For thirty-six ages, He created the darkness, abiding in the void.” (15) He remained in utter darkness, as He pleased. (16) Then, He revealed Himself. (17) The Lord emerged from the darkness Himself. (18). Sünya is compared to a primal void where God exists in its full effulgence. The creation appears when God wills out of this sünya phase. Guru Arjun describes the primordial trance of God before the creation process starts as a manifestation of God (19):
For countless days, He remained invisible.
For countless days, He remained absorbed in Sünya
For countless days, there was utter darkness, and
Then the Creator revealed Himself. (AGGS, M. 5, p. 1081)
With His emergence, spread the light around. (20) When in light, the Lord probably felt lonely and thought of creating the universe as a play for Himself. (21) With the light energy being at the base and the sound energy being the activating force, the creation of the universe was initiated. (22) The entire universe was thus created by the Lord after remaining in utter darkness for ages (36 ages).
The light spread as the Lord emerged from darkness. However, this entire darkness did not end with His emergence. Both light and dark remained together and continue to be so. Physically speaking, the light makes us see things, while the dark hides things from us. This energy plays with our lives as the beings are made of energy themselves. We observe only a part of the play; the balance remains unobserved.
It has been noted that the names "dark matter" and "dark energy" serve mainly as expressions of our ignorance, much as the marking of early maps with "terra incognita." (23) Spiritually speaking, ignorance of truth is darkness; knowledge is light. Ignorance and knowledge are related to mind. Thus, it is the mind energy that is most subtly affected. If you see the actual construction of the body, you can divide it into 4 parts: the physical body, the energy or aural body, the mind body, and the spirit. The spirit is the controller of the mind. The mind is the controller of the energy/aural body, which in turn controls the physical body. It also affects human behaviour and the impact on the activities and their outcome. If the mind is attached too much to the world, he loses the actual mission of life, i.e., to merge into the One wherefrom the being has come: the True Lord, the Ultimate truth. The entire world is enveloped by the darkness of egotistical pride. It does not like the truth. Love and emotional attachment to Maya bring total darkness. (24) Due to Maya, the mortal has fallen into the deep, dark pit and is entangled in the darkness of doubt and the bondage of emotional attachment (25), household attachment, the horrible, dark hell. (26)
We remain in the dark because we do not do anything to attain light or enlightenment, knowledge, or submersion into God. We need someone to guide us out of this dark hell. A guru or a guide can provide us this light in this world full of darkness. If we do not submerge ourselves into the Lord, we continue taking birth, living life, and dying. Transmigration is the journey from dark to dark, as no one knows where one goes after death. The vast world of dark has countless souls searching for the True Lord, the ultimate truth, the true Light. Once a person attains enlightenment, he is in a position to merge into light: "Jyoti jyot milai, sampooran thia Ram." Thereafter, the journey ends in darkness.
ReferencesThe scientific community is engaged in evaluating the Big Bang theory for its suitability to reach the origin and development of the universe. Many questions like 'Who created the universe?’ ‘Where from did the big bang occur?’ ‘What was before the creation of the universe?’ "What was the activity before the occurrence of the Big Bang?" ‘What is the universe heading to?’ remain the cause of quarry of the scientists.
The scientific community has two most important in their mind: “What was before the Big Bang or wherefrom the Big Bang occurred?” and “Who/what caused the Big Bang?” They are not able to provide answers to these questions because the situation before and at the time of Big Bang is neither observable nor calculable so far.
This is because the means of truth adopted by the scientists are faulty; the scope of finding facts is limited; the phenomenon they are working in is closed; the methodologies are linked to five senses, and the experiences and analysis are based on limited channels and faulty methodologies. In his writings
Scientists have been basing their results on whatever is observable or calculable. But the solution to the two main questions lies in what is not observable or calculable. The answer remains in the dark. Modern science teaches us that the entire universe is made of energy, which keeps on changing forms from one form to another. The observable or perceivable energy in the form of materials is our observable world; the remaining is the dark matter or dark energy. It is an irony of nature that the most abundant form of energy, dark energy, in the universe is also the most mysterious for the scientists.
The scientific community describes it as dark matter or dark energy. Measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), most recently by the WMAP satellite are consistent with a Universe made up of 74% dark energy, 22% dark matter, and 4% ordinary matter.According to them ,’the observable or visible universe is only about 4% as only about 4% of the total energy density in the universe (as inferred from gravitational effects) can be seen directly. About 22% is thought to be composed of dark matter. The dark matter component has vastly more mass than the "visible" component of the universe’. (1) ‘The remaining 74% is thought to consist of dark energy, an even stranger component, distributed diffusely in space’.(2) They thus speak of ‘dhundhukara’; the darkness prevalent in the universe in the form of dark matter and dark energy.
Dark matter refers to hypothetical matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. According to present observations of structures larger than galaxy-sized as well as Big Bang cosmology, dark matter accounts for the vast majority of mass in the observable universe. Evidence suggests that galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and the universe as a whole contain far more matter than that which interacts with electromagnetic radiation: the remainder is called the "dark matter component." Astronomers have long been aware of a missing-energy problem: the luminous mass of galaxies and clusters falls far short of the gravitational mass. This difference is attributed to the presence of dark matter—a cold, non-relativistic material most likely in the form of exotic particles that interact very weakly with atoms and light. The composition of dark matter is unknown but may include new elementary particles such as WIMPs, axions, and ordinary and heavy neutrinos, as well as astronomical bodies such as dwarf stars and planets (collectively called MACHOs) and clouds of nonluminous gas. Current evidence favors models in which the primary component of dark matter is new elementary particles, collectively called non-baryonic dark matter. The dark matter component has vastly more mass than the "visible" component of the universe. (3) Although dark matter was detected by its gravitational lensing in August 2006, (4) many aspects of dark matter remain speculative
The name "dark energy" here refers to the fact that some kind of "stuff" must fill the vast reaches of mostly empty space in the universe in order to be able to make space accelerate in its expansion. In this sense, it is a "field" just like an electric field or a magnetic field, both of which are produced by electromagnetic energy. But this analogy can only be taken so far because we can readily observe electromagnetic energy via the particle that carries it, the photon. Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to increase the rate of expansion of the universe.(5) Dark energy causes expansion because it has strong negative pressure. The exact nature of this dark energy is a matter of speculation. It is known to be very homogeneous and not very dense and is not known to interact through any of the fundamental forces other than gravity. Since it is not very dense—roughly 10−29 grams per cubic centimeter—it is hard to imagine experiments to detect it in the laboratory. Dark energy can only have such a profound impact on the universe, making up 74% of all energy, because it uniformly fills otherwise empty space. Two proposed forms for dark energy are the cosmological constant, a constant energy density filling space homogeneously, (6) and quintessence, a dynamic field whose energy density can vary in time and space. The type Ia supernovae provide the most direct evidence for dark energy.
Dark matter can become dark energy, and vice versa dark energy can become dark matter. Dark energy may become dark matter when buffeted by baryonic particles, thus leading to particle-like excitations in some type of dynamical field, referred to as quintessence. Quintessence differs from the cosmological constant in that it can vary in space and time. In order for it not to clump and form structure like matter, it must be very light so that it has a large Compton wavelength. The universe is expanding, and the density of dark matter in this expanding universe disappears more quickly than dark energy, and eventually the dark energy dominates. Specifically, when the volume of the universe doubles, the density of dark matter is halved but the density of dark energy is nearly unchanged.
No one can actually understand the limit of this darkness. The being is too small to understand the vastness of the nature of the Lord and the darkness spread around. For this, one needs to understand the originator of the universe; one has to become One with Him; to understand Him. History has records of only a few who could reach Him; Lord Rama, Lord Krishna, Lord Buddha, Lord Mahavir, Christ, Mohammed, Sikh Gurus and some Saints are stated to be the ones who could reach and know Him and His entire universe.
The stage of darkness is also called the stage of emptiness (shunyta) or the pre-creation stage of the universe. This stage has not been found recorded clearly except in a few references to Shunya in Buddhist texts and in a few Puranas and Smritis. The teachings of Lord Rama, Lord Krishna, Lord Buddha, Lord Mahavir, Christ, and Mohammed is available from secondary sources. There are no direct records available of the experiences of the above except the one provided in Adi Guru Granth Sahib, where the experiences of 6 Gurus and other saints are recorded in the form of hymns.
Buddhism uses two terms, 'Sünyam' and 'Sünyata,' to denote 'emptiness,' 'nothingness,' 'non-substantiality,' and 'the inexhaustible.' During the second century BC, Buddhist teachers in India emphasized 'emptiness' as a basic description of the nature of existing things. They were known as 'teachers of emptiness' or sunyavadins. The emptiness of all things is a significant part of the Buddhisatva path to enlightenment in Mahayana Buddhism. Nagarjuna, the greatest Buddhist philosopher, interprets Sunyata in his treatise, Madhyamika Sutras. (7) His theory of Sunyata is the fundamental principle underlying creation. The doctrine of the void is a method of rejecting all attachments because things have no 'self'; that is, they are empty. 'Void' is not nothingness conceived in negative terms. This positive concept of 'void' is often compared with emptiness inside a vase. The state of Sunyata, or void, is one in which all polarity and all subject-object differentiation have ceased to exist. But for a sunyavadin, this is a positive concept.
The Siddh-Nath-Yogi tradition (8) uses the term "sunya" frequently, stating that sunya is so transcendental that it is neither in nor out of the body. Sunya has been linked with the sabda or nada. In the Hathyogic and Tantrik cults, Nada or Sabda Brahman had been accepted as the original cause of the cosmos. In the Siddh-Natha cult, Sunya was considered a synonym of Sabda or the absolute Nada, which is nothing but a trait of Absolute Reality. In Gorakh Bani, there is a mention of one Sunyadvara in the gaganmandal wherein in complete darkness lightning flashes and the nectar trickles. The Siddha attains this stage by yoga practices. In the Siddh-Natha literature, the word "sunya" has been used in the following contexts:
a. Supreme reality (Nada), supreme knowledge, or supreme nature.
b. Brahmanrandhra, Dasam dwara, the Sahasrara chakra, and Gaganmandal.
c. Siva-loka.
We find an echo of the Sunyata philosophy of Buddhism in Adi Guru Granth Sahib (AGGS) (9). There is also an echo of the Siddha doctrine (12-13) of sunya in the form of Nada in AGGS: (a) The deepest samaadhi and the unstruck sound current of the Naad are there. (AGGS, M.5, p. 293) (b) There, the unstruck sound current of the Absolute Lord vibrates and resounds. (AGGS, M.1, p. 943)
Buddhism, however, does not identify ‘the creator of the universe.’ Adi Guru Granth Sahib identifies itself totally with the ‘Creator of the universe,' who is also Developer and Assimilator. It has elaborate details recorded about the pre-creation stage, mentioned a number of times by Guru Nanak, Guru Amardas, Guru Arjan, other Gurus, and saints. It is a testimony of intuitive knowledge gained by the Sikh Gurus and saints using dib drishti, or spiritual vision, which is of a transcendental nature. We find answers to almost all of the earlier asked questions very scientifically, intelligently, logically, and systematically.
Guru Nanak explains the pre-creation state of the universe. God is the creator of the universe, and He is the annihilator. The First Master, Guru Nanak (1469-1539), describes the pre-creation stage very vividly. He explains shunya while answering Siddhas as recorded in Siddh Gosht (10). Siddhas posed a question to Guru Nanak
Q: What about the pre-cosmos state? Prior to it, where did the Lord of Void abide?
A: The very thought of the pre-cosmos state lands one in a state of wonder. In the profound stillness of the Sunya, the formless one pervaded in continuum then.
Sünya is not equated with void or emptiness in AGGS but represents the state of equipoise where the Absolute Lord exists in a primordial trance called "sünya samaadhi" (11).
The Yogi, the Primal Lord, sat within the celestial sphere of deepest trance (samaadhi) (AGGS, M. 1, p. 685)
God’s existence is stated as permanent
He existed before the beginning of time and space;
He existed through the various ages in the past.
Shall exist in the future. (AGGS, M 1, p. 1)
God is thus shown as Absolute Reality. He existed in the Sünya phase, adi sach; he existed when the creation started and time and space were created i.e., jugad sach; he continues to exist now (hai bhi sach(u)) and will continue to exist forever (hosi bhi sach(u)).
Guru Nanak explained his existence in the pre-creation stage scientifically in Maru Sohile. He said, “For endless eons, there was only utter darkness.” (14) “For thirty-six ages, He created the darkness, abiding in the void.” (15) He remained in utter darkness, as He pleased. (16) Then, He revealed Himself. (17) The Lord emerged from the darkness Himself. (18). Sünya is compared to a primal void where God exists in its full effulgence. The creation appears when God wills out of this sünya phase. Guru Arjun describes the primordial trance of God before the creation process starts as a manifestation of God (19):
For countless days, He remained invisible.
For countless days, He remained absorbed in Sünya
For countless days, there was utter darkness, and
Then the Creator revealed Himself. (AGGS, M. 5, p. 1081)
With His emergence, spread the light around. (20) When in light, the Lord probably felt lonely and thought of creating the universe as a play for Himself. (21) With the light energy being at the base and the sound energy being the activating force, the creation of the universe was initiated. (22) The entire universe was thus created by the Lord after remaining in utter darkness for ages (36 ages).
The light spread as the Lord emerged from darkness. However, this entire darkness did not end with His emergence. Both light and dark remained together and continue to be so. Physically speaking, the light makes us see things, while the dark hides things from us. This energy plays with our lives as the beings are made of energy themselves. We observe only a part of the play; the balance remains unobserved.
It has been noted that the names "dark matter" and "dark energy" serve mainly as expressions of our ignorance, much as the marking of early maps with "terra incognita." (23) Spiritually speaking, ignorance of truth is darkness; knowledge is light. Ignorance and knowledge are related to mind. Thus, it is the mind energy that is most subtly affected. If you see the actual construction of the body, you can divide it into 4 parts: the physical body, the energy or aural body, the mind body, and the spirit. The spirit is the controller of the mind. The mind is the controller of the energy/aural body, which in turn controls the physical body. It also affects human behaviour and the impact on the activities and their outcome. If the mind is attached too much to the world, he loses the actual mission of life, i.e., to merge into the One wherefrom the being has come: the True Lord, the Ultimate truth. The entire world is enveloped by the darkness of egotistical pride. It does not like the truth. Love and emotional attachment to Maya bring total darkness. (24) Due to Maya, the mortal has fallen into the deep, dark pit and is entangled in the darkness of doubt and the bondage of emotional attachment (25), household attachment, the horrible, dark hell. (26)
We remain in the dark because we do not do anything to attain light or enlightenment, knowledge, or submersion into God. We need someone to guide us out of this dark hell. A guru or a guide can provide us this light in this world full of darkness. If we do not submerge ourselves into the Lord, we continue taking birth, living life, and dying. Transmigration is the journey from dark to dark, as no one knows where one goes after death. The vast world of dark has countless souls searching for the True Lord, the ultimate truth, the true Light. Once a person attains enlightenment, he is in a position to merge into light: "Jyoti jyot milai, sampooran thia Ram." Thereafter, the journey ends in darkness.
1.‘Some Theories Win, Some Lose’. NASA., using the WMAP dataset.
2.Cline, David B.. "The Search for Dark Matter", Scientific American.
3.P. J. E. Peebles and Bharat Ratra (2003). "The cosmological constant and dark energy". Reviews of Modern Physics 75: 559–606.
4.NASA Finds Direct Proof of Dark Matter. NASA., at the Chandra X-ray Observatory.
5. P. J. E. Peebles and Bharat Ratra (2003). "The cosmological constant and dark energy". Reviews of Modern Physics 75: 559–606
6. Sean Carroll (2001). "The cosmological constant". Living Reviews in Relativity. Retrieved on 2006-09-28.
7.The Encyclopedia of Religion, Editor M. Eliade, published by McMilan New York, 1987, pp. 153-159.
8.Jodh Singh, The Religious Philosophy of Guru Nanak, Moti Lal Banarsi Das, Varanasi, 1981, pp. 207-218.
9.H S Virk, Siddha-Goshti : A projection of Sahaj-Yoga Philosophy of Sikhism; Journal of Sikh Studies, Vol XXIV, no 2, 2000, pp. 99-107.
10.Adi Guru Granth Sahib (AGGS), M 1, p. 940.
11.AGGS, M 1, p. 685
12. AGGS, M. 5, p. 293
13. AGGS, M. 1, p. 943
14. AGGS. M.1, p. 1035, line 9.
15. AGGS. M. 4, p. 555, line 17.
16.AGGS. M. 1, p. 1282, line 10.
17. AGGS. M 3, p.949, p.1081, Mahila 3; p.1061, Mahila 1, p. 1026.
18.AGGS, M. 1, p.1036, p.463.
19. AGGS, M. 1, p. 1081
20. Bhai Gurdas, Vaar 12.
21. AGGS M.1, p.1037
22. AGGS p. 1036, p.1033, 1003, AGGS p. 1061, p.929,
23. Cline, David B.. "The Search for Dark Matter", Scientific American.
24. AGGS, M.3, p. 880, line 7.
25. AGGS, M.5, p. 823, line 13
26. AGGS, M.5, p. 1223, line 11
